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The article deals with the possibility to improve the notion and basic legal features of evidence and admissibility of anti-criminal information of this type in anti-criminal proof. It has been proposed to amend an article on proves in the Draft Code of Anti-Criminal Proceedings with the provision that evidence shall be defined as any information on the fact in general or its certain part which was obtained from objective and/or subjective and/or mixed sources of information. At the same time, this information should have indispensable set of the main basic legal features of evidence which are significance, good quality and reliability. The set of evidence shall be so coordinated and sufficient that the main subject of anti-criminal proceeding could make an opinion on possibility or necessity or impossibility and the lack of necessity to take certain interim or final decision on the case. It has been highlighted that incompliance with the procedure of obtaining evidence should be followed by liability for the guilty person and resulted in inadmissibility of this evidence only in the event of doubt in its reliability or in the event if this information lacks other main basic legal features of evidence. It has been stated that national procedural legislation and case law based on it and related to equitable decisions in the event of recognition of anti-criminal information as inadmissible evidence under formal circumstances regarding incompliance with the procedure of obtaining evidence and in the event of the lack of doubt in its reliability violates legal status of victims and contradicts p. 2 of Art. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the main duty of the state and its authorities to assert and ensure rights and freedoms of all citizens. It has been also noted that requirements of effective procedural legislation and certain case law on recognition of hearsay evidence as admissible evidence depending on existence or absence of consent from parties to the proceedings do not comply with the principle of ...

Рассмотрены особенности правовой регламентации электронных денег в Украине. Проанализированы понятия «средство платежа», «законное платежное средство», «электронное платежное средство» и их соотношение с понятием «электронные деньги». Выяснено гражданскую природу электронных денег ; Problem Setting. The development of information technology, e-commerce caused the appearance of such phenomena as electronic money. In order to ensure the stability of currency in Ukraine, as well as the protection of the rights of users of electronic money need effective legislative base. That's why, the research of electronic money in private law relations is very important. The purpose of the article. The research of the nature, the role and functioning of the electronic money in Ukraine are engaged by researchers as Y. Grytsiuk, I. Trubin, A. Isaev, M. Savluk, SA Derevyanko, A. Chepur, etc. The article studies features of the legal regulation of electronic money in Ukraine. Analyzed the concept of means of payment, legal payment's instrument, electronic payment instrument and their relationship with the concept of electronic money. It was found civilistic nature of electronic money Conclusions. The conclusion is that electronic money is a monetary obligation payable to bearer in electronic form, as the basis for their issuance is a civil contract. In addition, after the exchange of cash or non-cash money to the electronic money they keep their traditional cost of money and can serve as payment instrument

Предметом исследования выступило множество факторов, определяющих эффективность функционирования специальных правовых режимов. Рассмотрены с теоретическим обоснованием и примерами из действующего законодательства и правоприменительной практики следующие факторы: грамотность сконструированной структуры особых порядков регулирования; адекватность характера юридических средств тем интересам и задачам, которые специальный правовой режим должен реализовать; профессиональная подготовка субъектов, обеспечивающих реализацию правовых порядков; уровень правосознания и правовой культуры общества в целом и участников специфических общественных отношений; качество правоприменительной деятельности. Последнему фактору уделяется особое внимание. Авторская позиция заключается в том, что действенность специального правового режима зависит, в первую очередь, от качества законодательной техники: грамотности изложения текста, четкости и доступности для понимания содержания режимных правил, отсутствия противоречивости и двусмысленности юридических формулировок, степени конкретизации правовых установлений и т.