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Review of:Kennedy, K. J., Fairbrother, G.P., and Zhao Zhenzhou (2014) Citizenship Education in China: Preparing Citizens for the "Chinese Century" Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-50272-6

Social citizenship in the classical sense of T.H. Marshall has been declared to be eroded and to have lost its significance. The introduction to this special issue challenges this assumption and argues that recent anthropological work on social citizenship in post-colonial, post Cold War and post-socialist states have shown that social citizenship is relevant and is being claimed by citizens of these states. Historical notions of citizenship as well as claiming rights to state support in return for having worked for the state are at work here. Furthermore the contributions to this issue illustrate how notions and practices of social citizenship compete and sometimes replace other practices of claiming citizenship on the basis of ethnicity, nationality or cultural ties. Adapted from the source document.

This volume explores the political & cultural dimensions of citizenship & their relevance to women & gender. Containing essays by leading scholars such as Iris Marion Young, Alison Jaggar, Martha Nussbaum, it examines the conceptual issues & strategies at play in the feminist quest to give women full citizenship status

The connection between citizenship & race in historical American society is studied to demonstrate how American understandings of citizenship has changed over time. An analysis of the US Constitution revealed that American Indians were separated from other Americans & that American citizens were separated into "the people" & "persons." Further analysis of the thinking of some Founding Fathers & other relevant literature indicated that African Americans were considered as persons rather than belonging to the people. Multiple factors responsible for excluding African Americans from gaining citizenship rights prior to the Civil War are identified. Although the Civil War & the subsequent Reconstruction essentially challenged the prevailing tendency to define citizenship racially, the common perception that the US had become a color-blind society following the Civil War is strongly repudiated. In fact, it is noted that many ethnic minority groups & women retained fewer citizenship rights than white Americans following the Reconstruction period. However, circumstances that actually incorporated cultural pluralism into conceptualizations of citizenship during the 1930s are identified. It is concluded that attempts to define the American citizen will persist long into the 21st century. J. W. Parker

This paper reviews the literature on citizenship education and examines the factors that have influenced trends in citizenship education in the Republic of Turkey since its foundation in 1923. The aim of this paper is to discuss the general tendencies and practices in citizenship education that have shaped how Turkish youth perceived citizenship throughout the Republic's history. By addressing three important aspects of these tendencies and traditions (history, geography, and geopolitics), the author will discuss whether Turkey is prepared to produce globally minded citizens in today's interconnected world. The history of civic education in modern Turkey can be divided into four time periods, as organized by İnce (2012): The Single Party period (1923-1946), the Democratic Party period (1946-1960), the first military intervention period (1960-1980), and the second military intervention period (1980 onward).

CITIZENSHIP WILL ALWAYS BE SUBJECTED TO MUCH ACADEMIC DEBATE. THE AUTHOR ESCHEWS THE ACADEMIC AND PURSUES A MORE EARTHY, ALBEIT REFLECTIVE, TACK, ANALYSING THE SOIL WITHIN WHICH CITIZENSHIP CAN ROOT AND THRIVE. HE IS NECESSARILY SELECTIVE, PARTIAL AND PERSONAL. HE SUGGESTS THAT ANY ATTEMPT AT INCULCATING NOTIONS OF CITIZENSHIP IN YOUNG ADULTS IS SURELY CONDEMNED TO VACUOUSNESS UNLESS THE LEGAL SYSTEM ITSELF BROADLY EXEMPLIFIES ITS OWN IDEALS IN ITS TREATMENT OF THEM. HOWEVER, FAR FROM THIS STATE OF AFFAIRS EXISTING, IT IS IN RETREAT. HE ASKS HOW YOUNG ADULTS CAN BE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP AN AWARENESS OF CIVIC IDENTITY SUCH AS WAS VOUCHSAFED THEIR FOREFATHERS, AND CONTENDS THAT THERE IS A VERY WIDESPREAD INGNORANCE OF THE VERY BASICS OF LAW AND DEMOCRACY. HE CONCLUDES THAT AT ROOT, IN SPITE OF THE CHALLENGES, HE REMAINS AN OPTIMIST.