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There has been a rising trend of labor migration globally. Given their alien status within the legal framework of the host countries, migrant domestic workers (MDWs) are especially vulnerable to poor employment conditions that may affect their health status, yet there is still a lack of quantitative evidence in this population hitherto. Using randomly sampled data from a cross-sectional survey of 2,017 live-in female MDWs in Hong Kong, a setting with a high concentration of MDWs, this study examined the association of employment conditions with physical and mental health among the MDWs. We observed poorer physical and mental health status among the MDWs when compared with the general population in Hong Kong. Our findings suggest that employment conditions, including household size, working on the rest day, and housing type, and age were associated with physical health, while employment conditions, including not ever receiving wages on time, frequency of financial remittances, paying the employment agency, having a private room, fulfillment of work-related needs, physical abuse, and discrimination, and sociodemographic characteristics, including age and duration of migration, were associated with mental health. Social support in general did not confound these associations, but religious activities and daily contact with friends were also associated with mental health. Our findings have important implications in designing interventions and policies to improve the physical and mental well-being of this vulnerable migrant population.

The problems of undocumented youth in contemporary American immigrant fiction have been given a major focus, as political shifts and competing agendas fuel an ongoing national debate. Especially for young people who are on the brink of adulthood, their status as documented or undocumented results in inclusion in or exclusion from social, economic and political spheres, which affect their daily experiences and influence their plans for the future. This paper will explore the ways in which illegal status informs, impacts, and shapes the protagonists' identity. The concept of undocumented status is used in my paper as an analytical lens through which the novels are read. My choice of the comingof- age genre reflects the importance of adolescence as a crucial period in the formation of a person's identity. I argue that young adult fiction with undocumented protagonists on the one hand gives voice to those who are silenced and forced to live on the margins of American society, and on the other hand familiarizes native-born Americans with the social struggles that might be distant from their own experiences but offer alternative ways of looking at the world. The narratives about "Dreamers" are part of a broader political discourse on the U.S. immigration. By exploring the relationship between fiction and the dominant legal system, they signal current social issues and offer a critique of exclusionary practices of American law and society.

ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that to be naturalised one must acquire the nationality of a political or national community, and that such a status is accompanied by various rights. It is also widely accepted that nationality can be acquired in various ways. Article 34 of the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees provides that States must facilitate the naturalisation and assimilation of refugees and expedite these proceedings as far as possible. As South Africa has not filed any reservations to the UN Refugee Convention, it is bound to respect Article 34 of this treaty and thus not block the pathway to naturalisation. Failure to do so means that South Africa is violating its obligations under international law. There is a legal pathway to ending refugee status in South Africa; however, it is bound by a complicated process regulated by three different pieces of legislation , namely, the Refugees Act, the Immigration Act, and the Citizenship Act. It therefore appears that South Africa has not enacted this provision in good faith. This article provides an analysis of South Africa's domestication of Article 34 of the UN Refugee Convention. Moreover, it concludes that the current system is complicated and hinders refugees from accessing naturalisation, and therefore is not in the spirit of the UN Refugee Convention Key words: naturalisation, assimilation, local integration, permanent residence, refugeehood

The 1993 Constitution,1for the first time in South African history accorded constitutional recognition to international law, thereby bringing an end to the debate on the status of international law in South African domestic law. This step was a symbolic break from the apartheid legal system, which was closely associated with the violation of international law and indicated to the international community that South Africa was willing to abide by internationally accepted rules. More important, however, for South African lawyers are the fundamental changes the constitutional regulation of international law introduced into South African law. The 1993 Constitution dealt with the conclusion of international agreements (sections 82(1)(i) and 231(2)), the status of international law in South African law (section 231(3) and (4)) and the role of international law in interpreting the chapter on fundamental rights (section 35(1)). These provisions were substantially taken over by the 1996 Constitution. The provisions relating to the entry into international agreements and the status thereof in terms of South African law are once again dealt with under section 231. The provisions on customary international law are dealt with separately under section 232. Section 233 deals with the role of international law in the interpretation of legislation, whilst section 39, the equivalent of section 35 of the 1993 Constitution, provides for international law in interpreting the Bill of Rights.

