Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Monetization or: The Romance of the Click -- 2 Securitization or: Seeing Wall Street as a Server -- 3 Disruption or: Steel Mills, Disk Drives, and Hackathons -- 4 Litigation or: In Defense of Patent Trolls -- Conclusion: After Social Media Mania -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Human computation is often subject to systematic biases. We consider the case of linguistic biases and their consequences for the words that crowd workers use to describe people images in an annotation task. Social psychologists explain that when describing others, the subconscious perpetuation of stereotypes is inevitable, as we describe stereotype-congruent people and/or in-group members more abstractly than others. In an MTurk experiment we show evidence of these biases, which are exacerbated when an image's "popular tags" are displayed, a common feature used to provide social information to workers. Underscoring recent calls for a deeper examination of the role of training data quality in algorithmic biases, results suggest that it is rather easy to sway human judgment. ; This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 739578 and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development. Copyright © 2018, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

The logic that has guided the development model of the Cuban Revolution since its inception has always prioritized social development. Significant achievements in education, health, and social security have not, however, necessarily been the result of comprehensive and systematic social planning, and therefore development in the social sphere has not progressed evenly. To strengthen what has been achieved, social policy in Cuba must become more holistic. Women and children have been the central focus of social policy from the beginning, but recent changes in Cuba's demographic structure are requiring policy attention to the needs of the elderly. New social programs introduced since 2000 are aimed at improving the quality of life for these three groups. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2009.]

There is a particularly evident contradiction among the many of our time. We are witness to a long series of declarations of human rights and at the same time we are conscious that in no other period of history has man been more violated and offended in his dignity than now. This not withstanding the declarations of human rights which consider certain political and social situations as inhuman and dehumanising attempt to give rise to new social structures which respect the human condition and encourage its development. These desires, however, often result in totalitarian regimes or in anarchy. This paradox of the failure of hopes for reform shows ip the fact that the models on which the attempted reform of society are based are rendered useless by an internal contradiction that is irremediable. This contradiction lies in the separation of politics from morality and the search for absolute liberty for the individual. Juridical positivism and the search for liberty necessarily lead to revolution as a system and to violence and injustice. The root of the crisis in society is to be found in the heart of the human person, in other words, in sin. Social progress, therefore, must be inspired and directed by ethical values. All authors are in agreement on this point. The question arises, though, as regards which ethical values should be used as a guide. Only when human reason is in complete possession of its capacity to transcend beings and reach Being is it capable of establishing a true ethic. But a well-directed reason also demands that man refuse to centre himself on himself and be sell-sufficient. In theological terms we can say that every man achieves the fulness al his true state in so far as he shares in the being which Christ has, since Christ as Incarnate Word is the truth of man. In the last analysis, the true liberation of man consists in communion with God the Father through Christ in the Holy Spirit. Starting from this fundamental truth, it is a matter of developing an ethical and social study will insert a christocentric principle into everyday realities. The task facing Christians today is to become conscious that Christ, the Son of God made man, is the truth about God, about man, and about the world, and in the light of this principle to encourage a progress which is directed to man and beyond man to Christ as last end of all creation.

We encounter water every day. It is a vital substance biologically as much as socially. We may notice this in art exhibitions and university courses communicating submersed and subversive facts about water; the rhythms of floods and tides resonating with fishing techniques and conflict patterns; inundations carrying moral and political weight as much as water and pollution; and particular mixtures of water and land generating wealth, anxieties and memories. In short, wherever people deal with water, they are involved not only with a physical element, but also with social relations. In fact, whenever we pretend that water is foremost the molecule H2O, we ignore all the political, economic, infrastructural, emotional and legal aspects of this element without which water would not be what it is for us today. This issue explores some of the ways in which water is profoundly social, both in the sense of being co-produced by social life, and by being a core constituent of it. Some contributions to this issue do this through the examples listed above. Others illustrate the way water positions people and their perspectives. A few show how large water infrastructures reshuffle social lives. And some suggest that water may sometimes be better imagined as a word in the plural, rather than a singular, universal substance.

Calls to deepen levels of social accountability within social protection interventions need to be informed by the now extensive experience of promoting social accountability in developing countries. Drawing on a systematic review of over 90 social accountability interventions, including some involving social protection, this paper shows that politics and context are critical to shaping their success. We argue that the politics of social protection and of social accountability resonate strongly with the broader project of transforming state-society relations in developing countries. This requires a reconceptualisation of social accountability and social protection in terms of the broader development of 'social contracts', and that the current emphasis on promoting bottom-up forms of accountability needs to be balanced by efforts to strengthen and legitimise public authority in developing countries.