Suchergebnisse

Spatial planning corporate criminal sanctions are criminal sanctions imposed on corporations as stipulated in Article 74 of Law Number 26 of 2007. The criminal sanction can be applied in controlling the planning of the territory so that there is order and the space is protected from violations of the use of the space. However, when looking at the data on zoning violations, this hope is still illusory where existing law has failed to deal with corporate violations. In addition, criminal liability has not reached the beneficiaries of the proceeds of corporate crimes so that the legal objectives are not achieved. The aim of this study is to find out what the legal implications of incomplete criminal sanctions instead of fines are for corporations in land-use offences. This research is a normative legal study with multiple approaches, including statutory approaches, case approaches, historical approaches, comparative approaches, and conceptual approaches. Legal material analysis techniques are performed in perspective. The results of the study show that the legal implication of incomplete criminal penalties instead of fines for corporations in land-use offenses is expressed only by Article 74 para. (1) to the Territorial Planning Law (UUPR) 26/2007 - Criminal sanctions for corporations. This cannot simply be operationalized because there is no regulation on the mode of committing crimes (straf modus), there are multiple interpretations that cause confusion. They lead to the non-fulfillment of the legal objectives in the article a quo.

Introduction -- Ambiguity in legal texts -- Ambiguity in EU Law -- A framework for analysis -- Judicial activism reconsidered? : the CJEU's strategic resolution of Ambiguity in Melloni (Case C-399/11) -- Judicial activism reinvented? : the CJEU's strategic production of Ambiguity in Åkerberg Fransson (Case C-617/10) -- Judicial restraint reconfirmed? : the CJEU's strategic resolution of Ambiguity in Keck (Joint cases C-267/91 and C-268/91) -- Judicial activism in retrospect? : the CJEU's strategic resolution of Ambiguity in Ruiz Zambrano (Case C-34/09) and Dereci (C-256/11).

Visual representation of the law and legal process can aid in recall and discussion of complicated legal concepts, yet is a skill rarely taught in law schools. This work investigates the use of flowcharts and similar process-oriented diagrams in contemporary legal literature through a literature review and concept-based content analysis. Information visualisations (infovis) identified in the literature are classified into 11 described archetypal diagram types, and the results describe their usage quantitatively by type, year, publication venue and legal domain. We found that the use of infovis in legal literature is extremely rare, identifying not more than 10 articles in each calendar year. We also identified that the concept flow diagram is most commonly used, and that Unified Modelling Language (UML) is the most frequently applied representational approach. This work posits a number of serious questions for legal educators and practicing lawyers regarding how infovis in legal education and practice may improve access to justice, legal education and lay comprehension of complex legal frameworks and processes. It concludes by asking how we can expect communities to understand and adhere to laws that have become so complex and verbose as to be incomprehensible even to many of those who are learned in the law?

A study of the legal and political basis of relationships between national and local government in Britain, France Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Italy and Spain. The author examines the differences between these countries and their implications for patterns of policy-making at local level.