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Prevailing wisdom holds that scientifically based technological innovation leads to the creation of highly skilled, highly paid, permanent jobs, but in fact, scientific & technological developments over the past twenty-five years have led to the creation of jobs that are primarily in the service sector & that are frequently contingent, part-time, benefitless, & temporary. The reason is that the new high-tech regimes, controlled by transnational capital, are inherently labor destroying. The result is a shortage of decent-paying, permanent jobs that will become increasingly apparent in the near future. The hope is that economic & social policy will begin to take work as an active presupposition. Adapted from the source document.

Metadata only record ; NGO's are linked to environmental objectives for good reason: non-profit NGO's provide a flexible, private-sector answer to the provision of international environmental public goods. The non-profit sector can link for profit, non-profit, and public-sector objectives in complex contracts. This article examines how, for the case of the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) in Costa Rica, such complex contracts with both domestic and international parties provide partial solutions to public goods problems in the absence of private property rights over genetic resources. INBio's 'monopoly' position, legitimized by the local government, brings in rents from genetic resources which are reinvested in the production of public goods.

In an interview, historian Angela Brown discusses women's participation in the Black Panther Party. She argues that women were pivotal, particularly in terms of organization & operation of the Panthers' community programs. The opportunities & limitations experienced by female party members & their responses to sexism are considered. It is noted that gender discrimination varied in degree over the life of the party & was expressed & experienced differently by different men & women. Also examined are Black Panther women's control of their own sexuality & reproduction, Elaine Brown's party leadership & departure, violence against women in the party, & reasons women stayed committed despite discrimination. Their participation is located historically & internationally, & lessons for contemporary community activists are drawn. E. Blackwell

In 1985, Eastern Oregon State Hospital, an institution for the mentally ill, was converted into Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution (EOCI), a medium-security prison for men. EOCI was the first Oregon correctional institution outside the Salem area. This article examines the historical, political, and economic reasons the institution was located in Pendleton. We argue that the most important variable in determining where a prison will be located is not geography, safety, or demography, but whether the prison fits the economic growth plan of the area. If so, local elite are more likely to support the institution, and the institution is therefore more likely to be built. Policy implications for siting correctional institutions are discussed.

ABSTRACT*: This paper attempts to evaluate employee and social‐group participation in the management of public sector enterprises, using evidence from a scheme introduced in seven public utilities in Greece, 1983‐8. It describes the institutional background and the formal directives through which this participation scheme was implemented and assesses its effects. Difficulties arising from the wider political and administrative environment are discussed. Reasons for the observed disfunctioning of the scheme are given. These refer to the structure of the scheme itself, negligence of existing experience and tradition within the enterprises, and failure to associate participation with modernization. Suggestions are provided for the implementation of more effective participative management in future.

Focuses on Roscher′s generalities in the financial realm. Roscher
postulated a secular decline in interest rates and an evolution of
credit towards increasingly productive applications. Although Roscher′s
theories were plausible, questions whether he got his causes and effects
right. If not, of what use was his historical methodology as a
predictive quasi‐science? Points out that Roscher, like his
contemporaries, failed to anticipate the proliferation of war debt and
other public debt, consumer debt, corporate takeover financing and other
non‐productive uses of credit. Concludes by comparing Roscher′s ideas
with those of his contemporaries, and analysing the reasons why
plausible economic forecasts failed to anticipate the experience of the
twentieth century.

The future of the race concept depends in part upon the interpretations made of the molecular, biochemical, and anatomical evidence for the recent origins of Homo sapiens. Evidence of the decline of the concept among physical anthropology professors and in texts and research publications is presented, along with four reasons for the change. Three models regarding recent human origins are reviewed, each of which uses race as a descriptive term for a population aggregate. Each model carries implications that could strengthen or weaken the racial interpretation of human origins and the race concept. The phylogenetic status of Homo erectus outside of Africa is contingent in part upon the outcome of this debate.

AbstractThere has been a significant growth in interest in NGOs in health care over the last decade. This article suggests a number of ideological and other reasons for this interest and analyses the consequences in terms of growing support by donor agencies. The resultant donor policies are still very blunt and often fail to recognize adequately the significant differences among NGOs in terms of their characteristics, roles and motivations. The article concludes that there is a need to develop the current weak understanding of NGOs, for donors to be more focused in their policies towards NGOs, and for support to be given to the important role of governments in developing policy frameworks within which NGOs can operate.

