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SUMMARY: Exclusion from school is only one of a number of sometimes complicated and often inter‐related reasons why children are not attending school Much of the focus of research and debate about exclusions has been about secondary age pupils. This paper begins to raise some of the issues that may make primary age exclusions a particular focus of concern and one that should reach and be addressed by a variety of agencies. The paper draws on research recently completed at the SSRIU (Social Services Research and Information Unit), University of Portsmouth, and is informed by an ESRC funded project in progress, which is investigating primary age exclusions at a national level.

Over 80 companies and organizations have recently changed their
collective bargaining arrangements to introduce "single table
bargaining" (STB). This sharp rise follows on from only a small
number of companies introducing this change in the 1980s. Under STB all
the different unions and grades of workers, including manual and
non‐manual workers in the same company who had previously bargained
separately, are brought together into one bargaining unit. Linked to the
move to STB are changes in payment and conditions of work. Seeks to
examine the reasons for the growth in STB and the potential benefits and
disadvantages to the trade unions and their members as a result of the
changes arising from STB.

Although postmodern theory has virtually exploded throughout the social sciences, thus far it has only begun to touch criminology. This piece identifies some of the principal themes associated with postmodern thought, reasons for the current interest in it, and its potential relevance for criminology. There are many postmodernisms, but special attention is paid here to the popular models borrowed from literary and linguistic analysis. Violence is used as a concrete example to explore these issues. The postmodern critique is a challenge not only to the philosophical underpinnings of traditional and empirical criminology, but also to the basic premises of both mainstream and progressive social policy responses to criminal violence.

Although negative advertising and negative news coverage of candidates is not a new phenomenon there is a perception among the news media that the number of negative ads has increased in the past decade (1984-1992), especially in the past five years. This perception has led reporters to increase their coverage and scrutiny of such ads, while at the same time showing them repeatedly on news casts. There are many reasons given as to why the number of negative ads and negative election reports may have increased, including more consulting companies, changes in election process in the 1960s, independent political groups spending more money on ads and simply because they may actually work.

The sage of Yasnaya Polyana haunted Babel''s imagination as a paragon of professional greatness: "What Tolstoy knows and may do–may we do that? You read Tolstoy and it seems: one more…page and you'll finally understand the secret of life…After you know what Tolstoy thinks of death, there is no reason to know what a Fedor Sologub thinks on this issue." In an early story ("Inspiration," 1917) the young narrator says to his friend, a would-be literary genius: "Well, Leo Tolstoy [Lev Nikolaevich], when you write your autobiography, remember me" (1966: 32). Living at one time near a stud farm in Molodenovo, Babel' cultivated the acquaintance of an aged local horseman.

THE COMMUNIST VIETNAMESE CAME CLOSE TO WINNING THE TET OFFENSIVE. FOR AMERICANS IT HAD INDEED BEEN A VERY NEAR THING. FOR THE COMMUNISTS, IT WAS AN EXTREMELY VALUABLE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE. SINCE ITS INITATION THE TET OFFENSIVE OF 1968 HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF INTERPRETATION AND DEBATE AND REMAINS ELUSIVE. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE REASONS WHY THE COMMUNIST FORCES DECIDED TO ATTACK THE URBAN AREAS OF SOUTH VIETNAM, SUBJECTING THEMSELVES TO DEVASTATING CASUALTIES AND A SOUND TACTICAL DEFEAT. IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND HOW THAT DECISION WAS REACHED, A COMPREHENSION OF BOTH THE POLITICAL AND MILITARY REALITIES AS SEEN THROUGH THE EYES OF THE NORTH VIETNAMESE ON THE EVE OF TET IS REVIEWED.

Because the national interest is the foundation for both the National Security Strategy and its supporting National Military Strategy, it is essential that military leaders understand the political context from which the details of the national interest emerge. The guiding concept of national interest is more often assumed than analyzed in the dynamic context of domestic and international politics. For these reasons, Dr. Michael Roskin, Visiting Professor of Foreign Policy, was asked to synthesize the academic literature, focusing on those works that had greatest value and relevance to members of the national security community who must apply as well as serve the national interest. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1897/thumbnail.jpg

The european discussion : yet another monster of loch ness

The european discussion on the transfer of public data started in 1985 and evolved only slowly. The existence of important differences between member States and of different concepts about the public-private sector relationships are a big part of the reasons for the delays in setting up a common regulatory framework which is furthermore perceived by national governments as an intrusion in their internal affairs. In this context, supple directory principles set up by the Commission, which would serve as a "community reference framework" for member States, seem better adapted than the instrument of directives to a field where law rapidly and constantly changes.

The traditional philosophy of science is challenged through a questioning of the ideal of reason. The history of scientific theory is based on experiments & not pure theory, placing it at odds with the sociological nature of the philosophy of science, which relates more to understanding than to explanation. Rationality, as addressing the analytic, does not approach philosophic issues raised in the philosophy of science, leading to a question of connection between the two. Suffering, an issue in the realm of philosophy, is not addressed as an issue of science. Because the actions of scientists have effects in the real world, often related to suffering, their actions should be a focus of philosophy as well. A. Cole

In shifting responsibilities from government to market, privatization has the potential to alter the institutional framework through which citizens normally conceive and pursue their individual and shared interests. But the literature has presented it as a relatively apolitical adaptation to changing conditions. Rather than a choice among means to achieve broadly shared goals, privatization often takes the form of a strategy to realign institutions so as to privilege the goals of some groups over the competing aspirations of other groups. Drawing primarily on the experience of Western, industrialized nations, a political typology is developed that distinguishes between privatizations undertaken foi different reasons—whether pfagmatic, tactical, or systemic.

Ethics is not a new topic. It was a concern several decades ago, and it is still a concern in today's offices and in schools of business. Since people perceive things in different ways, it is difficult to identify "correct ethical behavior." People's ethical standards are often based on values instilled in them in their youth, and in their environmental background. This article explores some of the reasons why there is such a variance in the values people have, the problems these differences can create for an employer, and ways a business can assist its employees in understanding what ethical behavior is expected of them. Twelve suggestions are given as ways that employers may improve the ethics in their workplaces.

AbstractThe article compares the Training and Visit System of Agricultural Extension in India with the Anand‐type dairy cooperatives (India) and the Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) to explain the reasons for their success. In attempting an explanation of such microsuccess in an environment of macrofailure, the article lays emphasis on tailoring the programmes to the needs and social capabilities of the rural people. The services offered are perfected to a routine, thus encouraging the recipients of the services to respond on a regular and systematic basis. The recipients of these programmes see success in terms of increased benefits, greater participation and ultimately increased incomes. Their success has led to their widespread adoption elsewhere in the Third World.