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Community Health Centers (CHCs), designed to provide accessible and affordable health care services to low-income families, were first funded by the Federal Government as part of the War on Poverty in the mid-1960s. Improving healthcare organizational performance efficiency is paramount. It is an especially pressing need for CHCs' because they carry a disproportionate burden of caring for the uninsured within limited budgets. Prior studies suffer from conceptual and methodological limitations. A longitudinal multivariate analysis of factors influencing the performance of CHCs is needed. The purpose of this study is to benchmark CHC performance in terms of technical and cost efficiency, and examine factors that affect its variation. A theoretically grounded non-experimental study design is used, with five waves of panel data from 493 CHCs for the years 2000 through 2004. This study found that data mining and predictor tree analysis of factors influencing the variation in CHCs' technical and cost efficiency yielded inconsistent results. A declining trend in technical efficiency scores over the five-year study period was observed. Based on growth curve modeling, the three factors that influenced technical efficiency at the initial period of the study are: the percentages of Medicare, Medicaid, and Hispanic population being served by the CHCs. The five factors that positively influenced the variation in cost efficiency at the initial period were: the initial score of technical efficiency, the percentage of Hispanic patient population, staffing mix (ratio of providers to total staff), pay mix (ratio of federal grant dollars to total revenue), and percentage of Medicare-eligible. The initial cost-efficiency score and the initial technical efficiency score are negatively associated with the growth trend of technical efficiency. The initial level of technical efficiency is not statistically significantly associated with the growth trend of cost efficiency. The two factors influencing the growth trend of cost efficiency are the growth trend of technical efficiency (with a positive influence) and the initial level of cost efficiency (with a negative influence). Analysis of the effects of contextual and organizational-structural variables on the technical efficiency and cost efficiency of community health centers found that the explanatory power of the predictors is much greater for cost efficiency than for technical efficiency. The study lends support to contingency theory and confirms the independent and additive influences of contextual and organizational predictors on efficiency. Irrespective of the efficiency measures, contextual factors have much more influence on CHCs' efficiency than design (organizational structural) factors do. The three study hypotheses supported by multivariate analysis are: technical efficiency is associated with contextual factors and organizational factors; cost efficiency is associated with contextual factors and organizational factors; and technical efficiency positively affects cost efficiency. ; 2006-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Health and Public Affairs, Department of Public Administration ; Doctorate ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

This article analyses whether Official Development Assistance (ODA) is linked to multidimensional poverty indicators in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sustainable Development Indictors and the principles stated by the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation. Focused on three western Sub-Saharan Africa and least developing countries such as Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, this article uses Error Correction Vector Model to estimate if ODA and economic growth are cointegrated and a sectoral and spatial analysis to check if ODA are linked to Multidimensional Poverty Indicators in the sample countries. Despite the 2014 Ebola outbreak, the three countries have achieved noticeable good results in poverty alleviation. Results shows a certain macro-micro paradox because, despite a common trend between aid and growth identified at the macro level, we cannot find any sign of ODA contributions to the multidimensional poverty indicators when the micro level analysis is carried out. Our results may serve to increase the level of implementation of the ownership principle for effective development co-operation and achieve a significant improvement of several goals and targets included on the 2030 Agenda.

We assess the effects of JUNTOS, a conditional cash transfer program targeted to poor rural households in Peru, on the utilization of prenatal health care by women exposed to the program during their most recent pregnancy. We implement a difference-in-differences estimation technique to uncover the effects of JUNTOS on the utilization of prenatal health care, the quality of prenatal health care, utilization of health care at birth, and obstetric complications at birth. We use data from the publicly available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from the period 2000-2014. Our results suggest that the program has increased prenatal health care utilization. Even more salient, our results also suggest an improvement in the quality of health care received and a reduction of obstetric complications at birth.

