Some global economic processes have aggravated the problems, conflicts and tensions that are derived from the use of freshwater on a global, state, regional and local scale. In modern times, the acceleration caused by industrialisation and urbanisation has increased water consumption, as well as the artificial infrastructures for its use. Nowadays, capitalism in the global market has taken ownership of natural resources and, in the use of water, private interests predominate. At the same time, environmental degradation urges human and economic consumption to be made compatible with the respect for nature. In current legislation, priority is given to environmental conservation regarding uncontrolled use of water as a productive resource, especially since the adoption of the Water Framework Directive in the European Union in 2000. However, the Spanish hydraulic policy has centred on water as an economic good. With this premise, certain infrastructures were built, such as the Tagus-Segura transfer. At present, Spain, as an EU member, must adapt to the WFD, so this generates a tense relationship regarding the public management of said transfer internationally, nationally and regionally. The matter of water distribution in Spain is a territorial issue between different autonomous communities where political strategies have a growing impact. National hydraulic policy has led to a politicisation which has confronted different regions, therefore resulting in water being at the moment a determinative factor of regionalist identity. Such political and territorial rivalries on a regional and national state have become even more complicated in the case of the Tagus-Segura transfer due to the obligation to apply the WFD from the EU legislation adopted in 2000. There is also the situation that the internal water management processes are part of a complex international scenario. This article focuses on situations that intend to overrun the national and regional scale, towards an international and global one. In spite of the fact that the Tagus-Segura transfer is a Spanish hydraulic work, its use has been widely covered by the EU legislation, that is, the WFD, so there is a fraught relationship as a consequence of the public management of said transfer at the present time. For this reason, the first point that is addressed is whether the WFD is being implemented regarding the transfer or there is an infringement in its principles with a prevalence of economic interests in the catchment area. The second question which is discussed is the relation of asymmetric power between private and social interests in the transfer, and whether it responds to the global logic of a growing appropriation of natural resources with economic purposes. The main objective of this article is to shed light on such questions. To do so, a deductive methodology is used, based on a theoretical and critical analysis of the existing literature and the current legislation, as well as quantitative data and the authors' considerations. The structure of the article is created according to this introduction, and it continues with a theoretical framework and the results, and a final conclusion. The main findings of this study are: 1) the Tagus-Segura transfer violates and does not respond to the basic principles of the Water Framework Directive of the EU, where the traditional objective of satisfying the demand of the catchment area and its economic interests take precedence over environmental sustainability and the ecological improvement of the transferring river basin, and 2) the water use in the transfer can be framed in the global neoliberal trend of appropriation of natural resources, where private interests dominate over the social interests in an asymmetrical relationship of power. The transfer has become a controverted issue of great complexity, which has led to territorial tension provoked by political confrontation between regional governments due to a competitive dynamic within the autonomous state. At the same time, Spain has persistently made an infringement of the principles marked by the European WFD. It is true that the legislation context in which the transfer was made was very different to that of the present day. In fact, the Spanish legislation did not contemplate the evaluation of environmental impacts back then. The transfer was a tool of hydrological planification that considered water to be an economic resource meant to satisfy the demand as the main objective. As a consequence, this implied the degradation of water ecosystems and the quality of water itself, resulting in a reduction of the latter within the Tagus river basin. The application of the WFD in Spain has contributed to coordinating the efforts in water management better, and it has bolstered research to determine the specific effects on water resources at a national and basin levels. Nevertheless, there has been a minimal incorporation of progress and new scientific knowledge regarding water planification and management strategies in the long term. At present, it is still necessary to progress in the Spanish water policy, as well as to improve its inadequate governance and diminish the pressure and impact on water bodies. The insufficient compliance of the WFD by the Spanish legislation framework, which was initialised by its late transposition and continued with a lack of compromise with the environmental preference in water management that the directive imposes, influences directly the Tagus-Segura transfer. In reference to environmental sustainability, the economic demand has been privileged continually, and this has entailed an impediment when water extraction prevents the river Tagus from having a true ecological flow. The costs of the infrastructure have not recovered yet as the WFD dictates, as water rates are not included. Thus, private interests in the catchment area are favoured, as transferred water is easily accessible at a lower price, so it is indirectly subsidised. Finally, an unclear water market between particulars has been permitted, which lacks in transparency, allowing water to be shared during periods of drought between basins, when the normal transfer remains limited as dictated by the WFD. The priority should be to satisfy the freshwater demand as a necessity to supply all the population and to avoid environmental impacts. However, it is evident that the authorities mainly care about satisfying the demands of water that are related to economic production, even though they do not knowingly abide by the European legislation. Imaginative solutions are needed in order to find alternatives so that the spirit of the WFD is respected and water protection prevails, and public interest is given priority over private interests, although this is not always at reach in the current political context. For this reason, future academic works must tackle this issue. The contribution can be of interest at a scientific and social level, and it links to the current debate regarding freshwater policies in global dynamics. ; Los procesos económicos globales han agravado los problemas, conflictos y tensiones derivados del uso del agua dulce a escala global, estatal, regional y local. En la época contemporánea, la aceleración derivada de la industrialización y la urbanización ha aumentado el consumo del agua y las infraestructuras artificiales para su utilización. Hoy, el capitalismo de mercado global se ha ido apropiando de los recursos naturales y en el uso del agua predominan los intereses privados. Al mismo tiempo, la degradación medioambiental obliga a intentar compatibilizar el consumo humano y económico con el respeto hacia la naturaleza. En la legislación vigente, en áreas como la Unión Europea, ya se da prioridad a la conservación del medio ambiente sobre la utilización incontrolada del agua como recurso productivo, sobre todo a partir de la aprobación de la Directiva Marco del Agua en 2000. Sin embargo, la política hidráulica española se ha centrado en el agua como bien económico. Con esta premisa se construyeron infraestructuras como el trasvase Tajo-Segura. Actualmente, España, como miembro de la UE, debe adaptarse a la DMA y esto genera un tensa relación internacional-nacional-regional por la gestión pública del trasvase. El artículo se centra en esta cuestión. Se aplicará una metodología deductiva y basada en un análisis teórico crítico a partir del estudio bibliográfico y de la normativa vigente, del apoyo en datos cuantitativos y de las reflexiones de los autores. Se concluye que el trasvase no se ajusta a la sostenibilidad ambiental y ecológica que proclama la DMA, sino que sigue respondiendo a la necesidad de satisfacer la demanda de la cuenca receptora. Además, en periodos de sequía se permite el mercado de cesión de agua de la cuenca cedente a la receptora entre particulares, ignorando el impacto ecológico derivado y superponiendo los intereses económicos. La prioridad debería ser satisfacer la demanda de agua dulce como necesidad de abastecimiento para toda la población y evitar los impactos al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, es evidente que las autoridades públicas están principalmente preocupadas por satisfacer las demandas de agua que tienen que ver con la producción económica aun a sabiendas de no cumplir plenamente con la legislación europea. La contribución resultará de interés a nivel científico y social y se une al debate actual en torno a las políticas de agua dulce en las dinámicas globales.
. ■--J»*^-K»£^->-^^,rHHfeH '• MILLSB, PniNTGR. QETTVaeURQ. '*^'*i 1 T 11 tljn.li 11 lYllmjTyiljLjuijLiliiU'I'kixijr •^^•'-^^•'-^s^'-^s^.^^ESsast liJxr FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. J. R. STINE & SON, purpisl^er, CHAMBERSBURG ST. C. B. KITZMILLER, -DEALER TN— Boofc^ and j&joeg, GETTYSBURG, PA. Ready for Fall and Winter. Suits to Order—Prices $12.00 to $3500; Trousers, $2.50 to $9.00 ALL KINDS OF REPAIRING DONE. All the new effects in Check and Over Plaids you will find at THE LEADING TAILOR, CLOTHIER AND GENTS' FURNISHER, J. \i, ]fl/ers, 11 Balto. St., Gettysburg, Pa. S. B. ALCOTT, —AGENT FOR— Browning King & Co., Merchant Tailor, Sew York. Suits $12.00 up, Overcoats $12.00 up, Pauts $4.00. Fit and workmanship guaranteed. R. A. WONDERS' Corner Ci§ar Parlors. A FULL LINE OF Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, &c. Scott's Cor. Opp. Eagle Hotel, Gettysburg EPH. H. MINNIGH Manufacturer, Wholesale und Retail Dealer in Confectionery and Ice Cream, Oysters in Season. News Depot & Subscription Agency, MAIN ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. Sole Maimf'r of Dr. Tyler's Cough Drops FINE CIGARS AND SMOKER'S ARTICLE. Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG JOHN fl. WW, CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM, OYSTERS STEWED AND FRIED. No: 17, BALTIMORE STREET. COLLEGE OK PWsidans § Sur^ons, BALTIMORE, MI>. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, Maryland, is a well equipped school. Four ses-sions are required for graduation. For full information send for the annual catalogue, or write to THOMAS OPIE, M. D., Dean. Cor. Calvert and Saratoga Sts. The (qett^bui'g JVJefcufiJ, Entered at the Post Office at Gettysburg as second-class matter. VOL. V. GETTYSBURG, PA., JANUARY, 1898. No. 9. STAFF: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, ALUMNI EDITOR, IV. H. Bruce Carney. '99. Rev. F. D. Garland BUSINESS MANAGER, ADVISORY BOARD ASSISTANT EDITORS, steward W. Herman, 99. prgf \ A Himgs ' Robert W. Woods, '9S. AssT. Bus. MANAGER, " G. D. Stanley, M.D. Win. J. Klinefelter, '99. Reuben Z. Imler, '00. » J.W. Richard, D.D. Published monthly by the students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price One Dollar a year in advance, single copies Fifteen cents. Sudents, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, The Gettysburg Hercury, Gettysburg, Penna. CONSTANCY AND GROWTH. BY REV. G. M. DIPPENDERFER, A. M., '93. Individuals, parties, associations and institutions, are frequently charged with inconstancy, when the fact is, they are simply growing and developing. Constancy is a characteristic which cannot be rightly estimated by its own intrinsic merit, but which must depend for its value upon the way in which it is mani-fested. Primarily its meaning is to stand firm, and with a great many persons this means, a cessation of motion. Yet in all nature, including human nature, motion is just what makes real stability possible. The earth is so often 70 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. taken as a model of all that is firm, solid and enduring yet we know well that her rapid and regular whirl through space, is the imperative condition of her stability. We often hear people say, "as inconstant as the wind," yet we know that the continual changing of its currents is the best possible fulfillment of its purposes. The stagnant, motionless pool breeds decay and corrup-tion ; whilst the swiftly flowing stream is clear and pure. So in