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The European leadership strategy in the area of international climate polities consists of two components: numerical objectives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and a European carbon market (ETS) to achieve these reductions. Reexamining the history of the ETS' adoption in the early 2000s helps elucidate the paradox of this tool's rapid promotion. In the 1990s, community institutions had taken a very different stance, with Europe supporting an 'ecotax' project and rejecting recourse to the carbon market and other flexible mechanisms'. Three factors shaped the new direction taken by European climate policies: the emergence in the 1970s of a movement critical of environmental regulation, which, in contrast to market-based tools, was seen as ineffective and excessively rigid by economists and legal scholars; political negotiations between Rio and Kyoto, with their power struggles, uncertainties and the failure of inter-European negotiations regarding a tax-based approach; the debate over the principle of subsidiarity, the particular moment in the European construction in which the Commission ratified the creation of the carbon market. Adapted from the source document.

В данной статье проанализированы характерные особенности функционирования конституционно-правовой институционализации муниципальной собственности в теории. На основе проведенного исследования автор доказывает, что в целом институт муниципальной собственности является одним из демократических институтов конституционного права, занимающих место системообразующего элемента муниципального образования, служащего экономической основой, обеспечивающего целостность и управляемость системы, являющегося социальной защиты населения и поддержки качества его жизни, что имеет особое значение для Республики Казахстан на современном этапе развития. ; In this article the defining characteristics of peculiarities of functioning of constitutional and legal institutionalization of municipal property are analyzed in theory. On the basis of undertaken study the author proves, that on the whole the institute of municipal property is one of the democratic institutes of constitutional law. that takes the position of systematically important element of municipal unit, serving as the economic basis and providing integrity and governability of the system as well as being the social security and support of life level, that has the particular importance for the Republic of Kazakhstan at the modern stage of development.

This study covers the history of Sino-US trade relations with a particular focus on the past decade, during which time each has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Providing a brief history of 19th and 20th century economic relations, this paper examines in detail the trade disputes that have arisen between China and the United States over the past decade, giving dollar estimates for the trade flows at issue. Each country has partaken in their share of protectionist measures, however, US measures have been characteristically defensive, protecting declining industries, while Chinese measures have been characteristically offensive, promoting nascent industries. We also cover administrative and legislation actions within each country that have yet to be the subject of formal complaint at the WTO. Thisincludes an original and comprehensive quantitative summary of US Section 337 intellectual property rights cases. While we view the frictions in Sino-US trade a logical consequence of the rapid increase in flows between the two countries, we caution that each country work within the WTO framework and respect any adverse decisions it delivers so that a protracted protectionist conflict does not emerge. We see the current currency battle as one potential catalyst for such conflict if US and Chinese policymakers fail to manage it judiciously.

AbstrakTraditional Knowledge (TK) became a new problem in developing countries including Indonesia. This is caused due to rampant missapropriation from "foreign parties" without giving benefits to the community owner. There are no legal regulation to the protect of TK, accommodated in the Act No. 19 Year 2002 concerning Copyrights, only accomodated folklore. WIPO as an international institution that handles Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) does not provide clear guidelines for the members, this is because of differences interests between the developed countries and developing countries. The problem is how the legal protection of TK according of national legislation?, how the role of local communities as the owner of TK and its relation to IPR?, and how the government efforts in providing protection of TK?. Responding to these problems we use the method of normative juridical approach, deskriptic analytical research. Types of data include primary and secondary. Collecting data through library research and field documentation. Research sites in 3 (three) agencies: the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, Ministry of Research and Technology, and The Agency For the Assessment and Application Technology, the data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. The results show that Indonesia as a rich country in natural resources and culture, requiring the settings according to its characteristics. If the setting of TK remains in the concept of IPR, TK will be difficult to protect because some of inconsistencies. The IPR concept can't protect TK, since it only protect the personal law and economics, while TK is communal and owned for generations. The role of local communities has not yet emerged because people don't realize if the TK has high potential economic value, and vulnerable from missapropriation. The public has limited knowledge of the cultural heritage that is sustainable if giving the benefit to others. The Goverment need to endorse potential and initiation of indigenous people through creative and innovative activities. Government efforts: 1. Legislation; 2. Documentation; 3. support the activities of national/international. Key word: inconsistencies Traditional Knowledge, Concepts IPR

