Suchergebnisse

This research uses data from the South Korean Census of Population to examine
changes in population distribution across urban and rural areas of the country, and
to examine changes in family composition. Findings are consistent with findings
from similar published research in illustrating the impact of recent population and
economic factors on traditional Korean Society. More specifically, the research
examines movement of younger cohorts to urban areas, and an increasing
proportion of individuals living in nuclear family households as opposed to the
traditional stem family. The pattern of change in family composition has particular
consequences for the elderly in Korean Society.

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Economically, a quarry operation has a greater competitive advantage over its rival firms the closer it locates to the urban market. However, an active quarry operation typically generates environmental disamenities and when placed in an urban-suburban setting, it causes serious land use conflicts. The residents' desire for a clean environment and peaceful surroundings comes into conflict with quarry activity. Over time, the residents demand the local municipal government to control active quarry operations, who in turn may establish zoning ordinances. This action restricts the productive capacity of the industry, which causes an increase in production costs. As the conflict escalates, the quarry operator, for economic reasons, is encouraged to locate further from the urban-suburban setting. This practicum has analyzed this type of land use conflict between the local residents of Rockwood Municipality, Manitoba and the quarry industry, and has estimated the relocation costs at selected deposits near Winnipeg. In June, 1979, Clean Environment Commission public hearings, under the authority of the Clean Environment Act, were held to prescribe limits on discharge of contaminants into the environment from crushed stone quarries located in Rockwood Municipality. As a result of these hearings, emission standards on all phases of production were established on all active quarries in Rockwood Municipality. As land use competition increases and land use conflicts escalate between active quarry operations and residents, there will be an increased pressure for the crushed stone industry to relocate outside the urban setting causing an increased delivered price. If mining is unduly restricted before depletion of the mineral resource due to local environmental concerns, there will be a cost to society. The focus of the research was to estimate the increased delivered price that would occur if the crushed stone industry were forced to relocate at the next closest deposit outside the urban fringe.

Abstract
While urbanization is often associated to a loss of biodiversity, non-native animal species are strikingly successful in urban landscapes. As biological invasions are recognized to have detrimental environmental, social and economic impacts, extensive understanding of the interactions between invasive species and the abiotic and biotic environment is necessary for effective prevention and management strategies. However, the mechanisms underlying the success of invasive animals in urban environments are still poorly understood. We provide a first conceptual review of the role of urbanization in the introduction, establishment, and potential spread of non-native animal species. We summarize and discuss the mechanisms enhancing biological invasive potential of non-native animals in urban environments, by both isolating and interlinking the abiotic and biotic drivers involved. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) process, this systematic review covers a total of 124 studies comprehensive of all taxonomic groups, albeit with an evident publication bias for avian and terrestrial invertebrate species (22.1% and 19.8% of literature respectively). High-income regions also represent a larger bulk of the literature (Europe: 26.7%, North America: 23.7%). The most common reported factors facilitating species invasions in urban areas are reduced biotic resistance, and the competitive and urban-compatible ecological and/or behavioural traits of non-native animals allowing urban exploitation and aiding invasion. Finally, we identify important knowledge gaps, such as the scarcity of studies investigating socio-economic spatial patterns in the presence and abundance of invasive species, as well as the adaptive evolution of non-native animal species in urban areas.

We use a field experiment to evaluate the impact of two informational get-out-the-vote (GOTV) campaigns to boost female electoral participation in Paraguay. We find that public campaigns had no effect either on the probability of registration, or on voter turnout in the 2013 presidential election. However, households that received door-to-door (D2D) treatment were four percentage points more likely to vote. Experimental variation on the intensity of the treatment at the village level allows us to estimate spillover effects, which are present in localities that are geographically more concentrated, and thus may favor social interactions. The effect of reinforcement of the message to the already treated population is twice as large as the diffusion to the untreated. Our results underscore the importance of taking into account urbanization patterns when designing informational campaigns.

The objective was to investigate groundwater quality in boreholes located in Uyo urbanized state capital, and four contiguous Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Ibiono Ibom, Ikot Ekpene, Itu and Nsit Ubium, under Coastal Plain Sands(CPS) formation, for spatial and temporal variability of groundwater quality and compatibility with Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ)indicating prospects of pollution diffusion due to urbanization spread. Standard examination methods were employed as well as morphological and bacteriological counts. Data on waterquality properties were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 17 for descriptive statistics, covariance (CV), ANOVA and for percentage compatibility computations. Data on Uyo samples showed the lowest values while Ibiono showed median values; heavy metals showed highest spatial variability at CV ≥ 35%. Significant difference (P < 0.1) was observed in temporal variability between 2013 and 1993 values (20 years interval). The suggested causes were: spread of pollution by construction ruts, stagnant polluted water, and vehicular traffic commuting urban-rural areas, open uncontrolled dumping of various solid/organic wastes, insanitary handling of water and wastewater and low standard of borehole drilling in rural-urban fringe adjusting to suburbanization. Compatibility with NSDWQ varied per parameter and location but were generally within acceptable standards; however, iron, lead and cadmium in the contiguous LGAs were higher in concentrations and should be periodically monitored. Bacterial counts, especially coliform count exceeded standard MPN and called for sanitation intensification.

The global urban population is expected to grow by 2.5 billion over the next three decades, and 90% of this growth will occur in African and Asian countries. Urban expansion in these regions is often characterised by 'informal urbanization' whereby households self-build without planning permission in contexts of ambiguous, insecure or disputed property rights. Despite the scale of informal urbanization, it has received little attention from scholars working in the domains of urban analytics and city science. Towards addressing this gap, we introduce TI-City, an urban growth model designed to predict the locations, legal status and socio-economic status of future residential developments in an African city. In a bottom-up approach, we use agent-based and cellular automata modelling techniques to predict the geospatial behaviour of key urban development actors, including households, real estate developers and government. We apply the model to the city-region of Accra, Ghana, drawing on local data collection, including a household survey, to parameterise the model. Using a multi-spatial-scale validation technique, we compare TI-City's ability to simulate historically observed built-up patterns with SLEUTH, a highly popular urban growth model. Results show that TI-City outperforms SLEUTH at each scale, suggesting the model could offer a valuable decision support tool in similar city contexts.