Although plans for urban renewal after 1945 were largely based on clearance and redevelopment, the changed circumstances of post-war Britain also favoured a revival of interest in the repair and improvement of older housing. The article looks at the different approaches of Aneurin Bevan and Harold Macmillan, and at the reasons why only limited, if useful, progress was made. It stresses the significance of a repairs backlog in conjunction with the politics of property ownership and political conceptions of the conditions under which public money could be invested in urban renewal. In such considerations repair and improvement presented far greater difficulties than clearance and redevelopment, and this was an essential element in the continuing popularity of the latter method.

International migrations caused by socio-economic and demographic reasons, especially from underdeveloped countries to the rich and prosperous areas of the globe are discussed with the focus on Western Europe and particularly on Maghrebi immigration to Spain. Emigration of the people from a backward region even increases the deterioration of [the] local economy, provoking stagnation and inflation. Therefore emigration only can not be seen as an economic take-off for sustained economic development over the frontier areas between developed and depressed territories. Related social questions as well as economic, religious and political may add factors affecting the structural balance of the societies concerned. ; Peer reviewed

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the economic aspects of armament expenditures in Turkey in recent years. There are two forms of arms acquisitions: purchasing from abroad and purchasing from domestic arms producers. In both cases, the government is the sole purchasing and/or ordering body. When purchasing from domestic producers, the government expresses a preference in terms of promoting a new industrial activity. Hence the acquisition decisions of the Turkish armed forces are reflected onto the markets through the government. This is the main reason why armament decisions do not remain solely in the political and/or military domain, but have serious economic implications, the means of financing being the most important.

Examines the position of midwifery in the Netherlands since the 18th century. Midwifery has been an officially sanctioned profession since 1865 & is generally practiced in an independent, entrepreneurial manner. On several occasions, the state has intervened to regulate the profession in terms of training, certification, & fees. The relatively high status of midwifery in the Netherlands is distinguished from its generally negative treatment in other countries, where obstetricians dominate. While obstetricians have structural dominance in the Dutch case, the long-standing cultural acceptance of midwifery prevents the former from achieving cultural dominance. For this reason, the state promotes midwifery, giving it more power & autonomy than it possesses elsewhere. 33 References. D. M. Smith

Based on interviews with local political leaders in Ukraine in late 1991, it appears that local governments have taken only a small step toward a new democratic social order. This is particularly true of the leaders' values concerning popular participation & social conflicts. One reason for this ambivalence is the fact that the powers of local governments are very limited as well as ambiguous, & that competing political elites have yet to be formed into political parties. Nonetheless, a legal framework has been established for local self-government, & there are indications that some elements of democratic views & practices are taking hold. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

USING POLITICAL PARTIES' POSITIONS ON ECONOMIC ISSUES IN THEIR ELECTION MANIFESTOES, THE AUTHOR DEVELOPS A LEFT-RIGHT IDEOLOGY DIMENSION THAT REFLECTS PARTIES' RELATIVE POSITIONS ON ECONOMIC ISSUES FOR 163 ELECTIONS IN 16 COUNTRIES IN THE POST-WORLD WAR II ERA. THE ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT, OVER TIME, THERE ARE VERY STABLE DIFFERENCES IN PARTIES' IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS ON ECONOMIC ISSUES. DESPITE INCREASING CLARITY OF IDEOLOGICAL CLEAVAGES ON ECONOMIC ISSUES AND PERSISTENT EVIDENCE OF DIVERGING ECONOMIC POLICY OUTCOMES IN THE LITERATURE, NO DISTINCT REWARD AND PUNISHMENT BY THE ELECTORATE, ASSOCIATED WITH THE IDEOLOGICAL STANDS OF THE INCUMBENTS, IS OBSERVED. THUS, THE AUTHOR REJECTS THE POLICY-ORIENTED ECONOMIC VOTING HYPOTHESIS AND DISCUSSES POSSIBLE REASONS FOR THIS PHENOMENON.