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The article is devoted to the analysis of the interpretation possibilities of the mass media metaphor. The aim of the work is to identify the semantic spheres that beget a metaphor in the modern language of the Ukrainian mass media. This work demonstrates the mechanism of metaphor production: components of a new meaning, components of metaphorical meaning, and the structure of metaphorical transference. The problems associated with the interpretation of metaphors are considered. The cognitive process of creating the investigated units represents the types of metaphorical transference. The metaphor is designed to simplify the process of perceiving complex new material. In 2000-2020 a new wave of metaphorical productivity was marked by the terms of the natural sciences during the timeframe of the research. As a result of the analysis, the metaphors of the political and economic discourses of the mass media were investigated, taking into account the semantic, cognitive-pragmatic approaches. On the basis of this material, the main trends in the development of the modern language of the Ukrainian mass media are revealed and the interpretative and evaluative potential of the media metaphor is determined.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I: Representing Politics -- 1 Political Bias -- Why does bias matter? -- Defining bias -- Types of bias -- The Bad News studies -- Manufacturing Consent -- Critiques of bias research -- Constructing reality? -- Conclusion -- 2 Telling Tales: The Reporting of Politics -- Frames versus biases -- Producing news -- Genres and political coverage -- Telling political stories -- We the people -- Explaining political stories -- Conclusion -- 3 It's Just for Fun: Politics and Entertainment -- Political satire: politics as deluded and corrupt -- Politics as conspiracy -- Entertainment as propaganda -- The politics of identity: from soap opera to sport -- Conclusion -- 4 Media Effects -- Seeing is believing? -- Under the influence? -- Press and voting behaviour -- Television and voting behaviour -- Influence beyond the ballot box -- Elite effects -- Media consumption in context -- Conclusion -- Part II: The Political Economy of Mass Media -- 5 State Control and State Propaganda -- Systems of control -- Censorship -- Secrecy -- Propaganda -- Regulation -- Comparing media systems -- Conclusion -- 6 Conglomerate Control: Media Moguls and Media Power -- Media empires -- Ownership and control -- The power of Rupert Murdoch -- Readers and viewers -- Advertisers -- Reconsidering media power -- Conclusion -- 7 Watchdogs or Lapdogs? The Politics of Journalism -- The power of the spin doctor? -- The rise of churnalism -- Investigative journalism and the 'dumbing down' of news -- Models of journalism -- Conclusion -- 8 Dream Worlds: Globalization and the Webs of Power -- Global players -- A history of the future -- Globalization or internationalization? -- Conglomerates, governments and identities -- Conclusion -- Part III: Mass Media and Democracy.

This paper is the result of study that focus to media practices and disinformation especially to political disinformation in Indonesia. There are four factors that push this study so it was done seriously. First, information has the important role that can shape and color the reality. Second, freedom of information and expression require the accountable and transparency. Therefore it needs the responsibility for implementation. Third, information can be controlled by any kind of interests. Fourth, the spread of information can be limited, stored and deviated. The production and reproduction of information can be designed in according to any differences interests. Finally the gap to access of informationcanmakeitmisusingandmisleading. Inthiscontextmassmediahassignificantposition to make disinformation through selecting and drawing to the events in the line with the interests. Mass media can be controlled by the owner, parties, NGO (Non-Government Organization), and any factions that involve the competition. Then disinformation took place when communications conflict show up through giving false and mistaken information.

Does the mass media affect the dispersion of the policy positions of political parties? In this article it is argued that the mass media polarize parties' policy positions because vote-seeking strategies are more viable if party policy positions are clearly communicated to the electorate and because a vote-seeking strategy corresponds with parties taking a distinct policy position away from the median. Hence, the main hypothesis is that party policy position dispersion is larger with more mass media penetration. In order to test this argument, a novel dataset on party positions and mass media penetration in 267 Danish municipalities in 2004 is utilized and a new measure of the dispersion of policy positions in multiparty systems is constructed. The analysis corroborates the article's main hypothesis. Adapted from the source document.

This study examines the role of the mass media in combating international terrorism. The fight against terrorism is a complex and constantly on-going one. Information pressure affects the psyche of millions of people, directs and destabilises the socio-political situation in a country and the international system. Free media are important part of the democratic society; they can contribute to the protection of the democratic freedoms. With a clear understanding of their responsibility, the media can and should contribute significantly to the rapid and successful suppression of terrorist acts. This paper seeks to shed light on the intricate relationships between government, media, and terrorism. It argues that important lessons should be learned from past actions of the media, indicating the need to develop a set of guidelines for responsible media coverage of terror. One might think that in the triangle of government, media, and terrorism, the media would side with governments in the fight against terror. Findings however indicate that this was not always the case.

"This compelling book assesses the development of the mass media since the Romanian Revolution in December 1989 and the media's impact on cultural development, the public sphere, civil society and democracy. It controversially claims that Romania's failure to experience a thoroughgoing enlightenment project in its entire history remains a major obstacle for producing democratic ownership of the media and democratic development of society. Analyzing both the print and broadcast media and their respective effects on development, the book also discusses the effects of Romanian law on media and societal development, ethics, and media responsibilities. It concludes, however, that far from having an absolutely negative impact on Romanian post-communism, the media has helped produce a contradictory empirical form that equally contains positive moments in terms of subjective cultural development."--Provided by publisher.

The enlightenment activity of the media is aimed at raising the cultural level of people, is associated with the dissemination of information, knowledge, norms and values from the field of intangible production. The purpose of the article is to describe the main directions of enlightenment activities of the media. It talks about the importance of the enlightenment function of journalism and how to implement it. Informing consists in familiarising society with any facts or results of intellectual activity – politics, philosophy, religion, science, culture, art. These data contain socially significant knowledge, norms, values and correspond to humanistic tendencies of social development. Popularisation means the presentation of information in a form accessible to a mass audience. Media criticism is considered in the article as the ability to evaluate, analyse, interpret media content. Propaganda as a type of enlightenment activity is aimed at spreading knowledge and other information in order to form certain views, ideas, principles. The materials published in the weeklies "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" (Russian Gazette), "Argumenty i Fakty" (Arguments and Facts), "Literaturnaya Gazeta" (Literary Newspaper) are involved in the research. The main attention is paid to the current state of enlightenment in the press, its impact on the social role of journalism.