Suchergebnisse

Contents: The Islamic society; Cultural unity of the Arab world; Political disunity of the Arab world; Prospects of Arab unity.

This article deals with an enduring challenge for the European Court of Justice: striking a balance between the EU market integration requirements and respecting the 'fundamental structures' that exist in the Member States through the recognition and accommodation of a range of regulatory options that may restrict trade. The challenge is finding unity in social diversity and many commentators consider that the Court has interpreted the constitutional foundation of the European Union as having turned market access rights into fundamental rights and social policy into an obstructive power that has to be limited. This article reflects on the adjudicative methods of the Court and revisits this debate. It argues that the Court has developed a proportionality assessment that is able to accommodate a plethora of Member State policy choices. Member States' systems of protection need to be transparent, systematic and internally coherent. However, if these conditions are taken into account, then the level of protection and the means through which this level of protection is sought remain largely at the discretion of the Member States.

In The Soundscape R. Murray Schafer describes a tone of 'prime unity,' a tonal centre conditioning an international sonic unconscious. Diverging from the bucolic image of nature readily associated with Schafer's ethics and aesthetics this tone is found in the ubiquitous hum of electrical infrastructure and appliances. A utopian potential is ascribed to this tone in Schafer's writing whereby it constitutes the conditions for a unified international acoustic community of listening subjects. This essay outlines Schafer's anomalous concept of the tone of prime unity and interrogates the contradictions it introduces into Schafer's project of utopian soundscape design. Discussion of the correspondence between Schafer and Marshall McLuhan contextualises and identifies the source of Schafer's concept of the tone of prime unity. Of particular interest is the processes of unconscious auditory influence this concept entails and its problematic relation to the politics of sonic warfare. Through discussion of contemporary artistic practices that engage with these problems, it is argued that the tone of prime unity nonetheless presents an opportunity to shift the focus of Schafer's project from a telos of divine harmony towards collective self-determination through participatory intervention in the world around us.

AbstractThe idea that moral virtues form some sort of "unity" has received considerable attention from virtue theorists. In this paper, I argue that the possibility of unity among intellectual virtues has been wrongly overlooked. My approach has two main components. First, I work to distinguish the variety of different views that are available under the description of a unity thesis. I suggest that these views can be categorised depending on whether they are versions ofstandard unityor ofstrong unity.Standard unityclaims that the possession of one virtue implies possession of all the others.Strong unityclaims that the virtues are, in some sense, all the same thing. By exploring what these different versions of unity would look like when applied to intellectual virtues, I aim to provide a menu of options for future work in virtue epistemology. I then develop and defend one of these options in more detail, arguing that the initially less plausiblestrong unityhas merit when applied to the intellectual sphere. In these two ways, I aim to show that the possibility of unity among the intellectual virtues is deserving of serious consideration.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the analysis of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks provided by the US National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the USA from the points of view of behavior analysis and systems analysis. The 9/11 Commission provides a detailed and provocative account of the structural flaws in the US security systems that enabled the 9/11 terrorists to completely subvert efforts to detect and prevent their attack. This paper considers the role of private‐sector organizations in prevention of future attacks.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual/theoretical paper explores how understanding verbal networks and the nature of verbal rules might contribute to understanding the issues involved in re‐engineering work cultures in the face of continued terrorist threats.FindingsAn understanding of verbal networks and ambiguous communications aids the re‐design of management systems and emergency response processes so that adaptive organizational responses to terrorist threats are enabled.Originality/valuePrivate‐sector leaders might conduct behavioral systems analyses and probe the limitations of their operations and seek to detect weak points and create contingencies that sustain more effective security and emergency response repertoires.

"The following essays are the substance of a course of lectures delivered at a summer school at the Woodbrooke settlement, near Birmingham, in August, 1915"--Pref. ; "Books for reference" at end of each chapter except the first. ; Introductory: The grounds of unity, by F. S. Marvin.--Unity in prehistoric times, by J. L. Myres.--The contribution of Greece and Rome, by J. A. Smith.--Unity in the Middle Ages, by E. Barker.--Unity and diversity in law, by W. M. Geldart.--The common elements in European literature and art, by A. J. Carlyle.--Science and philosophy as unifying forces, by L. T. Hobhouse.--The unity of Western education, by J. W. Headlam.--Commerce and finance as international forces, by H. Withers.--International industrial legislation, by Constance Smith.--Common ideals of social reform, by C. D. Burns.--The political bases of a world-state, by J. A. Hobson.--Religion as a unifying influence in Western civilization, by H. G. Wood.--The growth of humanity, by F. S. Marvin. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article offers an analysis of how theories on constitutional revision can help understand crises that threaten legal unity. The Catalonian crisis represents the case study, and is discussed from the perspective of constitutional theory. The article starts out from a conceptualisation of 'legal unity' as the organisational as well as political claim of constitutions to provide unity within a certain legal order, which in the end comes close to the idea of a unified national state. The article refers to the constitutional theories of Carl Schmitt and, the lesser-known Hugo Krabbe, to help increase the understanding of constitutional change and, to connect these insights to the Catalonian case. Schmitt's claim is that constitutional law is indeterminate and thus in need of the sovereign's decision. In this analysis, it is made clear that Schmitt's argumentative scheme in which a distinction is made between friends and enemies in political conflict is unhelpful in addressing the Spanish crisis. Indeed, Schmitt moves beyond descriptive and explanatory goals to defend a normative rejection of liberal political decision-making. By contrast, Krabbe argues for the determinacy of constitutional law. According to Krabbe, constitutional law is finally embedded in 'legal consciousness', inherent to all human beings, and which can be determined by majority rule. Even if this answer may not be entirely convincing, it is maintained that this theoretical perspective could nevertheless benefit cases such as the Catalonian constitutional crisis, if as a consequence claims of both the Catalan as well as the Spanish sides based on the idea of ultimate sovereignty over a demarcated territory were dropped.