The Agbiotech Bulletin Volume 2, Issue 3, May/June 1994 Code Number: NL95012 Size of File: Text:54K No associated graphics files BST Debate Regulatory Affairs PGS/Calgene Licensing Deal Transformation Creates a Nutritional Benefit NETWORK NOTES Microgro International Research Inc. Oiling the Wheels of Industry Canola oil Saskatchewan Government/Monsanto Sign Federal Support for CIB Canadian Institute of Biotechnology (CIB) Banner Year The Crop Development Centre at the University of Saskatchewan has had a banner year, receiving support for the registration of 15 new varieties; significantly more than the usual five. FDA Reschedules Tomato Review Flax - First Commercial Transgenic Crop Somatic Embryogenesis Used for Clonal Propagation "Whiskers" - A Breakthrough in Plant Cell Transformation Silicone carbide crystals Developing Antibodies from their Genes Pioneer Hi-Bred Open for Business in Saskatoon B.C. Biotech: An Economic Baseline Survey Tree Vaccine from U of T Dutch elm disease Strategic Alliances for Limagrain ICAST Opens Guelph Office The International Centre for Agricultural Science and Technology (ICAST) Mycogen Corp. AgriViron LEGAL NOTES Intellectual Property is More Than Just Patents Plant Varieties Reclassified FINANCIAL NEWS Royal Bank New Saskatchewan Crown Corp. New Program to Support Collaborative Research SOURCES Agriculture and Agrifood Canada Publish Biotechnology Bulletin Workshop to Assist Oilseed Industry Explorations in Science Culture Database of World's Insect Pathogens Free Biomonitoring Database KPMG-Peat Marwick Career Connections Series EnvisioN Disease Resistant Livestock Food Scoop ATCC PEOPLE WATCH Roy Lloyd Resigns from Ag-West Board Royal Bank Pioneer Hi-Bred University of Saskatchewan New CIB Board AgrEvo Inc. AgrEvo's Ag-Quest Inc. Cargill United Nations Elizabeth Dowdeswell, Executive Director of the UN's Environment Program has appointed seven new members to the Interim Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity. ICRAF Martinez Law CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST). TBI The Toronto Biotechnology Initiative(TBI) The AgBiotech Bulletin is published by Westcross House Publications 608 Duchess Street Saskatoon, Sk. Canada S7K 0R1 phone: (306) 934-1772 fax: (306) 664-6615

International schemes for financing conservation and climate mitigation, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation and forest enhancement (REDD+), have generated concerns about the effect of large influxes of money on good governance, the human rights of local land users, and biodiversity. While there is agreement on the need for safeguards to prevent negative effects, how prescriptive or flexible those safeguards should be is not well understood. We develop a framework for a multi-scale comparison of the prescriptiveness of measures to reduce carbon emissions with safeguards for community rights and biodiversity, and apply this framework to international REDD+ safeguards and their transformation into Mexican law. Our findings reveal significant differences across substantive and procedural safeguards with positive and negative impacts on community rights. We also find that not prescribing ownership over forest carbon and de-bundling property rights from rights to benefit from ecosystems stewardship, helped overcome political conflicts in Mexico and enhanced the potential for equity in REDD+ outcomes.

Abstract  Older adults with intellectual disability represent a growing segment of the elderly population in developed and, to some extent, in developing nations worldwide. A considerable body of research has addressed this burgeoning demographic over the past 20 years. Although some variations appear within etiological subgroups, the biological processes of aging and related concerns (e.g., changes in health status) are similar for people independent of whether a person has an intellectual disability. The unique life experiences of individuals with intellectual disabilities, however, introduce social and environmental factors and practices that affect healthy aging and life quality, but are less well understood. As such, later‐life planning is an accepted, although not always practiced, mechanism used and directed by adults without disabilities to plan for their futures in later life. Planning for this life stage among older adults with intellectual disabilities, if it is done at all, typically is a parent/family‐driven process with a limited scope of focus (e.g., guardianship, financial security). Drawing on previous research in the areas of later‐life planning and leisure education, the authors present a conceptual rationale for melding these two processes and propose principles and content elements that could facilitate the use of leisure education as a framework for holistically exploring later‐life options and issues.

Данная статья освещает проблему отсутствия в законодательстве легально закрепленного определения «вновь созданный объект недвижимости». В ней дается анализ современного законодательства в данной области, примеры из судебной практики и теоретическое обоснование проблемы. Так же подводятся итоги и делаются выводы, которые предусматривают различные виды решения данного пробела законодательства. ; This article highlights the problem of lack of legally enshrined in law the definition of "newly created property." It analyzes the current legislation in this area, examples of judicial practice and theoretical study of the problem. Just summarizes and draws conclusions that provide different kinds of solutions of space law.

AbstractAdults with both a mental illness and intellectual disability (in Canada, a "dual diagnosis") and who reside in shelters for the homeless are vulnerable and at risk for physical, sexual, and financial abuse. The same factors that make them vulnerable may result in neglect by the very services designed to help them. Their mental illnesses are difficult to diagnose and treat, and their intellectual impairments are difficult to ascertain. The authors review the existing literature on homelessness and intellectual disability, and use this and their extensive clinical experience with the homeless in a large Canadian city to identify and extrapolate reasons for the challenges facing both these individuals and the agencies and organizations that serve them. The authors identify several challenges to providing appropriate services, such as identifying and linking with these adults; recognizing the implications of the level of the intellectual delay and the mental illness on the individual's ability to cope, and stay safe; understanding the wants and needs of the individual; expanding the mandate of the agencies and professionals wanting to serve this group; and developing policy that will both provide appropriate support of the individual, but also provide protection, if necessary by legal means. They further suggest that focal services should be based on the following characteristics: flexibility, meeting the client where he or she lives, consideration of capacity to consent in order to avoid neglect issues, and understanding of the lifelong and pervasive effects of intellectual delay in all facets of life. Though the population discussed is resident in Canada, these issues apply to individuals in other countries, as well, where there are concerns about these vulnerable adults with a "triple diagnosis."