AbstractLike income inequality, housing inequality in urban China is strongly affected by state policies that give preferential treatment to insiders. In this case, the key policies are related to their residence status, which involves not only their migration history but also their legal position. Using data from the Chinese census of 2000 for eight large cities, this study shows how residence status affects access to various pathways to housing. In addition to the well‐known marginal housing situation of the recent 'floating population', it documents surprising advantages for migrants with urban registration status and persistent disadvantages for rural migrants regardless of how long they have lived in the city.RésuméComme l'inégalité de revenu, l'inégalité de logement dans les villes chinoises est nettement affectée par les mesures étatiques qui privilégient les résidents en place. En l'occurrence, les politiques déterminantes s'attachent au statut de résidence, ce qui recouvre à la fois l'historique migratoire des individus et leur situation juridique. À partir des données du recensement chinois de 2000 dans huit grandes villes, l'étude montre comment le statut de résidence influe sur l'accès aux différents canaux conduisant à un logement. Outre la condition de logement marginale bien connue de la «population flottante» récente, sont exposés les surprenants atouts des migrants qui sont enregistrés comme urbains, et les inconvénients persistants que rencontrent les migrants ruraux quelle que soit la durée pendant laquelle ils ont vécu dans la ville.

This article analyses the 189 ILO Convention on domestic workers from a feminist and legal point of view. The ILO Convention opens with the recognition of domestic work as a labour activity. This statement represents a step forward for the acknowledgment of the domestic work's contribution to society and the global economy, moreover when it still being a highly feminized and socially devalued activity. The ILO Convention also allocates a set of labour and social rights like wages, rest periods, conditions of health and safety, freedom of association, among others. The incorporation of a minimum working conditions may represent relevant challenges for the member states, since its domestics labour laws are characterized for the inequality regime in labour conditions or even the absence of any legislation on domestic work. The article also goes on the impact that international migration have had on domestic work, by pointing out the framework of the globalization of care in a highly unequal relationship between north and south. The article highlights the absence of a migration perspective of the ILO Convention.

In this material we will address an important problem, being the answer of the question; "Was the total privatization of the Commercial Banks in Albania the right thing to do? In this material we have explain why "The total privatization of the Commercial Banks in Albania", was not the right choice! Furthermore, we will analyze and explore the system's current status, more than 10 years after it was first applied. Detailed facts and figures have reflected the inefficient impact of the total privatization of commercial banks in the domestic economy? The areas in which we have extended our analysis are: - In the distribution of loans between sectors of production (i.e. industry, agriculture, service sectors, tourism etc.). The privatization of commercial banks has had a negative effect in some of the most important economic sectors such as agriculture, quarrying and processing industry, tourism, etc. - In the distribution of deposits and loans in Albanian Lek and foreign currency. The level of deposits and the economic growth are getting higher, however the deposits are growing at a higher rate than the economic growth. Their structure has changed in favor of foreign currency due to the lack of confidence in the Albanian lek, which has been caused by its continuous loss of value against foreign currency. This has caused the same structure in the application of loans. Foreign currency loans have a more positive effect in the rate increase of the domestic economy then the Albanian Lek loans. - In the differences between deposits and loans by type of currency. Only 50% of the deposits in Albanian Lek, with or without a maximum term, are given to economic entities in "Loan" form. The rest is used in the purchase of government debt instruments, treasury bills, while 100% of foreign currency deposits are given as loans. - In the distribution of loans by economic entities. The Loan Structure in respect of the different economic entities and different currencies is almost the same. Businesses use currency for the purchase of machinery and equipment, mostly for imports while individuals generally use the currency to make payments within the country for apartments, cars, etc. - In the distribution of loans by regions, etc… The distribution of loans shows that in general, the Albanian economy has not been supported by the right level of loans from commercial banks, therefore creating disproportionate development between different regions. Is this also one of the reasons for the declining of the population in the countryside due to it being mainly supported economically by emigrants rather than through government subsidies. The general conclusion drawn from the above data analysis is that, the total privatization of commercial banks in the Republic of Albania has had a negative consequence inthis country's economic performance.The Albanian government should open state owned Commercial Banks. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p343

Drawing on the relevant literature, this article explores key debates and controversies on child labour in the context of Africa and Asia. It first identifies and analyses three dominant discourses on child labour: 1) the work free childhoods perspective; 2) the socio-cultural perspective; and 3) the political economy perspective. Against the backdrop of these discourses, the article goes on to critically examine aspects of child labour that are underrepresented in the literature and in international policy circles. It concludes by highlighting the importance of grounding children's gendered work within the complex material social practices of interconnected histories and geographies in which their livelihoods unfold.