physical life, it is the circulation of the blood, the beating of the heart, the regular performance of every function, that constitutes health and vitality, as well as utility, while quiescence or cessation of action means death. Knowing this to be a fact, often when we speak of the mental or moral life of the world, we find that stability and firmness, which we call constancy, is translated—a full stop put to motion. To be constant to a friend, WH are told, is to preserve the friendship exactly where it is ; to be constant to a party is to cling to it unreservedly; to be constant to opinions, is to hold them precisely as they always have been held ; to be constant to the memory of some honored man, is to maintain and uphold all that he upheld, and condemn all that he condemned. Anyone who is not sat-isfied with this, but who feels within him a desire to push onward and upward, longing to climb heights that have never been trodden, or to enter a new, untried realm of thought or fancy, undertake some new endeavor, such a one is called fickle, inconstant and unstable. There are those who resent the mental growth, and ambitious exten-sion of their friends and fellowmen, when their expanding faculties need more stimulus and greater scope for action, or if they need others to fill their enlarged ca-pacities for influence and activity. Such people will not hesitate to brand these as inconstant and unstable, when the truth is, their only offence has been development. There are partisans in our day, who brand as disloyal any member of their political faith, who detects fallacies and corruptions in it, and thus banish the very element most needful for its own vitality. There are those who adhere so firmly to all the beliefs of some great man of past times and preserve every mole and. wrinkle, so that they cannot imagine the world to have made any progress since, and they would regard any one a traitor to his memory if he should presume to differ with their patron saint's views, or attempt to supplement his thought. This is a mistake ; they forget that a Washington in statesmanship, a Newton in science, a Froebel in educa-tion, a Luther in theology, would not have remained stationary, had they lived on to the present time. Their activity in their own age proves this. Then, too, they fail to perceive that the best way of honoring their mem-ory is not by clinging like wax to the particular point to which they had come, when death stopped their progress, but by cultivating, as they did, the healthy growth of the mental, moral and religious life. To accuse anyone of inconstancy because he cannot stand still in his thought, or in his heart, is like charging the child with inconstancy because he can no longer wear the clothes that once fitted him, or find pleasure in the toys that once amused him. Is constancy then a myth ? Is there nothing to which we owe unhesitating allegiance, and unswerving loyalty ? May we yield to every passing whim, and flutter about in aimless vaccillation with impunity? Assuredly not. There is a constancy, binding and imperative upon us, which makes room for all progress and is in a line with all growth. It is constancy to our highest ideal—to truth, to duty, to fellowman, to self. It tolerates no way sta-tions ; is content with no point short of its highest and best attainment. It honors and clings to all that is noble, all that is pure, all that is wise, all that is true, as far as it can be discovered; it only loosens its hold on one step, to take another in the same direction, higher and loftier. When we fail to move forward, have no desire for more truth, do not long for more knowledge, are satisfied and complacent, content to fold our arms and rest upon our oars, only to drift along with the tide, then we are I tfj&dfci 72 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. inconstant to our highest ideal, and are unfaithful to the voice of conscience. As long as our minds and hearts are growing, will our ideals be rising and expanding, and drawing us upward and onward to follow them. Discouragements and trials may daunt us, sacrifices may be necessary, but advancement must be made, and if pleasure, comfort, or ease stand in the way they must be brushed aside with ruthless hand. Constancy to our own highest thoughts, noblest pur-poses, to the voice of truth whenever we hear it, to the best that we can discover both within us and around us —this is the constancy which goes band in hand with the fullest life, and its richest attainments. Whoever ignores the law of growth in the human mind, or resists its process in himself or others, wars against the very principle of life itself, and all that makes life worth living. The eternal God hath thus peculiarly and richly endowed man, and striving for the attainment of his fullest development and truest ideal is a mark of genuine constancy. What is true in a general sense in all the walks of life, is especially true in the developing and formative period of college days. Don't be afraid to launch out into independent and original thought, nor to strive toward the attainment of a lofty ideal. Let not the fear of adverse criticism or the false accusation of inconstancy bar you from scaling the heights of independent thought and advancement. For remember, a.s "eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," so eternal progress is the price of sta-bility. It is thus each year of life comes to us—for each day a clean, white page, and we are artists whose duty it is to put something beautiful on the pages one by one; or we are historians, and must give to the page some record of work, or duty, or victory to enshrine and carry away. THE GBTTYSBUEG MERCURY. 73 -OUR ENCOUNTER WITH COL. LEHMANOSKY.1' BY REV. J. G. HARRIS, '39. This fall fifty-four years ago we attended a meeting of the Synod of the West at Hopeful Church, Ky., ten miles south of Cincinnati, as a fraternal delegate from the English Synod of Ohio. There we met the renowned Pole, Col. Lehmanosky, who boasted that he was present at the burning of Moscow, and the subsequent disastrous retreat of the French ; and also at the unearthing of the Spanish Inquisition, and helped to bring to light the horrid instruments of lorture with which the Spanish officials punished offensive Protestants. At the proper time we presented our credentials, and made a few remarks about the difficulty of gathering our scattered members into strategic points, where our influ-ence would be felt, as in Pennsylvania and Maryland, where we had compact congregations, in every flourishing town. The Col. now rose, and lifted his tall, well-devel-oped form to its full height, and pointing his finger right at us, in a stentorian voice, he began : "Sir, I know more about the Lutheran church than you do." We must con-fess that this rude assault made us feel as if we had an elephant on our hands. He then expatiated upon the great-ness of our Church in Europe, that it was numerically larger than all Protestant denominations put together, not neglecting to emphasize the parts he played in the wars of Napoleon. We soon saw that he was making an effort to impress the minds of the brethren with his immense im-portance. His most extraordinary statement was : "And now I have sheathed my sword, and present myself as a peaceful soldier of Jesus Christ, and can preach in foui-languages, Polish, French, German and English." We did not feel able to unravel this big bundle of red tape, be-cause we had no data but his own assertion. But as he had used us as a victim of his self-gratification, we re-solved to give him a chestnut to feed his vanity. When the crisis came, we told him we were delighted with his grandiloquent speech, and gratified to learn that so pro- 74 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. found a scholar and distinguished a gentleman was also such a good Lutheran To our surprise he seized the chestnut in good faith, and then all was lovely. What became of the old hero ? By the assistance of some educated friends he prepared some good lectures on the Napoleon wars, and made several tours to the east-ern states, where he sometimes had good patronage. He must have been at Gettysburg, for we learned that Dr. Krauth, ST., pronounced him a myth; but he was more than a myth. He must have seen hard service, and his familiarity with the scenes he described is a convincing proof that he was there. Perhaps his chief fault was his extravagant self-assertion. At length the infirmities of old age drew the curtain of night around him and he fell asleep, probably where he lived, in the peaceful village of Knightstown, Indiana. The brethren of the Synod of the West meant it well, when they licensed him, but the attempt to transform one of Napoleon's war-dogs into a peaceful minister of the gospel was a signal failure. His restless, domineering temper conld not have held a congregation three months. He gave the command and if they did not obey him in-stantly he court-martialed them. The moral of the above event is: Be prepared for every emergency. The moment we step from the door of our peaceful abodes we must encounter the flotsam and jetsam of men and women who shipwrecked fortune, morals, character and even salvation ; we must breathe the atmosphere of a community where wrong sits upon the throne and right stands upon the scaffold; we must look upon the shame of old Noah, perpetrated under the sanction of a government license. The unexpected is sure to come—not once, but often. What are we to do ? Arm ourselves ? Certainly not in times of peace. Experience has taught men, that where one perishes in a thousand for want of the trusted weapon, a dozen perish by assuming the role of mock-heroism. The best panoply in times of trouble and danger is the gar-ment of a meek and quiet spirit! THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 75 SHOULD THE GAME OF FOOT-BALL, AS NOW PLAYED, BE ABOL-ISHED BY LAW. AFFIRMATIVE. Probably at no time since the flowery days of Greece has the motto, "Mens sana in corpore sano," been so faith-fully observed as now. Men realize that, if they are to attain to the highest degree of intellectual development, due regard must be paid to physical development. In view of this truth much attention is paid to athletics, and games that tend to develop muscle and at the same time bring into action mental powers have been encouraged. It is safe to say that no game has satisfied these condi-tions so well as foot-ball; hence its great popularity. Foot-ball has been played for many generations, and, among the many other forms of out-door amusements, has usually been given the preference by active and brawny youths. However in the course of many years the game has been changed very materially. From time to time new rules of playing have been adopted, and old ones dropped, until the game, as now played, is very intricate and scientific. Moreover there are in it, at present, not a few objectionable features, the principal one being a large element of danger. In view of this latter consideration, many thinking people have asked for the abolishment of the game by law. As before stated, foot-ball, being very scientific, brings into play mental as well as physical powers ; hence it is natural that we should find it the favorite college game. In fact foot-ball is generally looked upon as dis-tinctively a. college game, and as such we shall first treat it, letting it be understood that, with very few exceptions, the conditions affecting college foot-ball also exist in the game as played by our c;ty and large town teams. It is generally conceded, even by the most zealous ad-vocates of foot-ball, that it is a dangerous form of recrea-tion; but these advocates, on the other hand, endeavor to counter-balance this objection by many arguments in sup- 7G THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. port of the game. They speak of its physical benefits, and set forth, in glowing terms, its demand for scientific playing. They laud it as a magnificent, manly contest, and pay a glowing tribute to it as a help to telf command. It would be rash to say that foot ball has no physical benefits ; but it would be absurd, in view of many exam-ples to the contrary, to say that it gives rise to no serious physical injuries. Granting that foot-ball is a good out-door exercise and a great developer of muscle, are there not other athletic games that may lay just claim to these good qualities, without containing so large an element of danger ? The primary object of out-door games is exercise, but does the modern foot-ball game usually demand more exercise than is conducive to health ? Under the present rules, there are made in nearly every game, plays which. in order to be successful, demand that all regard for life or limb be laid aside. Almost superhuman effort is put forth ; every muscle is strained to its utmost, and the un-naturally heavy and-rapid heart-beats of the player indi-cate the highest pitch of feverish excitement, as with ut-most