д. Вместе с тем даже «качественный» закон может нивелировать функционирование особых правовых порядков, если он претворяется в жизнь фактически неправильно. С использованием примеров из правоприменительной практики показано, как правоприменитель реализует положения общего правового режима в условиях, предусмотренных для специального правового режима. Приводятся и иные конкретные примеры из судебной практики, когда смысл закона искажается в ходе его применения и, как результат, требования нормативного правового акта не выполняются. Обосновывается, что правоприменительная деятельность, являясь важнейшим условием эффективного функционирования специальных правовых режимов, сама может создавать препятствия для их осуществления. В качестве основных причин этого называются бюрократизм и коррупция во всех эшелонах власти. ; The effective performance of the special legal regimes is influenced by numerous factors. They include literacy of the structure of special regulation orders; appropriateness of the nature of the legal arrangements to the interests and tasks, which the special legal regime must implement; training of subjects, ensuring implementation of legal orders; the level of legal awareness and culture of the society and participants of the specific social relations, as well as the quality of law enforcement. Special attention is given to the last component. The author's position is that the effectiveness of the special legal regime depends primarily on the quality of legislative mechanism: literate presentation of the text, accuracy and intelligibility of performance rules, absence of divergence and ambiguity of legal wordings, the level of specification of legal principles, etc. At the same time even the qualitative law may be ineffective if it is put into practice incorrectly. using examples from law enforcement practice, the author describes how the law enforcer implements the provisions of the general legal regime in conditions provided for the special legal regime. Some examples from court practice are given when law can be wrested during its implementation and the legislative requirements are not met. Law enforcement practice being a key element for the effective performance of the special legal regimes can itself be an obstacle for their implementation. The author comes to the conclusion that the main causes of it are bureaucracy and corruption.

Food products with controlled geographical origin place are in special demand among consumers because of their specific properties, due to climatic, soil characteristics or other factors. The article provides an analysis of regulatory framework for legal goods protection with an indication of their origin place on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries. Existing authentication methods for this type of product are reviewed. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the authors noted the most significant works aimed at confirming the authenticity of food products' origin place on the example of honey and meat products, which were carried out in the countries of the European Union, Australia, China, Brazil, South Africa, the USA and other countries. It is shown that the most widespread researches aimed at studying values of isotopic ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H), carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), nitrogen (15N/14N) and sulfur (34S/32S) in compounds contained in products that reflect the distribution of «light» and «heavy» isotopes during biological and geochemical processes within a single region. The analysis of the works aimed at studying the qualitative and quantitative composition of trace elements and rare earth metals (As, B, Ba, Cd, Li, Mn, Pd, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, Dy, U, etc.), as well as research of isotopic relations values of some elements (87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb, etc.) in product samples and soils of studied region. The advantages of an integrated research approach, which includes the creation of data array of various indicators values and its in-depth analysis using chemometric algorithms and mathematical modeling methods, are shown. ; Food products with controlled geographical origin place are in special demand among consumers because of their specific properties, due to climatic, soil characteristics or other factors. The article provides an analysis of regulatory framework for legal goods protection with an indication of their origin place on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries. Existing authentication methods for this type of product are reviewed. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the authors noted the most significant works aimed at confirming the authenticity of food products' origin place on the example of honey and meat products, which were carried out in the countries of the European Union, Australia, China, Brazil, South Africa, the USA and other countries. It is shown that the most widespread researches aimed at studying values of isotopic ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H), carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), nitrogen (15N/14N) and sulfur (34S/32S) in compounds contained in products that reflect the distribution of «light» and «heavy» isotopes during biological and geochemical processes within a single region. The analysis of the works aimed at studying the qualitative and quantitative composition of trace elements and rare earth metals (As, B, Ba, Cd, Li, Mn, Pd, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, Dy, U, etc.), as well as research of isotopic relations values of some elements (87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb, etc.) in product samples and soils of studied region. The advantages of an integrated research approach, which includes the creation of data array of various indicators values and its in-depth analysis using chemometric algorithms and mathematical modeling methods, are shown.