This paper presents a human cartographic approach to the analysis of the impact of austerity and the economic crisis across Europe's regions. First, the paper reflects on past insights and debates on the analysis and mapping of poverty and wealth and of the effects of austerity in particular. It then presents and discusses a wide range of cartograms and maps (including the subjects of unemployment and poverty as well as related themes such as educational attainment and migration). These images highlight social and spatial inequalities and also illustrate that the most severe social divides within Europe are more often within states rather than between them. To that end the paper also argues the case for a co-ordination of urban, regional, national and European policies and EU spending to ameliorate the impacts of austerity and to enhance social and territorial cohesion. Finally, the paper highlights the increasingly important role of geographers and of the field of Regional Studies in so many recent debates about the future of the European project and of the possibility of a Europe of cities and regions rather than a Europe of nation-states.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Persistent poverty is one of the critical development challenges facing Zambia. Previous development policies have not had any significant impact on the lives of poor Zambians. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) is the latest policy adopted by the current Zambian government to alleviate poverty. The World Bank and the IMF has promoted the PRSP as a blueprint for countries classified as Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) to address their development challenges. Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas than in the urban areas. Many of the rural poor are small-scale farmers who rely on agriculture for their survival. The purpose of the study was to gauge, from practitioners, working with PRSP on agricultural development, the extent to which the PRSP was implemented successfully from 2002-2004 to improve the quality of life of poor small-scale farmers. Moore's (1995) "strategic triangle" was used to find out how the implementation of the PRSP "measured up" to his three tests. This qualitative study involved interviewing development managers of the major non-government organisations that are implementing or monitoring the implementation of the current version of the PRSP on agriculture. Documentary sources were also used to complement the in-depth interviews. I drew on Miles and Humberman's (1994) approach to qualitative data analysis to guide the analysis of my data and I used Nvivo software for managing and coding the data.

[The author analyses] the position that children have in the German welfare state. … With this analysis it is intended to gain information for a social policy which can be useful to improve the justice of resources between the generations. … Due to the fact that the ongoing adultism in welfare state research causes a neglect of child-oriented questions in this research area and because childhood research only rarely deals with welfare state issues [he tries] to illustrate how analyses of children's position in a welfare state can be arranged. … First [he] introduces the basis of [his] analysis. Herein [he] explains how [he] uses the new sociology of childhood as theoretical approach and the UN-Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) as normative background. In the second part [he] develops the analytic frame by introducing the concept of mixed welfare production and the theory of citizenship. As third [he] gives a short insight into the object of analysis: the position of children in the German welfare state, as it is represented in the current state of research in this field. Afterwards [he] presents the findings of this analysis and gives a short conclusion. (DIPF/Orig.)

Cover -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction and Overview -- 1 Twin Peaks or Three Components? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Statistical Methodology and Data -- 1.2.1 Data -- 1.2.2 Testing for the Number of Components in a Finite Mixture - the Modified Likelihood Ratio Test -- 1.2.3 Discriminant Analysis via Posterior Probabilities -- 1.2.4 Nonparametric Kernel Density Estimation and Mode Testing -- 1.3 Results -- 1.3.1 Selecting the Number of Components -- 1.3.2 Evolution of the Cross-Country Distribution of Income -- 1.3.3 Intra-Distributional Dynamics Based on Posterior Probabilities -- 1.4 Conclusion -- 1.5 Extension: Mixtures with Distinct Variances -- 2 Global Income Distribution Dynamics and Pro-Poor Growth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology and Data -- 2.2.1 Data -- 2.2.2 Mixtures of Log-normal Distributions -- 2.3 The Global Income Distribution -- 2.3.1 Inequality and Poverty -- 2.3.2 Growth Incidence Curves and Pro-Poor Growth -- 2.4 Regional Distributions, Inequality, Poverty and Growth Incidence Curves -- 2.4.1 Regional Income and Log-Income Distributions -- 2.4.2 Regional Poverty and Inequality Measures -- 2.4.3 Regional Semi-Decade Specific Growth Rates, Rates of Pro-poor Growth and Growth Incidence Curves -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 Ethnic Fractionalisation, Migration and Growth -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theoretical Framework -- 3.3 Existing Empirical Investigations -- 3.4 Data and Methodology -- 3.5 Results -- 3.5.1 Extending the Data Set -- 3.5.2 Migration and Ethnic Fractionalisation -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Research Questions -- 4 Pathways out of Poverty in Indonesia -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Conceptualisation and Methodological Issues -- 4.2.1 Conceptualisation and the "Naive" Model -- 4.2.2 Data -- 4.2.3 Poverty Line -- 4.3 Descriptive Analysis, Income & -- Poverty Transition Matrices.