speed, he runs the gauntlet of those who are endeav-oring as best they can to hurl him violently to the ground. It is needless to describe the various features of the game, they are familiar to all: the frantic rush which accom-panies the kick-off, the dangerous interference and tack-ling, the ludicrous and yet fearful "pile-up" of bodies and limbs, the disentanglement, and then the removal of the unconscious hero (?), who had the misfortune of being beneath about half a ton of avoirdupois, and then the escorting off of the "gridiron" by his comrades of the other hero (?), who only had a broken bone or a bad sprain. And yet, of all games, this is the one fraught with the most physical benefits ! It is a bad reflection on any game, when the presence of physicians is a very important consideration. And yet a first-class game of foot-ball is not complete without one or more doctors upon th3 field to care for the injured. However, the broken or sprained limbs are by no means the most important injuries sustained on the "gridiron.' u THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 77 as many prominent physicians, who have investigated the matter, testify. The injuries received are often inter-nal and are not given particular attention at the time, but in later years their effects become very manifest. More-over not a few men have been made prematurely old by their former long-continued over-exertion on the foot-ball field. Is the game, as now played, well adapted to college athletics ? We answer no. The fundamental idea of col-lege athletics is physical exercise. This exercise is needed in proportion as a student is possessed of, or deficient in, bodily health and strength. But with foot-ball the physi-cally weak man is thrust into the background, while the big, strong fellows invariably push to the front and get the positions on 1he team, and, with their fellow-players, monopolize the field, and the men, not blessed with such healthy bodies have the pleasure of watching the practice from the "bleachers." Hence foot-ball fails here, as the men who need the exercise do not get it, and those who do not stand in such great need of it get more than is essen-tial to health. But it is such a scientific game, and we can not afford to give it up. We believe that the fact that it is so scien-tific is the secret of foot-ball's popularity. However we maintain that this is one of the principal causes of danger. Permit us to refer to the published statement of Mr. Harry Beecher, who was a famous player on the Yale team. Mr. Beecher says in an article published in the New York "World": "Football has been over-scienced, plays are attempted which are perhaps too onerous for the human frame to stand." And there are many other foot-ball men who are beginning to take a similar view of the game as now played. What shall we say to the statement that it is a mag-nificent and manly contest? The nature of our answer will, of course, depend upon what we consider magnificent and manly. We can not think it an exhibition of manliness when twenty-two stalwart young fellows engage in a con-test which ' almost unvariably results in bad bruises, 78 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "black-eyes", bandaged beads, or broken bones. More-over there are men in the average game, who either be-cause of the influence of excitement or on account of some personal grudge against an opposing player, will take un-fair advantage of opponents, frequently disabling them for the rest of the game. Besides all this the idea of our young men putting themselves on exhibition in contests for money, is not at all pleasing. Is foot-ball a help to self-command ? In some cases we believe it is; in most cases it is not. From personal ob-servation we know that in the average game many con-temptible things are done by players who are under the influence of anger. The treatment received in foot-ball certainly has no tendency to render a man's temper an-gelic, and although the player may not give verbal ex-pression to his feelings, he nevertheless gives forcible expression to his anger in other ways, not conductive to the comfort of the other player against whom he holds a grudge. Moreover it is not unusual for one to hear of prominent players being disqualified on account of some mean and unfair play, which was made under the impulse of anger. In view of these facts we contend that foot-ball is not very valuable as a help to self-command. In the foregoing we have endeavored to treat our sub-ject with all fairness. We have refrained from citing examples of terrible accidents met with on the foot-ball field. We might have spoken of the many who have been crippled for life, of those whose reason has been destroyed, and of others who have been killed ; but such examples are so familiar that they need no further mention. And now, after this brief review of some of the chief dangers connected with foot-ball, the question arises: Should our government, by its silence, sanction any game that endangers the lives of citizens ? There are not a few forms of amusements and recreations, so called, which, be-cause of their dangerous tendencies, have been declared illegal by the State. Therefore, why should foot-ball which unfortunately has become so strongly characterized by violence and brutality, be tolerated ? We maintain THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 79 that the enactment of a law against the game would be a timely and necessary move. Nor do we stand alone in the positions we have taken, as is shown by the anti-foot ball agitation in the legislatures of two States, one of which has already passed a law making the playing of this game a misdemeanor. Athletic games, all sides considered, are very bene-ficial, and we believe that all that foot-ball needs, in order to be the most desirable game of the athletic field, is the introduction of rules that will do away with the present dangerous plays. However, we must treat the game as it now is played. Hence, in view of the arguments pre-sented, we conclude by repeating what we have been en-deavoring to prove, viz: "The game of foot-ball, as now played, should be abolished by law." R. D. C, '00. SHOULD THE GAME OF FOOT-BALL, AS NOW PLAYED, BE ABOL-ISHED BY LAW. NEGATIVE. Without a doubt, the American people are, next to the French, the most devoted to fads. At present the pre-dominant idea, especially in the college world, is that of athletics. We are foot-ball mad. Thousands clamor for admittance to the great games, and the whole country breathlessly awaits the result. Opposition has been, until this season, swept away by the tide of popular senti-ment. This season, however, accidents have been more nu-merous than in past years, and there is beginning a cry against foot-ball. The legislatures of Georgia, and Mich-igan have passed bills forbidding the playing, in -their states, of any game of foot-ball to which admission is charged. Our question, therefore, is timely, and should be well considered. Its statement is : "Resolved, That the game of foot- Ui I 80 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. ball, as now played, should be abolished by law." By this we may understand that the game, in its present form, and consequent danger to players, be abolished and that the abolishment be by law. We shall endeavor to prove that the game of foot-ball is a manly, beneficial exercise, and that its present form reduces personal danger to a minimum. The foot-ball player of to-day attains, under skillful training, the highest possible degree of health and strength. He is fed nothing but the best and most nour-ishing food, is kept from any indulgence that would in-jure him, and every part of his body is trained and exer-cised until it is as perfect as it can be made. This is of the highest value to anyone, but is especially so in the case of the student, whose body, weakened by his seden-tary habits, loses its vigor if he does not take sufficient exercise. In this training he is taught self-restraint, and is kept from forming the bad habits which are too often contracted by students. The game itself provides an out-let for the animal spirits which exist in every man, and which show themselves in others by student pranks and debauches. The foot-ball man is not his own master, but is jealously watched and guarded, and his actions are so guided that he must develop into a robust, splendid speci-men of manhood. Foot-ball cultivates quickness of intellect and percep-tion. "Keep your eye on the ball", is the oft-repeated maxim, and, in following it, the player learns to decide on his best course of action and to act in almost the same moment. He learns to keep a cool head and a steady tem-per. Foot-ball has reached its highest perfection in the contests which take place betweea the leading colleges and universities, and has, indeed, become an all-important factor in college life. The rivalry born in these contests impels the players to their best endeavors, and through it young men learn what loyalty is ; then it is but a step to patriotism. If the United States will ever call forth her THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 81 sons in time of her need, among the first to answer will be the brawny, cool-headed men, who, in their youth, con-tested for alma mater. Foot-ball in its present form involves the least possi-bility of injury that there can be in a game of its nature. Its plays are made with such science, its penalties for foul playing are so strictly enforced, and the members of teams are so well trained that there need be no serious injuries. We are speaking, however, of teams composed of gentle-men, men who endeavor to raise foot-ball. It must be admitted that there are some teams who play so brutally that they should be severely punished. But the real foot-ball player is not of their stamp. Such men as they have laid foot-ball open to the charge of "Brutal! Brutal!" which we often hear now. But is it right to brand the game with the fault of some who pretend to play it ? Yet statistics show that foot-ball has a lower percentage of serious accidents than many other sports which are continually indulged in, such as yachting, swimming, hunting, bicycling, against which we hear almost nothing. In addition, nearly all serious accidents have occurred in games between inexperienced, badly-trained teams, or have happened to men who were not in physical condition. The American people are not so blood-thirsty and its young men are not such fools that they would take de-light in watching or taking part in foot-ball if it were as brutal as some would make us think. We are still far from the Roman idea of sport. It is an insult to our humanity that some should demand its abolishment by law. If foot-ball were so brutal as to require that, it would now be a memory. Public sentiment would have killed it long ago. Its opponents say that, in the case of collegiate foot-ball, it takes too much time from the studies, that it car-ries rivalry too far, that it encourages gambling, that thousands of dollars are wasted on it; but remember that the athletic men have been the best students in the major-ity of cases, that gentlemen will never carry rivalry too wwiBiiS*" 82 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. far, that gamblers will gamble on the slightest pretext, and that this money could be put to no better purpose than the building up of the youth in body and mind. These pessimists draw gloomy analogies between foot-ball and the gladiatorial combats of Rome, and sigh as they think of the Spanish bull-fights. But let us see if we cannot dra,w a more pleasing analogy than these. Do you remember that the Greeks were the most beautiful race in the world ? Do you remember that they regarded symmetry of shape and health of body as among the high-est gifts of the gods ? Have you read of the Olympic games, of how they worshiped their god by athletic con-test, of how he who had now in these had obtained the highest honor, of how many a victor stumbled over the goal with almost dying breath ? Do you know that Greek literature and Greek civilization were the highest the world has ever seen ? So let us hope that the present in-terest in athletics is not merely a fad, but that our young men may continue to build up their bodies, and, at length, with a perfect physical race will come even higher mental development. '00. ABOUT FEMALE EDUCATION IN GERMANY. BY MISS ADELE LUX ENBERG. "German women all know several languages." "Don't you play and sing? Of course you do; all Ger-mans are musical." These are statements often made in talking to or about German men and women ; but others are equally often heard : "There is no higher education for women in Germany." "German women do not care much for education beyond what is offered in the common school!" These two groups of statements differ so widely, that there must needs be some untruth in one or the other. Indeed, there is much in the first and more in the