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"This is the first book to specify the type of economic system that has arisen in Central Asia, replacing the simplistic ideas of "petro-state" or "resource dependent." The book presents three types of state capitalism now established in the former Soviet Union states of Eurasia — crony, dual-sector, and predatory capitalism. It provides first-hand research based on extensive interviewing in the native languages in five of the six. From the political economic perspective, it surveys the source of resources for these authoritarian regimes, their decision-making, and the disposition of government funds, including corruption."--Publisher's website

The Virginia State Constitution examines constitutional amendments, court decisions, attorney general opinions, and legislative deliberations bearing on the development and interpretation of the Virginia Constitution. The book contains a detailed history of the Virginia Constitution, with particular attention to key moments in the state's constitutional development, from the 1776 Constitution through the current 1971 Constitution. The book also includes a provision-by-provision commentary on the evolution and meaning of each section of the Virginia Constitution. The second edition brings this

Both the European Commission and the European Parliament are committed to include investor-state arbitration clauses in EU international investment agreements (IIAs) with third states. However, the EU is not and is unlikely to become a Contracting Party to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention). While this deficiency may be remedied to some extent by replicating the relevant provisions of the ICSID Convention, EU investors still cannot benefit from the institutional clout of ICSID, which could possibly facilitate enforcement of awards. The main obstacle to investor-state arbitration in EU IIAs with third states, however, is unlikely to stem from the non-availability of the ICSID Convention, but rather from the jurisprudence of the CJEU. The EU could only include investor-state arbitration clauses in EU IIAs with third states following a change in EU primary law such that investment tribunals could be deemed 'courts or tribunals of a Member State' within the meaning of Article 267 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

The present paper estimates earnings differentials between state and non‐state sectors for Chinese urban residents in 1996 by taking into account differences in non‐wage benefits. Household survey data are used to estimate wage differentials while aggregate statistics are utilised in estimating non‐wage benefits. We find that state‐sector workers earned significantly more than workers in urban collective and domestic private enterprises in 1996. Unskilled workers in foreign invested enterprises (FIE) earned significantly less than those in the state sector but skilled workers earned more in FIE than in the state sector. These findings shed light on the source of labour immobility that state‐owned enterprise had experienced until recently.

1 Introduction -- 2 State Responsibility for Private Acts: The Evolution of a Doctrine -- 3 The Agency Paradigm The Principle of Non Attribution and its -- 4 To Prevent and to Abstain International Obligations of States -- 5 State Responsibility for Private Acts of Terrorism -- 6 The Challenge of September 11th and the Academic Response -- 7 Inadequacies of Existing Approaches to State Responsibility for -- 8 Causation-based Responsibility -- 9 Causation based State Responsibility for Terrorism -- 10 Concluding Observations -- Select Bibliography -- Index.

"This book examines state-migrant relations in four countries with a long history of migration, regime change, and democratic fragility: Turkey, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the Philippines. It uses these cases to develop an integrative theory of the interaction between "diaspora-making" by states and "state-making" by diasporas. Specifically, it tackles three questions: (1) under what conditions and in what ways do states alter the boundaries of political membership to reach out to migrants and thereby "make" diasporas? (2) how do these migrants respond? and (3) to what extent does their response, in turn, transform the state? Through historical case narratives and qualitative comparison, the book traces the feedback loops among migrant profiles, state strategies of diaspora-making, party transnationalization, and channels of migrant engagement in politics back home. The analysis reveals that most migrants follow the pathways established by the state and thereby act as "loyal" diasporas but with important deviations that push states to alter rules and institutions"--

AbstractThere has always been a tension, in theory, between the public accountability and the professional efficiency of the agencies of the administrative state. How has that tension been handled? What would it be like for it to be well handled?

This book is about transformation of the state and an incomplete state-building. It defies the transitology assumption of continuity, linearity and dichotomy of formal and informal in the transformation of the state. Contrary to the conventional approaches, it claims that any social order or its political scaffolding, the state, is always incomplete and we need to develop cognitive maps to better understand that incompleteness. It reflects on the social practices, processes and patterns that evolve as a non-linear result of three sets of factors: those that are historical, external, and elite-driven. Three Central Asian states - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan - are examined here comparatively as case studies, as Central Asia represents an interesting terrain to challenge conventional understanding of the state. Specifically, the book captures a paradox at hand: how come three states, which made different political, economic, cultural, and social choices at the outset of their independence in the 1990s, have ended up as so-called "weak states" in the 2000s and onwards? This puzzle can be better understood through looking at the relationship among three main sets of factors that shape state-building processes, such as history, external actors, and local elites. This book applies an interdisciplinary approach, combining political anthropology, political economy, sociology, and political science. It helps conceptualize and understand social and political order beyond the "failed state" paradigm. Viktoria Akchurina is Senior Lecturer at the OSCE Academy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Her research focuses on state-building in Central Asia and the Middle East, comparatively.

Purpose– To explore state employee union density, this paper discusses determinants of state sector union density and then empirically examines the linkages of the determinants and state union membership in the USA.Design/methodology/approach– After operationalizing and measuring the indicators of the crucial determinants of state employee union density, this study conducts a cross-sectional analysis on state sector union density. The dependent variable used in this study is state employee union density in the USA. The independent variables used in this study are the presence of a liberal state government, the presence of collective bargaining laws, the size of a budget deficit, and an unemployment rate which could determine state sector union density.Findings– This study finds that state union density is not determined by the size of budget deficits and the presence of liberal governors but by the presence of collective bargaining laws and liberal state legislatures and unemployment rates. Additionally, this study reveals that unified governments can make a difference in state employee union density. For instance, liberal states controlling both the state executive and legislative branches have a positive impact on state employee union density, while conservative states ruling both branches have a negative impact on state union density.Originality/value– This paper analyzed pooled cross-sectional data on state employee union density in the US with regards to crucial legal, political, financial, and economic variables.

"The Sociology of the State: The State as a Conceptual Variable" published on by Oxford University Press.

Abstract
The current article focuses on Events in the Middle East in relation to non-state actors and the right of self-defense. As study-case is adopted for Yemen, where the Houthis, as the de facto authority—and, according to their own standpoint as the de jure authority too—of the state, or at least large parts of it, declare that they exercise a right to self-defense against the Saudi-led intervention.
The theme is examined in the context of protracted conflicts, which from non-international become internationalized armed conflicts, in states of fragmented authority and sovereignty. The argument is that while non-state actors (NSAs) do not autonomously possess a right of their own to self-defense, in cases involving states of fragmented authority and sovereignty they may exercise this right, on behalf of the state which is suffering the attack for as long as the government is not in a position to fulfill its responsibility regarding the defense of the state.
The article does not advocate a contra legem interpretation of Article 51, expanding its application to non-state actors. It argues in favor of the substitution of the entity that is entitled to implement Article 51, when the government of a state is absent or incapable of carrying out its duties. It is in this sense that non-state actors are linked to the right of self-defense.

V.I. Lenin was a leading member of the Bolshevik party in Russia from 1912 until his death in 1924, and is widely considered to have founded a distinct tradition in the struggle for revolutionary socialism, built from below. He is the author of celebrated works of theory such as State and Revolution, as well as widely misunderstood polemics like What is to be Done?Todd Chretien is a frequent contributor to Socialist Worker and the ISR.