Analyzing the effect of legislation in children's safety when they travel as motor-vehicle passengers and bicycle riders can allow us to evaluate the effectiveness in transportation policies. The Child Restraint Laws (CRL) and Bicycle Helmet Laws (BHL) were studied by analyzing the nationwide Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) to estimate the fatality reduction as well as drivers' decisions to use Child Restraint Systems (CRS) and bicycle helmets respectively. Differences in legislation could have different effects on traffic fatalities. Therefore, this study presents multiple methodologies to study these effects. In the evaluation of traffic safety issues, several proven statistical models have shown to be effective at estimating risky factors that might influence crash prevention. These proven models and predictive data analysis guided the process to attempt different models, leading to the development of three specific models used in this study to best estimate the effectiveness of these laws. Then, it was found that legislation in Child Safety Policy has consequences in traffic fatalities. A negative binomial model was created to analyze the CRL influence at the state-level in fatal crashes involving children, and showed that legislating on CRS can reduce the number of fatalities by 29% for children aged 5 to 9. Additionally, at the drivers-level a logistic regression model with random effects was used to determine the significant variables that influence the driver's decision to restrain his/her child. Such variables include: driver's restraint use, road classification, weather condition, number of occupants in the vehicle, traffic violations and driver's and child's age. It was also shown that drivers from communities with deprived socio-economic status are less likely to use CRS. In the same way, a binary logistic regression model was developed to evaluate the effect of BHL in bicycle helmet-use. Findings from this model show that bicyclists from states with the BHL are 236 times more likely to wear a helmet compared to those from states without the BHL. Moreover, the bicyclist's age, gender, education, and income level also influences bicycle helmet use. Both studies suggest that enacting CRL and BHL at the state-level for the studied age groups can be combined with education, safety promotion, enforcement, and program evaluation as proven countermeasures to increase children's traffic safety. This study evidenced that there is a lack of research in this field, especially when policy making requires having enough evidence to support the laws in order to not become an arbitrary legislation procedure affecting child's protection in the transportation system. ; 2017-05-01 ; M.S. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Geographical overview of China's maritime boundaries in the South China Sea -- Part II Chinese historical records of the South China Sea -- 2 The South China Sea in Song-Yuan-Ming-Qing China -- 3 Shitang and Changsha within China's maritime boundaries in the South China Sea -- 4 South China Sea in the Measurements of the Four Seas of the Yuan Dynasty -- 5 Why are Hoang Sa and Truong Sa of Vietnam not Xisha and Nansha of China? some evidence from historical sources -- 6 China's development and administration of Xisha and Nansha Islands -- Part III Controversy over the dotted line -- 7 China's dotted line in the South China Sea: its background and ramifications -- 8 Legal status of the dotted line in the South China Sea: historic waters, territory boundary line or an Island ownership line? -- 9 A critical review of research on the legal status of the dotted line in the South China Sea -- Part IV Mixed reactions to new developments in contested waters -- 10 China's struggle for sovereignty over Xisha and Nansha Islands before and after the Second Sino-Japanese War -- 11 China's dispute with the Philippines over the Nansha Islands: an international law perspective -- 12 Sino-French border demarcation disputes and maritime boundary delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin -- 13 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the South China Sea disputes -- 14 Latest developments in the South China Sea and China's responses -- 15 Current situation in the South China Sea and Vietnamese policy -- Index.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on contributors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The implications of Brexit for EU and UK external relations: an introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Aim of the book -- 1.3 Structure of the book -- Notes -- Part I -- The framework for the future relationship between the EU and the UK -- 2 Towards the formulation of the 'Brussels criteria': the values and principles underlying EU withdrawal and their application in future contexts -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 An 'orderly withdrawal': the foundational concept -- 2.3 Decision to withdraw -- 2.4 Principles of negotiations -- 2.5 Withdrawal Agreement -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 In the twilight zone: the transition period in the Withdrawal Agreement -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 From subject to object: a status quo transition? -- 3.3 In the twilight zone: exploring the difference -- 3.4 Legality: the right to vote -- 3.5 Transition extension -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 Parliamentary involvement in the negotiations on the EU-UK trade agreement -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A comprehensive framework for EU-UK relations or a standard trade agreement? -- 4.3 The position of the European Parliament -- 4.4 Provisional application, conclusion and the role of national parliaments -- 4.5 The position of the UK Parliament in negotiations on the EU-UK agreement -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Notes -- 5 EU withdrawal law after Brexit: the emergence of a unique legal procedure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The role of the European institutions and their impact on the withdrawal process -- 5.3 The legal status of a withdrawing Member State -- 5.4 Conclusions -- Notes -- Part II -- Brexit and existing EU international agreements -- 6 Managing Brexit: trade agreements binding on the UK pursuant to its EU membership -- 6.1 Introduction.