second, which has little, if any, claim to veracity. Truly, many Germans of both sexes know several lan-guages, but more do not, yet they are highly cultured and useful members of society. Many people in Germany THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 83 sing and play, fewer do it well; but there are still a great number—and thanks be to them—who recognize that music is a divine gift not bestowed upon everybody, a rare talent vastly diffsrent from the love of music and not to be won by hammering and squeaking and wasting precious time and money to the vexation of your "nearest" fellow-creatures ; in short, there are a good many German men and women innocent of the practice of bad playing and worse singing; many who do not play at all, though in general they may be persons of high mental develop-ment. So much for what "all Germans know and do." To find out what "German women have not," it is per-haps best to state first what they have. Several years ago, especially while the Women's Con-gress of the World's Fair was in preparation, people went over to Germany to gather facts about the "Woman's Question," or "Female Education in Germany." They brought home doleful reports about that "poor German sister" living in a country without Female Colleges, un-able to receive any education higher than that afforded by common schools, "Msedchenschulen," forced to forget the little she learned, while sitting, for the rest of her life, be-hind the mending-basket or standing before the kitchen fire and washtub. Poor German sisters, I pity you, in-deed, but not for the state of educational affairs in your country, which, like everything else in the "Old Country", have their slow but sure development and which you will improve according to your timely needs! What makes me pity you is rather the wrong idea formed of you, and circulated widely by persons that had no eyes to see, though tongues to speak, while those who did sec you aright, and who did not skim "the Continent and Great Britain in a 3 months' trip", but dwelt with you and in-quired into your conditions, took home in their souls a sympathetic picture of you, and, like something dear and precious, only occasionally disclosed it to near friends in private conversation. They had found the German woman to be for the most part a thorough, well informed and well Snn ili • 1 84 THE GETTYSBURG MERC UKY. read person, though not often a fluent converser, and all that for good reasons. For if, as a rule, the German girl leaves school at 16, she begins it at the tender age of 6, entering then not uufrequently with a fair knowledge of the "3 R's" that haunt American pub-lic school children from 8 to 10 years of age, but acquired, beside other preparation for earnest study, in the Kinder-garten of Germany. And what is offered to the child dur-ing the following 10 years ? That depends upon the school selected by the parents who must consider the future of their children as well as the funds at disposal for their education, which is not free, nor even cheap, but a con-siderable expense, and perhaps just for that reason highly prized and distinctly planned from the very beginning. This being a mere outline, it does not pretend to be ex-haustive of the subject, and only the principal and long established institutions will be considered. There is first of all the "Buergerschule fuer Msedchen", where the native tongue, arithmetic, history, geography, natural sciences and drawing are taught—and well taught—, sometimes also one foreign language. This school can be finished at fourteen, which is the earliest age at which boys and girls are permitted to quit school, education from the 6th to the 15th year being compulsory for both sexes. There is also the "Hcehere Msedchenschule", which has 9 to 10 grades or "Klassen", where beside the afore-mentioned studies, French is taught very early, and English is taken up about three or four years later, giving as a rule a seven years' course in the one, and four to five years in the other language. To Universal History is added History of Art, or of Civilization; to Arithmetic either Plane Geometry or Algebra ; to Botany, Zoology and Min-erology, which take a very important place even in the Buergerschule. The plan of the "Hcehere M. Sch" adds Physics, Chemistry Anthropology (Physiology). Moreover the prolonged course admits a broader and deeper knowl-edge of literature, geography and history, as well as a more frequent and advanced writing of essays. With all this there runs through the entire course of every school, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 85 "BeligionsUnterricht," religious instruction, beginning with Biblical history, continuing through the New Testa-ment and Catechism, ending with Church History. Ge-sang- Unterr-icht"—chorus and choral-singing being also a required study. Considering that all instruction is given by graduated and efficient teachers, and that every study, after it has once been taken up, retains a place throughout the curri-culum— all instruction moving in concentric circles, en-larging on the same subject every consecutive year—it ap-pears as if a young German lady about 16 leaves school with a thorough foundation in everything taught in boys' Gymnasium, with the exclusion only of the dead lan-guages, and the addition of the modern. No mother, how-ever considers her daughter's education finished at that stage, though lack of means may put "Fortbildungsschule", "Selects", "Lyceum" out of her reach. At these institu-tions the same studies may be pursued under University Professors and Specialists, who have also large private classes of female students. Private teaching is of far greater importance and extent in the Old Country than in the New World, and no foreigner without a broad circle of acquaintances among German families can judge of the means of Higher Female education. One of the principal aims of school-instructions is to start the student right in all directions and to fill him with love of study that he or she may go on with it after the years of compulsion have passed. And it must be said that even those girls who cannot afford regular courses after the obligatory time, will study on by themselves, with friends, by reading for and after public lectures, exchanging lessons with foreign-ers, correspondence, and so on. But where do those efficient teachers and specialists come from, as women are not admitted to German Univer-sities ? Are they all men ? By no means all, though a good many of them are, and a lady-teacher must be very effi-cient to come out victorious in the competition. Our Uni-versities are not training-schools for teachers, and a "Ph. D." from a German University means not in the least a mmm 86 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. fine teacher of his specialty, unless the owner of that de-gree have gone through a "Lehrer-Seminar," of which women have the equivalent in the "Lehrerinnen—Bild-ungs— Anstalt" or Teachers' Training Institute. There in a course of three full years, all school studies are taken up from the very beginning, embracing, though in a broader way. the Curriculum of the Hcehere Msedchenschule." This is done for the sake of the knowledge, but more es-pecially for the methods best adapted to the moral end to be reached by each study, and for the special literature pertaining to it. History of Education, as furthered by the lives and works of great teachers of all times and na-tions, psychology and theory of methodical teaching, are studied by means of lectures, reading, essays, theses and practical teaching. All this, including singing and draw-ing, is obligatory ; the two foreign languages and piano playing, however, are elective and lead to the advanced degree of "Teacher for Higher Female Institutions," while Avithoutthem the Diploma is only granted as "Teacher for Girls' Schools." This degree is added to a specification still containing 12 main studies with a final written and verbal examination in each. And these "Lehrerinnen- Seminare," as they are called, are by no means attended only by women who want to make teaching their profes-sion, but by all who desire a higher education than that afforded by the "Hoehere Msedchenschule." As has already been said, this sketch cannot aim at completeness, it only aspires to give a general idea of Ger-man Female educational institutions; especially of those which rank foremost in attendance and age. Of the few "Msedchengymnasien" founded lately in the principal progressive cities and which follow exactly the plan of the male "Gymnasium," mention shall be made, though they are neither old nor numerous enough to take a decided place in the female education of Germany. They are a necessity, as stepping-stones to the opening of the Univer-sities to women, to the Highest Education in Germany. They have been brought about by the efforts of German women ; and if an insight into the older institutions dis- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 87 pels the illusion that there is no higher female Education in Germany, the new "Msedchengymnasium" with its long history of struggle for existence, is an evidence of the great interest taken by German women in higher edu-cation. ATTENTION. BY GEO. A. GREISS. A recent psychology defines attention, as "the volun-tary concentration of the mind on one thought object." If the term mind is used to designate the entire psychical action, we may define attention, as the concentration of the powers of thought, feeling and volition upon one ob-ject or idea. Attention, as defined is voluntary and not instinctive. As the will varies in strength in different persons, so the attention of those persons varies in accu-racy and intensity. Most psychical states, however, are affected to a great-er or less extent by the physical condition of the person. Indeed, the physical condition of the individual is no small factor in the matter of attention. Here, then we must take into account the circumstances, and environ-ment of the individual, for they determine to a certain de-gree the physical condition of the person. Thus two ele-ments must be considered in the subject of attention. The one is the will, or the voluntary power of the mind over the mental states ; the other is environment. If the will is strong and the environment is favorable, the quality of attention will naturally be of a high order ; but if the conditions just mentioned are the reverse, then the attention will be of an inferior grade. Very often these ruling factors in attention are brought into direct antagonism, by the one being stronger than the other. To have concentration of thought, the physical must frequently be overcome by the psychical. Let us illus-trate. A student at a university is studying the doctrine of 88 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. the "Person of Christ." After a refreshing walk he is seated at his study-table. He is in a proper state of mind to master the subject before him and he resolves to do so. He opens his book and begins to study the genus idiu-malicum. His entire mental power is directed upon this one subject. The lesson becomes interesting. The stu-dent understands each paragraph, as he proceeds. He comes to the end of the subject, and with a smile of satis-faction says, "I have mastered it." Leaving this subject, he enters upon the next in order, known as the genus ap- Mismaticum, with the same determination. But he hard-ly has begun to read the first line, when some one above him begins to play "Home sweet home," on the violin. The first few strains divert his attention very slightly from the study before him ; but as the music continues, interest in study becomes less. Before the selection is half render-ed, the theological study is changed into a reverie of home. Perhaps the mind of the student cannot be firmly fixed upon his study for the remainder of the evening, and time which might have been profitably spent is lost. This is force of environment. If the will of the student is strong, he can by repeated efforts overcome environment. It is not necessary for any rational being to remain, bound by environment. Every person can, if he tries, rise above his surroundings. Discordant surroundings should be removed if possible. If however the environment is unavoidable, then the will must be used to overcome the obstacle. Since most environment cannot be easily and successfully removed, we see that the will is the principal factor in the matter of attention, and a requisite in deep study. If men could subject their bodies entirely to their minds, who could tell, what results we would have, to what flights of oratory we would soar and what profound depths of philosophy we would fathom. A healthy body is also necessary for intense action of the mind. If the maxim, a sound mind in a sound body, holds true at all, it certainly does in attention. To cultivate a strong will and maintain a healthy body becomes therefore an urgent duty to the diligent student. