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Most practitioners of critical librarianship agree that subject description is both valuable and political. Subject headings can either reinforce or subvert hierarchies of social domination. Outside the library profession, however, even among stakeholders such as authors, there is little awareness that librarians think or care about the politics of subject description. Talking about subject description with the authors whose works we hold and represent can strengthen our relationships, demystify our work, and hold us accountable for our practices. This paper discusses an interview I conducted with author Eli Clare about the Library of Congress Subject Headings assigned to his book, Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation. Clare describes feeling dismayed by and detached from the subject headings assigned to his book. He offers a sophisticated analysis of individual headings. He also reflects on the subject description project itself, using theories from genderqueer and transgender activism to discuss the limitations of categorization.

Poslanie mnogoslovnoe, an example of Muscovite antiheretical polemics, can be analyzed to add to our substantive knowledge of pre-Petrine Russian history and perhaps to refine our methodological tools for a critical evaluation of the sources for this period. Poslanie has long been regarded as a principal source of information about the life and ideas of its presumed author, the midsixteenth century Novgorodian monk Zinovii Otenskii, whose accomplishments as a theologian and publicist of the medieval Russian Orthodox church have traditionally been ranked only behind those of Iosif Volotskii and Maksim Grek. In conjunction with Zinovii's Istiny pokazanie, Poslanie provides our only detailed exposition of the teachings of the runaway slave Feodosii Kosoi, whose alleged criticisms of state and church constitute the most extreme rejection of the established order articulated in medieval Muscovy. In addition to its value for the interpretive study of Russian religious and intellectual history, Poslanie presents us with a methodological problem typical of early Russian documents: The work is anonymous and undated, and basic questions about its authorship, time of composition, and provenance have not been satisfactorily answered. The lack of information on either Zinovii or Kosoi and the contradictions in the pictures of both Zinovii and his heretical opponents presented in Poslanie, Istiny, and other, less detailed works, attributed to the monk, make solving these problems all the more interesting

This study evaluates the consolidated financial condition and performance of local water districts (LWDs) in the Philippines. Water districts are government-owned or controlled corporations (GOCCs) tasked to construct, operate, maintain, and expand water and sanitation systems in the countryside. They are instrumental in the Philippines' objective to attain 100-percent water supply and sanitation access by 2036. National data show that the consolidated financial performance of LWDs has improved from 2009 to 2018, as reflected in their high and stable cash flows, high debt service coverage ratios, and lower debt ratios. With the aggressive spending program of the government on water infrastructure, lower debt ratios are needed to prepare LWDs to achieve the 2023 and the 2030 goals of universal access to water supply and sanitation. However, the government's spending plans are so ambitious that the current balance sheets of LWDs cannot sustain the planned investments financed through debt. The national government needs to bolster the balance sheets of LWDs by infusing fresh equity of PHP 22 billion to PHP 56 billion to achieve the Philippines' 2030 water supply and sanitation targets. The study likewise shows a significant disparity in water investments across the country's different regions, which impacts the uneven water service coverage throughout the Philippines.

This study evaluates the consolidated financial condition and performance of local water districts (LWDs) in the Philippines. Water districts are government-owned or controlled corporations (GOCCs) tasked to construct, operate, maintain, and expand water and sanitation systems in the countryside. They are instrumental in the Philippines' objective to attain 100-percent water supply and sanitation access by 2036. National data show that the consolidated financial performance of LWDs has improved from 2009 to 2018, as reflected in their high and stable cash flows, high debt service coverage ratios, and lower debt ratios. With the aggressive spending program of the government on water infrastructure, lower debt ratios are needed to prepare LWDs to achieve the 2023 and the 2030 goals of universal access to water supply and sanitation. However, the government's spending plans are so ambitious that the current balance sheets of LWDs cannot sustain the planned investments financed through debt. The national government needs to bolster the balance sheets of LWDs by infusing fresh equity of PHP 22 billion to PHP 56 billion to achieve the Philippines' 2030 water supply and sanitation targets. The study likewise shows a significant disparity in water investments across the country's different regions, which impacts the uneven water service coverage throughout the Philippines.

This Article provides the first legal biography of lawyer and Senator Lyman Trumbull, one of the most important lawyers and politicians of the nineteenth century. Early in his career, as the leading anti-slavery lawyer in Illinois in the 1830s, he won the cases constricting and then abolishing slavery in that state; six decades later, Trumbull represented imprisoned labor leader Eugene Debs in the Supreme Court, and wrote the Populist Party platform. In between, Trumbull helped found the Republican Party, and served three U.S. Senate terms, chairing the judiciary committee. One of the greatest leaders of America's "Second Founding," Trumbull wrote the Thirteenth Amendment, the Civil Rights Act, and the Freedmen's Bureau Act. The latter two were expressly intended to protect the Second Amendment rights of former slaves. Another Trumbull law, the Second Confiscation Act, was the first federal statute to providing for arming freedmen. After leaving the Senate, Trumbull continued his fight for arms rights for workingmen, bringing Presser v. Illinois to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1886, and Dunne v. Illinois to the Illinois Supreme Court in 1879. His 1894 Populist Party platform was a fiery affirmation of Second Amendment principles. In the decades following the end of President James Madison's Administration in 1817, no American lawyer or legislator did as much as Trumbull in defense of Second Amendment. Yet Lyman Trumbull had little personal interest in firearms, and never considered the Second Amendment to be one of his major issues. So how did Lyman Trumbull become the leading Second Amendment lawyer of the time? His lifelong cause was "the poor who toil for a living in this world." When Trumbull examined America in the nineteenth century, he saw that the rights of the toilers could always be trampled, unless they had the right to arms, individually and collectively. The story of Lyman Trumbull's career begins in the Age of Jackson and ends with Trumbull's protégé, William Jennings Bryan, winning the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896. It is a story of a man who changed political parties five times, while holding fast to his fundamental principle of free labor. Even today, "The Grand Old Man of America" continues to shape our understanding of constitutional liberty.