Famous worldwide for his critique of the Chinese regime and its infringement of human rights, Ai Weiwei is considered to be a fearless artist who contests the margins of art and politics. As a human rights hero, he plays the Western media while profiting from the neoliberal system. Ai Weiwei's rebellious activities do not just tear down the state; they also work to build up civil society. Ai's most recent art and activism have been directed at the international "refugee crisis." In the creation of his documentary, Human Flow (2017), the artist and his team traveled to more than 23 countries and 40 refugee camps in order to compassionately document the experience of the contemporary refugee and the various, mostly failed, institutional responses. In a related project, and at least in part in response to the United States' election of Donald Trump and the latter's new policy of fencing and immigration bans, Ai conceived of a massive network of fences, banners, ad platforms, bus shelters, and sculptural structures throughout New York City as a "passionate response to the global migration crisis and a reflection on the profound social and political impulse to divide people from each other" (Public Art Fund). This chapter proposes to explore the genres, media, and scale of protest and dissent articulated by Ai Weiwei in his work, public appearances and social media presence. His advocacy for human rights and freedom of speech is strongly intertwined with the figure of the artist as intellectual and the intellectual as artist, bringing forth a culture of contestation that challenges representational practices while creating new spaces for dialogues and global justice.

The article examines the issues of legal protection of copyright objects in the digital environment. The analysis of the current legislation concerning the legal regulation of these relations is done. The tendencies of copyright with the consideration of development of digital technologies are analyzed.The author reveals that the development of social relations far outstrips the legislation regulating the relations regarding the acquisition, implementation and protection of intellectual property rights in the digital environment in general, and copyright in particular.The author concludes that the development of digital technologies predetermines certain peculiarities in the acquisition and implementation of copyright in the digital environment, including the possibility of rapid digitization of copyright objects, the existence of individual objects of copyright exclusively in digital form (computer programs, video games, electronic databases, etc.), the rapid transfer of information (which in its essence usually contains objects of copyright) through the Internet.It is substantiated that in the digital environment the following objects of copyright can be used: a website as an original comprehensive work; written works, oral works (in the form of video files), the content of the website; computer programs and other software (including the internal technical basis of the website); images, drawings, including web design; musical works; audiovisual works, including video games, films.The characteristics of digital technology are the following: ease of replication (copying), ease of transmission and multiply use, plasticity of digital media (it is easy to modify, enhance and adopt the works in digital form), equivalence of work in digital form (it's easy to combine digital works) into new products such as multimedia, the merger (convergence) of media, technologies etc., compactness of works in digital form (for example, a whole library can be stored in a flash memory), new search and link compabilities (it's easy to link and to find information), sometimes there is no human author, so it may be computer-generated works, or work created with the aid of computer.It is proved that web design (web site interface, other devices) is the subject of intellectual property rights and it's used in a digital environment. It may be protected as a copyright object (image), as an object of patent law (industrial sample), or as a trademark («Trade Dress Protection»). ; Досліджено проблемні питання щодо правової охорони об'єктів авторського права у цифровому середовищі. Проаналізовано чинне законодавство щодо правового регулю­вання цих відносин. Проаналізовано тенденції авторського права з урахуванням розвитку цифрових технологій. З'ясовано, що розвиток суспільних відносин значно випереджає законодавство, яке врегульовує відносини щодо набуття, здійснення та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності в цифровому середовищі загалом, та авторських прав зокрема. Зроблено висновки про те, що розвиток цифрових технологій зумовлює певні особливості щодо набуття та здійснення авторських прав у цифровому середовищі, серед яких мож­ливість швидкого оцифрування об'єктів авторського права, існування окремих об'єктів авторського права винятково у цифровому вигляді (комп'ютерні програми, відеоігри, електронні бази даних тощо), швидке передання інформації (яка за своєю суттю зазвичай містить об'єкти авторського права) через мережу Інтернет. Обґрунтовано, що у цифровому середовищі можуть використовуватися такі об'єкти авторського права: веб-сайт як оригі­нальний комплексний твір; письмові твори, усні твори (у вигляді відеофайлів), тобто контент веб-сайту; комп'ютерні програми та інше програмне забезпечення (в тому числі як внутрішня технічна основа веб-сайту); зображення, малюнки, в тому числі веб-дизайн; музичні твори; аудіовізуальні твори, в тому числі відеоігри, фільми. Доведено, що веб-дизайн (інтерфейс веб-сайту, інших пристроїв) є об'єктом права інтелектуальної власності, який використовується в цифровому середовищі, та може охоронятися як об'єкт авторсь­кого права (зображення), як об'єкт патентного права (промисловий зразок) або як торго­вельна марка («Trade Dress Protection»).

The concept of a profession as a social institution is a rather nebulous one. It is sometimes used to refer to any clearly defined vocational group. More traditionally it refers to a "learned profession," the classic examples of which are divinity, medicine, and the law. The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (Vol. XII, p. 478) defines a profession, in this sense, as "a vocation founded upon prolonged and specialized intellectual training which enables a particular service to be rendered." It is this meaning of the term that is here intended.