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 89 The object of the writer is not to discuss attention as a psychical state or its place in psychology, but to look at and point out the necessity and value of an acutely culti-vated attention to the student, and also to show the de-mands of the age, for men of intensity and concentration of thought. This age is called an age of specialists. It demands men who will master their particular sphere of life. Since attention to any particular work, leads to the mastery of that work, and since mastery leads to perfec-tion, there is hardly any further proof needed for the ne-cessity of earnest and energetic men. When a chemist wishes to discover silver in a stone supposed to contain the precious metal, he does not hold the whole bulk into the flame, but takes one particle, puts it on charcoal and concentrates all the heat possible on it by means of the blow-pipe. The physician, in order to diagnose a case, does not take the patient and place the entire body under a microscope, but places one microbe or germ of the disease under the powerful microscope which concentrates all the rays possible upon this one atom. In our studying we must direct all our attention upon the subject before us and bring all the rays of intellect and reason to converge upon one object of thought. Then we can dig out the nuggets of truth and present them to others who are desirous to receive them. Why is military discipline so rigid ? In order to ac-complish what is required of a soldier, strict attention to one thing is necessary. The same reason holds true for the rigor of German universities. For a complete mastery of any study, the mastery of the parts of that study is necessary. Thus we see that the pursuit of our studies re-quires the utmost attention on our part. The reason we very often do n^t grasp a subject is not found in want of mental power, but in the want of application of that power. Why do we go to recitations sometimes in anxiety about the questions that are about to be asked ; or when we are quizzed why do we give answers which either have no bearing on the question, or are at best only a conglom. eration of phrases not conveying any sense ? The answer 00 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. to this question is found in the fact, that we have either applied ourselves too little to the study of the lesson or have not given the proper attention to the question. Some days we go to the lecture room with a clear mind and a healthy body, We can follow the reasoning of the professor without any difficulty. Every argument seems clear and conclusive. When we review the lecture in our rooms, it seems to be a part of our knowledge, and neither new nor strange. On another day we go to the same lecture room. We hear the same professor. The hour drags. The lecture seems dull. The reasoning is obscure. In reviewing this lecture, it seems entirely new and strange. We ask our-selves what is the cause of this change. We remember that we heard the same professor both times; that he showed the same earnestness. We recall, that we followed the lecture with eye and ear each time. The reason for the change is this : the first day we followed the lecture with our closest attention, while on the second day our eyes and ears followed the lecture mechanically and our minds were occupied with thoughts about things miles away and foreign to the lecture entirely. There is an old adage: "Beware of the man of one book " Why ? Because he directs all his energies toward one object. If we would master a lecture or a lesson, we must concentrate our thoughts upon them while studying or listening. "The mind cannot do two things at the same time." The necessity of attention is only superseded by its value. In speaking or reading attention commands attention. When an essay or speech has been well thought out, so that all the materials gathered and the truths used, point to one central thought, it will come with such force when it is presented, that the man of average intelligence will listen. Unity of style and harmony of material, as well as logical reasoning in any production, require the closest attention on the part of the author. But intensity of thought and concentration of mental energy is required not only in the preparation of an essay or speech, but also THE GETTYSBURG MtiRJURY 91 jn the delivery of the same. In the delivery of any pro-duction, there are two parties concerned. The hearer, as well as the speaker, has a part to do. Since earnestness and conviction are the result of per-severing study, and since they go very far toward com-manding the attention of an audience, then the speaker should give his theme thorough investigation and diligent study. Dr. Schaeffer once said, "A teacher is the hest disci-plinarian who says least about discipline and keeps his scholars busy." So he who says l3ast about attention but gives his audience something about which to think, com-mands the best attention. The object of any speech should be to move the hearers. In order to accomplish this the speaker must show by gesture and delivery that he means what he says and that he is a man of earnest convictions. Otherwise he will fail. To-day the world does not notice a careless and listless man, much less call him into a position of public trust. The value of attention is further seen in the fact that when a man has well mastered his subject, embarrassment is removed and time does not hang heavily on his hands. The speaker, being well prepared to discuss his theme, for-gets himself and his audience, and loses himself in the depth of his reasoning. But no matter how well the speaker may be prepared, if the audience is indifferent, the speech has again lost its force and not accomplished its intended purpose. The hearer must also practice and cultivate attention, so that he can follow the speaker in his nights of oratory and in his labyrinth of reason. Be-sides all this it is a mark of good common sense as well as of a disciplined mind, to listen, even if the subject of the speech and the matter of the same is dull and uninterest-ing. There is nothing more discouraging to a speaker than to have his andience look on the floor, or out of the window, or anywhere else than in his face. Give a man your eyes and ears and you will have the best efforts. When he sees that the audience shows an interest in what he says, the speaker will be filled with enthusiasm and 92 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. will carry away all that come within the compass of his eloquence. Since the age demands men who are masters of their situation, and since we are about to go out to battle with the vital problems of the age, let us quit ourselves like men and use our talents toward one end. Then we will attain the highest ideals and win the greatest laurels. THE NOBLEST MAN 1 KNEW. True nobility of character involves much, and, with few exceptions, exists only in the ideal. Absolute truth-fulness, perfect unselfishness, spotless virtue—these are the attributes of a noble man, and he in whose character all are embodied, is surely one whose friendship should be sought. I have known but one man whose character combined all these virtues in the highest degree. He was a friend of my father when both were country boys; and I have often heard of their starting to college together. They had both been fired by ambition to be something more than farmers, and accordingly worked hard to save money enough for the first year at college. They went to a small college in Pennsylvania, and informed the President that they had heard that he could turn out preachers in two years, and that they wanted him to get to work on them. He replied that he could hardly do that, but would do the best for them that he could ; and so they went to work. "Dan" has told me many stories of their early college life, of how "Dave" was always jolly and ready for fun, if it was clean fun; of how he was always without money, yet cheerful and happy; of how, though he was not specially quick in learning, he could hold an audience nearly spell-bound, whether speaking on serious or trivial subjects. After they had passed through Freshman and Soph-more years together, they separated, "Dan" going to obtain a fuller education at a larger college, while "Dave," eager to begin his life's work, abridged his course, and, after two years, sailed away as a missionary. i THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 93 He labored in Africa for nearly twenty-four years. Assistants sent him died or returned in broken health. He buried a wife and three children, victims of the awful climate. But, aided by a splendid constitution and a cheerful disposition, he stuck to his post until friends forced him to leave it. That man was David A. Day, D. D., our Lutheran missionary in Liberia, and the church is now mourning his death at sea, within a little over a hundred miles of the home-land which he longed to reach before he died. To my mind his character combined all the elements of true nobility, true self-sacrifice and virtue; and with these were joined a cheerfulness and rea ly tact which made him inimitable. He was a man of great talent, who could have risen to fame as a theologian and preach-er, but he gave h s life for a neglected people, and his work among them will be an everlasting monument to him. His last words, were "More men, fill up the ranks ;" but who can take his place ? L. A. W., '00. OH, TAKE ME BACK TO GETTYSBURG. (Tune,—Old I'olks at Home.) Around de campus cannons ruuibled, Long years ago. Deie seldom was de ball e'er fumbled, And all de men played low. Now time has covered up their foot-prints, De battle's o'er, And peace reigns over town and campus, De cannon's used no more. CHORUS: All de dearest recollections, Cluster 'round dat spot; Oh, take me back to Gettysburg, She never will be forgot. All round de old place I wandered, Happy and free, And on de midnight studies pondered, Still happiness found me. wtssmM Ij. 94 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. When I was with my classmates playing, Happy was I, Oh! seems I hear them now a-sayiug, "Boys, we will wiu or die." CHORUS— One little room among de others, One dat I love; Its dear remembrance o'er me hovers, No matter where I rove. Oh, if I see those faces never Of class-mates dear, Yet time in vain our bonds can sever, 'Though we be far or near. CHORUS— EDITORS' DESK. "We see not a step before us A s we tread on another year ; But the past is in God's keeping, The future his mercy will clear." * * * Miss Adele Luxenberg, teacher of German in Wilson i Female College at Chambersburg, spent the vacation with Mrs. Dr. Richard of Gettysburg. She was educated in sev-eral of the best institutions'"^ Germany, and is an accom-plished linguist. Her article, "About Female Education in Germany," will be read with interest. * * * WE are reminded of the fact that only two fleeting years separate us from the era toward which we have long looked with great solicitude. What great projects have been set on foot to be accomplished during the last "decade of the 19th century!" A few years ago it was prophesied that all the heathen would hear the gospel yet | this century. Arbitration was to be substituted for inter-national war. There were to be no open saloons, no illiter-acy, no wage, nor race problem, etc., by the 20th century. Who is responsible for the failure to realize these much desired achievments ? Questions like these come to us at this season and few of us can say that we have done as much towards their solution as we might have done. J. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 95 This is a good time to get on the right side of all subjects which affect us. The wise man changes his mind often, the fool never. Let us be stronger advocates of truth. Let us, as students, resolve to do more for our college and her interests. Be enthusiastic. Make better use of the oppor-tunities offered us in class-room, library, literary society, in gymnasium, in society. Economize time, think more, read more, write more. * * SURELY we cannot fault those in a situation to encour-age literary effort with not having done much for us. Those who can be reached by a prize are now encouraged by prizes aggregating nearly $150 right in our own institu-tion. We publish the liberal offer of the Century Co. to college men. If prizes do not tempt to launch into the unknown but enchanting sea of literary experience, there are left the considerations of personal honor, of cnlture, of advertising our almamafcr. Fiction, narration, descrip-tion, verse, are kinds of composition too seldom attempted by us, each of which, like virtue, brings its own reward. ALL students who have had an opportunity to attend any convention of the Young Men's Christian Associa-tion never fail to speak of the practical benefit derived from such meeting. Judging from the reports sometimes given by delegates an indifferent person might be in-fluenced to conclude that there would be no particular advantage in being present at such a gathering. This is a great mistake. You cannot always judge the merits of a student convention by the reports alone. Among the many blessings imparted to every student who attends a convention in the proper spirit, there are three which are particularly manifest. His views are broadened, his spiritual life is wonderfully deepened, and a greater zeal for earnest Bible study is aroused. The pronounced success of the Y. M. C. A. all over the world, as well as all other young people's societies, is due in great measure to the inspiration received through 9 . MPPY, Merchant Tailor. 