Objeto: El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar una nueva realidad laboral, distante de las propias de los años 80 y 90 del siglo pasado, que está configurando un nuevo modelo de pobreza dentro del mercado de trabajo. Diseño/metodología/enfoque: En la presente investigación se ha llevado a cabo un análisis comparado de informes, propuestas y planes para determinar las principales acciones desarrolladas por agentes gubernamentales cuyo objetivo sea reducir los índices de pobreza relacionados con el mercado de trabajo. Aportaciones y resultados: En la actualidad, un número cada vez mayor de trabajadores (asalariados y autónomos) se ve arrastrado a la pobreza como consecuencia del creciente deterioro de las condiciones laborales dentro del marco de la globalización económica. En la crisis de los años 80, encontrar trabajo era garantía de salir de la pobreza, en cambio, en la actualidad esto ya no es así. El paro ya no es el único sinónimo de pobreza, ni siquiera la exclusión social es propia de colectivos sociales marginales. Las nuevas condiciones laborales con bajos salarios, contratos temporales y jornadas extenuantes, configuran una nueva tipología de pobreza directamente relacionada con el mercado de trabajo que afecta a colectivos cada vez más amplios y más preparados intelectual y profesionalmente. Limitaciones: Esta investigación recoge diversos informes y planes de acción gubernamentales en todos los niveles. No obstante, pueden existir otros informes que no han sido recogidos en el presente artículo. Originalidad / Valor añadido: En la actualidad, el riesgo de pobreza responde a parámetros multifactoriales que vienen determinados por la relación del individuo con el mercado laboral, con la estructura familiar, con el capital social disponible, con el nivel de endeudamiento familiar y con las políticas sociales existentes. El estudio comparado de dichos factores permite una mayor comprensión y análisis de un fenómeno, cada vez más global, y que afecta a un mayor número de colectivos sociales. ; Purpose: This paper aims to analize the new situation of labour different from the one of the eighties and nineties of the 20th century, that is configuring a new model of poverty within the labour market. Design/methodology: The current research is based on a comparative analysis of governmental reports, proposals and plans aimed at reducing poverty through labour market. This analysis allows to detect the main actions developed by governmental institutions. Findings: Currently a growing number of workers (employees and self-employed) is pushed towards poverty as a consequence of the deterioration of labour conditions in the framework of the economic globalisation. During the crisis of the 80s, becoming employed was a warranty to escape from poverty, but nowadays this is not enough. Unemployment it is not the only synonym of poverty and social exclusion is not solely found in marginal social groups. The new labour conditions, with low salaries, temporary contracts and long working times configure a new tipology of poverty directly linked with job market that affects more highly educated and professional groups. Research limitations/implications: This research collects different governmental reports and Action Plans at all levels. Even that, there can be other reports not included in this article. Originality/value: Currently, poverty risk responds to multifactorial parameters determined by the relationship of the individual with the labour market, family structure, available social capital, level of family debt and existing social policies. The comparative study of these factors allow a better understanding and analysis of this phenomenon, increasingly global and affecting a higher number of social groups. ; Peer Reviewed

Objeto: El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar una nueva realidad laboral, distante de las propias de los años 80 y 90 del siglo pasado, que está configurando un nuevo modelo de pobreza dentro del mercado de trabajo. Diseño/metodología/enfoque: En la presente investigación se ha llevado a cabo un análisis comparado de informes, propuestas y planes para determinar las principales acciones desarrolladas por agentes gubernamentales cuyo objetivo sea reducir los índices de pobreza relacionados con el mercado de trabajo. Aportaciones y resultados: En la actualidad, un número cada vez mayor de trabajadores (asalariados y autónomos) se ve arrastrado a la pobreza como consecuencia del creciente deterioro de las condiciones laborales dentro del marco de la globalización económica. En la crisis de los años 80, encontrar trabajo era garantía de salir de la pobreza, en cambio, en la actualidad esto ya no es así. El paro ya no es el único sinónimo de pobreza, ni siquiera la exclusión social es propia de colectivos sociales marginales. Las nuevas condiciones laborales con bajos salarios, contratos temporales y jornadas extenuantes, configuran una nueva tipología de pobreza directamente relacionada con el mercado de trabajo que afecta a colectivos cada vez más amplios y más preparados intelectual y profesionalmente. Limitaciones: Esta investigación recoge diversos informes y planes de acción gubernamentales en todos los niveles. No obstante, pueden existir otros informes que no han sido recogidos en el presente artículo. Originalidad / Valor añadido: En la actualidad, el riesgo de pobreza responde a parámetros multifactoriales que vienen determinados por la relación del individuo con el mercado laboral, con la estructura familiar, con el capital social disponible, con el nivel de endeudamiento familiar y con las políticas sociales existentes. El estudio comparado de dichos factores permite una mayor comprensión y análisis de un fenómeno, cada vez más global, y que afecta a un mayor número de colectivos sociales. ; Purpose: This paper aims to analize the new situation of labour different from the one of the eighties and nineties of the 20th century, that is configuring a new model of poverty within the labour market. Design/methodology: The current research is based on a comparative analysis of governmental reports, proposals and plans aimed at reducing poverty through labour market. This analysis allows to detect the main actions developed by governmental institutions. Findings: Currently a growing number of workers (employees and self-employed) is pushed towards poverty as a consequence of the deterioration of labour conditions in the framework of the economic globalisation. During the crisis of the 80s, becoming employed was a warranty to escape from poverty, but nowadays this is not enough. Unemployment it is not the only synonym of poverty and social exclusion is not solely found in marginal social groups. The new labour conditions, with low salaries, temporary contracts and long working times configure a new tipology of poverty directly linked with job market that affects more highly educated and professional groups. Research limitations/implications: This research collects different governmental reports and Action Plans at all levels. Even that, there can be other reports not included in this article. Originality/value: Currently, poverty risk responds to multifactorial parameters determined by the relationship of the individual with the labour market, family structure, available social capital, level of family debt and existing social policies. The comparative study of these factors allow a better understanding and analysis of this phenomenon, increasingly global and affecting a higher number of social groups. ; Peer Reviewed