Cover -- Foreword -- I. -- II. -- III. -- IV. -- V. -- VI. -- Fundamental Rights in the Welfare State. Second Co-report of Professor Dr. Peter Häberle, Marburg on Lahn. -- Introduction -- PART ONE -- I. Problem -- II. Welfare "state" and performance oriented "society -- 1. The welfare state in the text of the Basic Law (the "GG") -- 2. "Provision of benefits" as feature of governmental public interest functions -- a) Welfare-related legislation and law governing welfare -- aa) General overview -- bb) Typology of welfare acts -- cc) Consequences for the idea of law with impact on fundamental rights -- b) Welfare administration -- c) Jurisprudence related to welfare -- 3. Interdependency between welfare state and performance-oriented society -- a) "Welfare state -- aa) General characterisation -- bb) State facing growing tasks and new forms of action, changes in both external and internal relations and on the expenses side. -- cc) Contents and limits (by fundamental rights) of the principle of efficiency in the realm of social welfare state -- b) "Performance-oriented society -- c) Criticism of the social principle of performance from a welfare state and fundamental rights perspective -- III. Survey of doctrinal deficiencies with regard to fundamental rights with respect to welfare state activities concerning and having an impact on fundamental rights -- PART TWO -- I. Fundamental rights guarantees -- "open" legal doctrine on fundamental rights -- fundamental rights policy and interpretation of fundamental rights -- 1. Discussion of problems of their relationship as preliminary issue -- 2. Consequences of an "open" fundamental rights legal doctrine -- II. Social - "realistic" - understanding of fundamental rights -- 1. "Dissolution" of the status theory -- 2. The status theory and the change of the freedom and property-formula

Intro -- Foreword by Professor Sir Ross Cranston -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Table of statutes -- Table of international legislation -- Table of cases -- 1 Interpol - Origins and historical development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The First International Police Congress -- 3. The 1923 International Criminal Police Congress -- 4. The war years -- 5. Post-war renewal -- 6. Conclusion -- 2 Interpol today -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Constitution -- 3. The structure -- 4. Funding -- 5. International partners -- 6. Interpol's work -- 3 Red Notices and Diffusions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interpol Red Notices - general operation -- 3. The NCB request - minimum criteria -- 4. Specific criteria -- 5. The General Secretariat's discretion -- 6. NCB request - minimum data -- 7. Further obligations on the requesting NCB - Articles 84-85 -- 8. Legal review by the General Secretariat -- 9. Action to be taken by NCBs pursuant to an Interpol Red Notice -- 10. Diffusions -- 4 Criticisms of Red Notices and Diffusions and efforts toward reform -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Criticisms -- 3. Efforts towards reform -- 4. Asylum status - a change in approach? -- 5. A new approach to asylum status -- 6. Conclusion -- 5 Finding out whether a Red Notice exists -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interpol -- 3. Diffusions -- 4. Requesting NCB -- 5. Other countries -- 6. Other NCBs -- 7. Other matters to consider -- 6 Challenging Red Notices and Diffusions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Using the RPD to challenge an Interpol Red Notice or Diffusion -- 3. Specific approach to Red Notices -- 4. Challenges based on Article 3 of the Interpol Constitution -- 5. Attempts to seek remedies in domestic courts -- 6. Legal cases -- 7. Conclusion -- 7 Interpol and extradition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of extradition arrangements -- 3. Bilateral treaties.