4', Chambersburg St., Gettysburg. G. E. SPANGLER, (Success? to J, VV. Eichollz & Co.) Ill: U.F.I; IN PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSIC, MUSICAL INSTR UMENTS, STRINGS, Etc. YORK STREET, ist Square, Gettysburg. 1108 THESTNTTT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. Wright's Engraving House, HAS become the recognized leader in unique styles of COLLBQ E and FRA-TERNITY ENORAVINUS and STATION-ERY, College and Class-Day Invitations, engraved and printed from steel plates ; Programmes, Menus, Wedding and Re-ception Invitations, Announcements, etc. etc., Examine prices and styles before ordering elsewhere. 60 Visiting Cards from New Engraved Plates $1.00. ERNESTA. WRIGHT, uoS ChestnutSt., Philadelphia. ~ JOHN L. SHEADS, NEW CIGAR STORE Next door to W. M. Depot, Gettysburg, Pa. P. F. HENNIGT" —DEALER IN— Bread, Rolls, Pretzels Crackers, YORK STREET* GETTYSBURG. ^"Reasonable Rates to Clubs. L. D. IQ Main St., Gettysburg. Grocer, Confectioner and Fruiterer. ICE CREAM and OYSTERS in SEASON. GE TTYSBURG, PA., Main St. Free 'Bus to and from all trains. Rates $1.50 to $2.00 per Jay. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. DINNER WITH DRIVE OVER FIELD WITH 4 OR MORE $I-35- JOHN E. HUGHES, Prop'r Go To C. A. BLOCHER'S .FOR. Souvenir Spoons, Sword Pins, &c. All Kinds of Jewelry. Repairing a Specialty. Post Office Corner, Centre Square. PHOTOGRAPHER, NO. 3 MAIN STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. Our new Enameled Aristo Por-traits are equal to Photos made anywhere, and atany price. ^^^^^m^^^^^^m FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. BASE BALL SUPPLIES, Spaldings League Ball, Mits, Masks, etc., Managers should send for samples and special rates. Every requisite for Tennis, Golf, Cricket, Track and Field Gymnasium Equipments and Outfits. Complete Catalogue Spri?ig and Summer Sports Free. "THE NAMJE THE GUARANTEE" A. G. SPKLDING, & BROS., New York, Philadelphia, Chicago. S7G. Spangler, & Co. ■&-E ■+- -*■ SvS'l, Fine Groceries,, ♦ ••• +. ^-Q2) Telephone 39, 102 E. Middle St. S. J. CODOt^I, Jr»., DRUGGIST. .DHAI.gR IN. Drugs, Medicines, Toilet Ar-ticles, Stationery, Blank Books, Amateur Pho-tographic Supplies, Etc., Etc. BALTIMORE STREET. R. H. CULP, Second Square, p m York Street. College Emblems, EJVULi ZOTHE, Engraver, Designer and Manufact'g Jeweler. ig SOUTH NINTH STREET; PHILADELPHIA, PA. SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks. Society Badges, Coih'ge Buttons, Fins. Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All goods ordered through C.H.Tilp. BOHRDINC" By Day, Week or Month. Rates reasonable. House equipped with all modern improvements. GROCERY STORE in same buildiug. Full line of goods kept and sold at small profits. House aud Store located on Cor. of College Campus, opposite Brua Chapel. (^"Public Patronage Solicited Samuel H. Tangninbangh, Prop. MENEELY BELLI Troy, N. Y. Manufacturers of SUPERIOR BELLS. The 2000 pound bell now ringing in the tower of Pennsylvania College was manufactured at this foundry. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. \m$ Ed^Ei^r JotynJ. Thomson's Sons —DEALER IN— Eats, Shirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Gloves, Sal,■//.els, Hose, Poeket Books. Trunks, Telescopes, Rubbers, Etc., Etc., AMOS ECKERT. Job pointer1 ! WEAVER BUILDING, Centre Square. IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF * DRUGS, + Nos. IB and 18 W. Qerman street, BALTIMORE, MD. Offer to tlie trade their large aad well-selected stock of DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS and PERFUMERY. Make a specialty to have on hand everything required by Pharmacists. A complete stocK can at any time be selected or wants supplied. ALONZO h. THOIvIPSEN, ?Ianui*ar IffiB Iffl I ■ . HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Located on Centre Kquan where McClellan House. formerly slood. GETT'lBBliK';, PA. RATES 82 I'KIt DAY. It, is the acknowledged Lead] ing Hotel of Hettystrg Uean e,l throughout with steam;ho| or cold "Ballis: rommodio Sample Rooms: Ditinm-r'iomJ S, capacity 200; hits a.Cusine uf j par excellence Headquauenj i for League American VVheefl man. Headquarters coinmeg cial travelers. Headquarti military or civic Free 'iniH to and from nil j trains. —- * ~ - H. * I>. K.Miller Prop's. EIMER & AMEND Manufacturers and Importers of CHEMICALS ani CHEMICAL APPARATUS, 205, 207, 209 & 211 Third Avenue, Corner iSth Street. NEWYORK. Finest Bohemian and German Glassware, Royal Berlin and Meis-sen Porcelain, Purest Hammered Platinum, Balances and Weights. Zeiss Microscopes, and Bacteriologi-cal Apparatus, Chemical Pure Acids and Assay Goods. — Established 1876 — PENROSE MYERS, Watchmaker and Jeweler. Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, College Souvenir Spoons, No. 10. Balto. St. Gettysbnrg. Pa. "PRICES ALWAYS RIGHT" THE LUTHERAN PUBLISHING HOUSE. <• No. 42 North Oth St.,] "v! PHILADELPHIA, PA. ] Acknowledged Headquarters for ANYTHING and EVERYTHING in the way of Books for Churches, Families, Col-leges, and Schools, and lit-erature, for Sunday Schools. Please Remember That by sending your orders M us.j you help hutld up and develop 01 fj the Church institutions, with i
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 572 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 531 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 41 ha by others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 531 ha (93%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) 33 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm), 53 per cent soils are shallow and very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 percent soils are medium (51-100), 32 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 53 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 26 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 2 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 74 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 19 percent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) which covers maximum area of about 55 percent in the microwatershed The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 46(8) 152(27) Sapota - 126(22) Maize - 144(26) Pomegranate - 172(30) Bajra - 198(35) Musambi 14(2) 158(28) Groundnut - 126(22) Lime 14(2) 158(28) Sunflower 46(8) 126(22) Amla - 198(35) Redgram - 173(30) Cashew - - Bengal gram 46(8) 98(18) Jackfruit - 126(22) Cotton 14(2) 130(23) Jamun - 46(8) Chilli - 199(35) Custard apple 118(21) 80(15) Tomato - 167(29) Tamarind - 46(8) Drumstick - 173(30) Mulberry - 126(22) Mango - 14(2) Marigold - 199(35) Guava - 126(22) Chrysanthemum - 199(35) Brinjal 46(8) 152(27) Bhendi 46(8) 152(27) Onion 36(6) 152(27) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Ramapur is located at North latitude 160 53' 16.971" and 160 52' 1.888" and East longitude 770 16' 57.002'' and 770 15' 1.735" covering an area of about 572.03 ha coming unde Gajarakota Village of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Ramapur micro watersheds of Shivapur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Ramapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (40.00%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small and 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (55.06%) men and 71 (44.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 4.3 and semi medium farmers were 4.9. Majority of the respondents (39.87%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.80 per cent illiterates, 43.67 per cent pre university education and 7.59 per cent attained graduation. About, 71.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 48.73 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.29 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 40.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 37.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.71 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.61, women available in the micro watershed was 1.39, hired labour (men) available was 8.94 and hired labour (women) available was 8.38. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (43.28 ha) of the area is under dry condition. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green Gram, Bengal gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. Out of the sample households 74.29 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2 About 51.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green Gram and Bengal gram was Rs.33935.00, 40468.10, 27703.78 and 20555.21 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 0.96, 1: 1.10 and 1: 2.00 respectively. Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 42.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 159128.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44957.14 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 95 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. About 71.43 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops. Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (28.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under clayey soils at the surface. An area of about 29 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 87 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands. An area of about 41 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 58 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 30 per cent area and high (>20 ppm) in 69 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 80 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 32 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21(5) 296(67) Sapota - 152(35) Maize - 300(68) Pomegranate - 260(59) Bajra - 317(72) Guava - 152(35) Groundnut - 152(35) Jackfruit - 152(35) Sunflower 14(3) 246(56) Jamun - 34(8) Cotton 21(5) 297(67) Musambi 14(3) 246(56) Red gram - 210(48) Lime 14(3) 246(56) Bengalgram 21(5) 296(67) Cashew - - Chilli - 169(38) Custard apple 21(5) 296(67) Tomato - 165(37) Amla - 316(72) Brinjal - 316(72) Tamarind - 34(8) Onion - 165(38) Marigold - 316(72) Bhendi - 316(72) Chrysanthemum - 316(72) Drumstick - 260(59) Jasmine - 208(47) Mulberry - 240(55) Crossandra - 215(49) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Raghunathanahalli-2 is located at North latitude 150 14' 31.598" and 150 13' 30.436" and East longitude 750 56' 30.124" and 750 54' 44.824" covering an area of about 440.93 ha coming under Raghunathahalli, Gattareddyhala and Belagatti Villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Raghunathanahalli-2 micro watersheds of Murlapura subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Raghunathanahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (42.86%) were marginal, 12 (34.29%) were small and 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (56.47%) men and 74 (43.53 %) were women. The average population of marginal farmers was 5.06, small farmers were 4.83 and semi medium farmers were 4.5. Majority of the respondents (47.06%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 26.47 per cent illiterates, 68.83 per cent pre university education and 7.65 per cent attained graduation. About, 77.14 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.94 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 34.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.81, women available in the micro watershed was 1.44, hired labour (men) available was 6.58 and hired labour (women) available was 6.31. In the study area, about 0.59 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.19 per cent (44.86 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.56 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 2.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the households. 2 The major crops grown by sample farmers are Sunflower, Redgram, Sorghum, Groundnut and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 83.72 per cent. Out of the sample households 8.57 percent possessed bank account. About 8.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Per hectare cost of cultivation for Sunflower, Redgram, Sorghum, Groundnut and Maize was Rs.38349.84, 55753.72, 30816.36, 75904.68 and 30591.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 2.10, 1: 0.50, 1: 1.60 and 1:0.70 respectively. Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 78168.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 25131.43 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 108 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1571.43 for land development and Rs. 142.86 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 25.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 100 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (60.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 54.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 48.57 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (60.00%) and oilseeds (22.86%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (51.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (40.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