The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.

The Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) is a technology that is rapidly being adopted for the poverty reduction strategies in developing countries. Different ICT initiatives including telecenters had remarkable achievement for rural development in recent years. Most of the telecenters are established in urban or semi-urban areas. The telecenter initiatives were started in Bangladesh very recently, and are growing very fast. This emergence led to the motivation of this study and the need to assess the cause behind the obstacles and opportunities. The study was supported by fieldwork during November 2006 to May 2007 on eight different models of telecenters in Bangladesh. A sample of 144 respondents was interviewed from all relevant groups. Three research methods were used for this study: survey interviews, focus group interviews, and an analysis of existing data. The aim of the study was to identify services provided by the telecenters, further the opportunities and cause behind the success or failure of the projects. The study was also intended to examine the issues affecting community uptake and appropriation of ICT services for livelihood development of rural communities, and reasons of lowadoption of ICT to the rural areas. This study was found five centers achieved their success by providing access to information to the rural communities, i.e. Village Information Center, ICT and Resource Centre for the Disabled, Amader Gram Giyan Kendra, Youth Community Multimedia Centre, and Amader Gram Health Center. The rest of centers were struggling for success and sustainability. This study found five centers achieved their success by providing access to information to the ruralcommunities. The major groups (36%) of the telecenter users were in the 20-30 years agegroup, 36% of the users were women, 40% of the respondents knew about the telecenterfrom friends and relatives while none got this information from government sources.40% of the respondents use the telecenters services at least once ...

This article highlights the evolutionary trend of the associations and foundations in Romania in 1997 – 2015 period of time. We know that the NPO's activities come to cover the people's needs which cannot be supported by the state or by the private sector. More precisely, the major roles of the NPO sector are: supporting disadvantaged groups and the social causes, sustaining the role of "watchdog", and promoting the advocacy and public policy expertise. For this reason, we propose an econometric model that will be applied to establish the link between the number of the association and foundations, poverty rate, unemployment rate and the average monthly expenditure per household. We consider that the last three factors are relevant to the country's social economy and, at the same time, they represent the main objectives of the EUROPE 2020 Strategy - a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The study is based on numerical data collected over a period of 12 years from 2003 to 2014. For the econometric model, we use IBM SPSS 22 software, in analyzing the collected data. After processing the data we will find a positive and significant relation between the number of associations and foundations (AF), the average monthly expenditure per household and the poverty rate. At the same time, we will find an insignificant relation between the number of associations and foundations and the unemployment rate.

Comments on Alberto Alesina & Edward Glaesers recent book Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Two points need clarification: 1) this is not a book about specially designed government policies to alleviate poverty; & 2) Alesina & Glaesers empirical analysis is directed at explaining why European governments spend more on social transfers than the US government does. Alesina & Glaesers account of American exceptionalism is schematically illustrated. The questions regarding first causes & the use of paired comparison or Large-N comparative analyses are addressed. The author concludes that Alesina & Glaesers book represents an advance on recent quantitative analyses of OECD patterns of social spending but that a framework is needed that orders additional variables & yields specific propositions about how they matter. Tables, Figures, References. E. Sanchez