La Cuarta Conferencia Mundial de la Mujer (la "Conferencia de Beijing") fue un acontecimiento histórico desde el punto de vista de las políticas, pues en ella se estableció un marco mundial de políticas para hacer progresar la igualdad de género. Trascurridos 10 años desde la Conferencia de Beijing, en marzo de 2005, la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer de las Naciones Unidas presidió una reunión intergubernamental que tuvo lugar en Nueva York para examinar los avances alcanzados en el cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos en virtud de la Declaración de Beijing y la Plataforma de Acción. Este acontecimiento, conocido como "Beijing +10", tuvo un perfil decididamente bajo. Su meta no era definir una agenda, sino confirmar la agenda existente; no se proponía formular políticas, sino afirmar las existentes. La pregunta que se hacen muchos movimientos femeninos internacionales es si este evento forma parte de un esfuerzo mundial en curso a favor de la igualdad de género o si señala el deterioro de este proceso. En el presente trabajo, que se alimenta de la investigación que se hiciera para el informe de UNRISD titulado Igualdad de género: La lucha por la justicia en un mundo desigual, se reflexiona sobre la historia ambivalente de los avances que han logrado las mujeres en las últimas décadas y se examina la forma en que el entorno de políticas ha cambiado durante todo el tiempo transcurrido desde que se celebrara el evento que ha constituido el punto culminante de los movimientos femeninos mundiales. A partir de una serie de indicadores utilizados comúnmente para medir el "avance de la mujer", el documento sostiene que el historial de logros en materia de igualdad de género es más ambivalente y las influencias causales más diversas y menos unidireccionales de lo que en ocasiones se supone. También se indica que las políticas de desarrollo tienen un importante papel que desempañar para garantizar la obtención de resultados y que la primera fase de las reformas estructurales (que datan desde principios de los años 80) fue en muchos sentidos negativa para la mujer. En los 10 años transcurridos desde la Conferencia de Beijing, se han dado algunos cambios importantes en la política de desarrollo internacional y una valoración cada vez mayor de la necesidad de formular políticas sensibles a la cuestión de género. Para finales de los años 80, el "fundamentalismo de mercado" y la terapia de choque habían perdido buena parte de su atractivo, abriendo así espacio para nuevas ideas y enfoques sobre políticas y prácticas de desarrollo. El creciente descontento con los efectos sociales de las reformas y las críticas que han formulado importantes economistas de las instituciones financieras internacionales (IFI) han generado un cambio de políticas que con frecuencia se denomina el "Consenso post-Washington". Las nuevas políticas han demostrado una disposición a brindar mayor atención a las inquietudes sociales y políticas, lo cual puede constatarse en conceptos como "capital social" y "buen gobierno". La política social y, en especial, la reducción de la pobreza lograron ascender en la escala de prioridades internacionales durante los años 90. No obstante, tras este aparente consenso que se forjase en torno al vocabulario compartido de "pobreza" y "protección social", existen interpretaciones encontradas de la política social en razón de las diferencias en cuanto a los valores, prioridades y visiones de la responsabilidad del Estado. Existen serias preocupaciones sobre si se está brindando o pueden brindarse opciones sostenibles para superar la pobreza en un contexto donde no existen medidas apropiadas de creación de empleos y de regeneración regional. Habida cuenta de que la mayor parte de la responsabilidad por el trabajo doméstico no remunerado recae sobre la mujer y que tiene menos acceso al dinero y a las oportunidades de generación de ingresos, es probable que la redefinición de la responsabilidad del Estado y el papel preponderante conferido a las fuerzas de mercado incidan negativamente sobre el tiempo y el acceso de la mujer a los beneficios sociales. El retiro del fundamentalismo de mercado ha permitido una rehabilitación parcial de la función del Estado como actor protagónico en el desarrollo, y se ha enfatizado el "buen gobierno" a través de la democracia, la participación, la descentralización y la integración de la sociedad. Una interpretación integral de la agenda del "buen gobierno" abarcaría la liberalización política, la participación, los derechos humanos y atender los problemas de desigualdad social como parte del compromiso fundamental con la democracia. Esta agenda comprendería cuestiones como la legitimidad del Estado y problemas de capacidad y rendición de cuentas que los movimientos sociales y los movimientos femeninos han confrontado durante décadas. Si bien las reformas de la gobernanza pueden y deben atender las cuestiones relativas a la legitimidad del gobierno y la participación pública de los grupos socialmente marginados, tales reformas se han visto frecuentemente dominadas por una preocupación más limitada. De allí que, si bien la reciente atención que han prestado los donantes al "buen gobierno" es un acontecimiento positivo, mucho depende de cómo se interprete tal hecho. Una buena parte depende de si, por un lado la democratización de la política y la participación de los grupos sociales marginados se entienden como parte integral de los objetivos de la reforma y se incorporan al cambio institucional y, por otro lado, si la reducción de las desigualdades sociales y de género figura entre los principios fundamentales que orientan el programa de transformación institucional del Estado. Existen algunos aspectos del actual clima político internacional que limitan las posibilidades de que esto se cristalice, a saber, el aumento del poder político de las fuerzas conservadoras en los Estados Unidos y otros países y los sucesos del 11 de septiembre. Aunque el primero de estos hechos ha llevado a la adopción, por parte de Estados Unidos y con el apoyo de las fuerzas religiosas, de políticas conservadoras en cuanto a los derechos reproductivos y sexuales de la mujer, el último ha llevado a que se preste más atención y se asigne más financiamiento a la "seguridad", en detrimento del desarrollo y los derechos humanos. En este trabajo se analizan la forma en que estos cambios en la política y el clima político internacionales en la última década han propulsado el surgimiento de nuevos problemas y desafíos para quienes participan en los movimientos femeninos mundiales. ; The 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women (the "Beijing conference") was a landmark in policy terms, setting a global policy framework to advance gender equality. Ten years after Beijing, in March 2005, the UN's Commission on the Status of Women presided over an intergovernmental meeting in New York to review the progress achieved on the commitments made in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. This "Plus Ten" event was decidedly low key. Its aim was not agenda setting but agenda confirming; not policy formulation, but policy affirmation. Whether it proves to be part of an ongoing worldwide movement in support of gender equality, or whether it marks the decline of that process, is a question that many in international women's movements are asking. This paper, drawing on research undertaken for the UNRISD report, Gender Equality: Striving for Justice in an Unequal World, reflects on the ambivalent record of progress achieved by women over the last decades and considers how the policy environment has changed over the period since the high point of the global women's movements. Drawing on a number of commonly employed indicators of "women's progress", the paper argues that the record of achievement regarding gender equality is more ambivalent, and the causal influences more diverse and less unidirectional than is sometimes assumed. It also argues that development policies have an important role to play in securing outcomes, and that the first phase of the structural reforms (dating from the early 1980s) was in many respects negative for women. In the ten years since the Beijing Conference there have been some significant shifts in international development policy along with a growing appreciation of the need to develop gender aware policies. By the end of the 1980s, "market fundamentalism" and shock therapy had lost much of their appeal, opening up a space for new ideas and approaches in development policy and practice. Growing discontent over the social effects of the reforms, as well as criticism from leading economists in the international financial institutions have brought about a policy shift, which is sometimes referred to as the "post- Washington Consensus". The new policies have shown a willingness to give social and political concerns greater attention, expressed under indicative headings such as "social capital" and "good governance". Social policy and, in particular, poverty relief moved up the scale of international priorities in the 1990s. But behind the apparent consensus forged by a shared vocabulary of "poverty reduction" and "social protection", there are conflicting understandings of social policy based on different values, priorities and understandings of state responsibility. There are serious concerns over whether sustainable routes out of poverty are being provided or can be provided in the absence of appropriate job creation measures and regional regeneration. Given women's greater share of responsibility for unpaid care work and their less advantageous access to cash and income-earning opportunities, the redefinition of state responsibility and the greater role given to market forces are likely to impact adversely on their time and their access to social benefits. The retreat from market fundamentalism has seen a partial rehabilitation of the state as a significant actor in development, and emphasis has been placed on "good governance" through democracy, participation, decentralization and community ownership. A broad understanding of a "good governance" agenda would embrace political liberalization, participation and human rights, and would address problems of social inequality as part of a fundamental commitment to democracy. Such an agenda would encompass the kinds of issues of state legitimacy, capacity and accountability that social movements and women's movements have confronted for decades. Although governance reforms can and should address issues of government legitimacy and the public participation of socially excluded groups, they have often been dominated by a much narrower preoccupation. Hence, while the recent donor attention to the question of "good governance" is to be welcomed, much depends on how it is interpreted. A great deal depends on whether the democratization of politics and the participation of marginalized social groups are seen as integral to reform objectives and are embraced in institutional change; and on whether reducing social and gender inequalities are among the core principles guiding the programme of state institutional transformation. There are aspects of the current international political climate that place limits on this occurring, namely the rise to political power of conservative forces in the United States and elsewhere, and the attacks of 11 September 2001. While the first has seen the adoption by the United States of conservative policies with respect to women's reproductive and sexual rights, supported by religious forces, the latter has focused more attention and funding on "security" at the expense of development and human rights. The Paper examines how this ensemble of changing international policy and political climate over the past decade has given rise to new issues and challenges for those active in global women's movements. ; La Quatrième Conférence mondiale sur les femmes (dite "Conférence de Beijing"), tenue en 1995, a marqué un tournant en définissant dans les grandes lignes les politiques à appliquer dans le monde pour progresser vers l'égalité des sexes. Dix ans après Beijing, en mars 2005, la Commission de la condition de la femme de l'ONU a présidé une reunion intergouvernementale à New York pour examiner dans quelle mesure les engagements pris dans la Déclaration et le Programme d'action de Beijing avaient été honorés. Cette réunion "Plus 10" s'est faite résolument discrète. Son but était non pas d'établir un programme mais de le confirmer, non pas de définir des politiques mais de les réaffirmer. S'inscrit-elle dans une évolution mondiale favorable à l'égalité des sexes ou marque-t-elle le déclin du processus? C'est une question que beaucoup se posent dans les mouvements féminins internationaux. Ce document, qui s'inspire de recherches effectuées pour le rapport de l'UNRISD, Egalité des sexes: En quête de justice dans un monde d'inégalités, revient sur le bilan contrasté qui a été dressé des progres accomplis par les femmes au cours des dernières décennies et étudie en quoi l'environnement politique a changé depuis ce moment fort dans la vie des mouvements féminins. Se fondant sur un certain nombre d'indicateurs couramment employés pour mesurer les "progrès des femmes", les auteurs font valoir que les réussites en matière d'égalité des sexes sont plus ambivalentes et les causes plus diverses et moins unidirectionnelles qu'on ne le suppose parfois. Elles montrent aussi que les politiques de développement contribuent largement aux résultats et que la première phase des réformes structurelles (qui remonte au début des années 80) a été, à bien des égards, néfaste pour les femmes. Au cours des dix ans qui se sont écoulés depuis la Conférence de Beijing, la politique internationale du développement a connu des revirements importants et l'on a pris conscience de la nécessité de définir des politiques prenant en compte le genre. A la fin des années 80, le "fondamentalisme marchand" et la thérapie de choc avaient perdu beaucoup de leur attrait, laissant place à des idées et approches nouvelles dans la politique et la pratique du développement. Le mécontentement croissant suscité par les répercussions sociales des réformes, ainsi que les critiques formulées par des économistes haut placés dans les institutions financières internationales (IFI) ont entraîné un changement de politique que l'on appelle souvent "l'après-Consensus de Washington". Les nouvelles politiques ont témoigné de la volonté d'accorder plus d'attention aux préoccupations sociales et politiques, qui s'est manifestée par l'emploi de titres révélateurs comme "capital social" et "bonne gouvernance". Dans les années 90, la politique sociale et, en particulier, la réduction de la pauvreté ont remonté dans l'échelle des priorités. Mais bien que l'emploi d'un vocabulaire commun, celui de la "pauvreté" et de la "protection sociale", donne l'apparence d'un consensus, la politique sociale fait l'objet de conceptions contradictoires qui reposent sur des valeurs, des priorités et des représentations différentes de la mission de l'Etat. Est-il possible d'arracher durablement des populations à la pauvreté en l'absence de mesures suffisantes de création d'emplois et de relance des régions? La question suscite de sérieuses préoccupations. Les femmes assumant une plus grand part des soins non rémunérés et ayant moins d'occasions d'être rétribuées en espèces et de percevoir un revenu, la redéfinition de la responsabilité de l'Etat et le rôle plus grand laissé au marché risquent de se traduire pour elles par une limitation de leur temps libre et un moindre accès aux avantages sociaux. Le recul du fondamentalisme marchand s'est accompagné d'une réhabilitation partielle de l'Etat comme acteur important du développement et l'accent a été mis sur une "bonne gouvernance", réalisable par la démocratie, la participation, la décentralisation et la réappropriation par la population. Un programme de "bonne gouvernance", compris au sens large, couvrirait la libéralisation politique, la participation et les droits de l'homme et amènerait à s'attaquer aux inégalités sociales comme engagement fondamental à la démocratie. Un tel programme engloberait aussi les questions de la légitimité de l'Etat, de sa capacité et de son obligation de rendre des comptes, ce que réclame les mouvements sociaux et féminins depuis des décennies. Bien que les réformes de la gouvernance puissent et doivent tenter de résoudre les questions de la légitimité gouvernementale et de la participation aux affaires publiques des groupes sociaux exclus, leur souci dominant a été souvent beaucoup moins noble. Ainsi, s'il faut se réjouir de l'attention que les donateurs accordent depuis peu à la "bonne gouvernance", encore faut-il savoir ce que l'on entend par là. La démocratisation politique et la participation des groupes sociaux marginalisés font-elles partie intégrante des objectifs de réforme et sont-elles inscrites au programme du changement des institutions? La réduction des inégalités sociales et entre les sexes figure-t-elle parmi les principes de base qui doivent guider la transformation des institutions de l'Etat? Certains aspects du climat politique international actuel, notamment l'arrivée au pouvoir de forces conservatrices aux Etats-Unis et ailleurs et les attentats du 11 septembre, freinent cette évolution. Si l'arrivée au pouvoir de forces conservatrices aux Etats-Unis a eu pour consequence l'adoption, avec l'appui de forces religieuses, de politiques conservatrices sur les questions des droits des femmes en matière de procréation et de sexualité, les attentats du 11 septembre ont focalisé l'attention et les crédits sur la "sécurité" au détriment du développement et des droits de l'homme. Les auteurs examinent comment ces différents facteurs, qui ont modifié la politique internationale et le climat politique depuis dix ans, ont été pour ceux qui militent dans les mouvements féminins à travers le monde à l'origine de nouvelles questions et difficultés.
The Mercury November, 1909 HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Mak^« °f CAPS AND GOWNS To Gettysburg College, Lafayette, Lehigh, Dickinson, State College, Univ. of PeMi -ylvania, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods of Degrees To The Class of '10. We have begun our college campaign for next Spring and Summer. Over 25,000 employers look to Hapgoods for their men in sales, offices and technical positions in all departments. Most of these Arms use college men. They arrange with us to cover the en ire college world for them. We have a unique preposition of in mediate interest to any college man who will be open for a propo-sition. Let us tell you about it. Write to-day. TXL _,_^ _j c^ 17^ ,-~ " TIM JVJtTJOJVJJ, ORGJJYMZJITtOJV Of HfipGrOQEltB, BMUMM- BUOHMUBS. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. RATES $2.00 PER DAY. -/i/very G-ttaartea. B. B. Cqwoll, Proprietor. All our drugs aud chemicals are sold to you under a positive guarantee, pure and full strength. H. C. LANDAU, DRUGGIST. EVERYTHING A FIRST CLASS Drug Store should have Opposite Eagle Hotel. lfm0Vmmt*f^mt^mftlwt^n GETTYSBURG COLLEGE Gettysburg, Pa. - LIBRARY - I WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 18S7 by Allen Walton. ALLEN K. WALTON, Pres. and Treas. ROBT. J. WALTON, Supt. HUMMELSTOWN BROWN STONE COMPANY QUARRYMEN and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING and TILE. Waltonville, Duphin Co., Pa. CONTRACTORS FOR ALL KINDS OF CUT STONE WORK Telegraph and Express Address, Brownstone, Pa. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R. R. R. For Artistic Photographs —GO TO— TIPTON The Leader in PHOTO FASHIONS Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. D. J. REILE, Clothing, Gent's Furnishings Sole Agent for the CRAWFORD SHOES, 13-15 Ohambersburg St. Come and Have a Good Shave or Hair Cut —AT— HARRY B. SEFTON'S BARBER SHOP 35 Baltimore St. Barber's Supplies a Specialty. Also choice line of Cigars. R. E. ZINN & BRO. DEALERS IN Groceries and Choice Provisions. Carlisle St., Gettysburg. THE GETTYSBURG DEPARTMENT STORE Successors to the L. M. Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of ' HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. * 2 a, ft ft * « « » » *w ft *« a * * «« ft * ft ft .-■> a» * « Seligniqq ARE GETTYSBURG'S MOST RELIABLE TAILORS And show their appreciation of your patronage by giving you full value for your money, and closest attention to the wants of every customer. Give Them a « »»« *««* » « ft Your Patronage * « *»« » a »« »a * » «» ft ** ft »« « « ft «««»« * « ft « e» ft « ** »« « «« «« « ft * » « ft »* PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. A Special Proposition Is open for the first person ID any com-munity who will deal with us for a Piano or Organ. WEAVER ORGANS AND PIANOS have no question mark to the quality. I IIII I .__ _ _ Z WEAVER ORGAN AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTURERS, I YORK, PA , U S A. MAIL THIS COUPON TO US. Send me special proposition for the purchase of a Piano. Name Address m * .-I-. •I" •■!•■ T\ •*■ ± Students' Headquarters —FOR— HATS, SHOES, AND GENT'S FURNISHINGS. Sole Agent for WALK -OVER SHOES ECKERT'S STORE. Prices Always Right He Lutheran PubliGatiori Society No. 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENRY 8. BONER, Supt. THE [UIERCORV The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XVII GETTYSBURG, PA., NOVEMBER, 1909 No. 6 CONTENTS. THE WBONG OP WASTE 2 DAVID M. CRIST, '10. FEESCOING A LOST ART 3 ELMER STOUFFER, '11. A HALLOWE'EN STOEY 7 SAMUEL BOWER, '10. THE VOTEE'S DOMINANT PBINCIPLES: WHAT THEY SHOULD BE 12 ROT V. DERR, '10. IS GEEMANY A MENACE TO THE WORLD'S PEACE? 15 C. M. ALLABACH, '11. A NAEEOW ESCAPE 16 R. L. MCNALLY, '13. THE "BACK HOME" BOY 20 EDWIN C. MORROW, '12. THE EVOLUTION OP THE BEAST 22 EDWARD N. FRYE, '10. THE SPIEIT OP THE PLACE 24 HARVEY S. HOSHOUR, '10. EDITORIALS '. 29 EXCHANGES 31 GETTYSBURG COLLEGE Gettysburg, Pa. | - LIBRARY - I THE MERCURY. THE WRONG OF WASTE. DAVID M. CRIST, '10. jO the contemplative mind one of the saddest things in the world is the waste that is going on, and has gone on ever since civilization dawned. Much of this waste is wretched, needless, wicked; it means human efforts thrown away; it is one form of homicide for it sacrifices life and the material that life thrives on, and thus it hampers progress. What does a grain of corn amount to? Nothing, we hear the wasteful man say. Yet the secretary of agriculture of Missouri computes that one grain on every ear of corn grown in his State alone would add one hundred thousand dollars to the wealth of the State each year. We have all been told what a large sum the saving of a few cents a day will amount to, if allowed to roll up for a period of years, yet we all go through life really unmindful of the possi-bilities there are in such little things. A Kansas statistician has recently figured that the men of that State are constantly wearing on their coat sleeves eighty thousand dollars worth of buttons which serve no earthly use. It is easy enough, of course, to over do economy and make it ridiculous, and it is often most difficult to say whether a given policy is wasteful or economical. In this country our railroads work their locomotives very hard, and wear them out in a few years, whereas in England locomotives are used very carefully, and are kept in service several times as long. The English blame our railroads for being wasteful in this, whereas our au-thorities hold that it is better to get the best wear out of any ma-chine in a reasonable time, and then scrap-heap it, and replace it with something newer and better. Large scale producers such as the Carnegie Steel Company of Pittsburg, have owed their success in no small degree to their lavish expenditures, or industrial experiments, and for the in-stallation of new machinery as soon as its superiority to that in use has been demonstrated. So ideas to what is waste will differ. Unquestionably we are wasting our coal, oil, natural gas, and THE MERCURY. 6 timber supplies in this country, but under the conditions it does not pay to husband these material resources. A few years ago the world became alarmed because its fuel supply seemed to be coming to an end. Now, we are harnessing the rivers, water-falls, and even the glaciers, and making them do much of the work that coal hitherto has done. There is no small doubt that before the coal supply is ex-hausted the world will be so completely electrified that the use of coal will have become obsolete. The waste of timber is more serious, and yet as lumber rises in price other materials will be developed to take its place, witness the present rapid introduc-tion of concrete for building purposes. This country would not be what it is if it had been developed UDcler such a saving policy as has necessarily dominated the rise of European nations, so it would be well for us to remember the words of Benjamin Franklin when he said: "What maintains one vice would bring up two children. Eemember many a little makes a nickle. and farther, beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship." FRESCOING A LOST ART. ELMER STOUFFER, '11. EW people realize that the frescos which they see on the walls of buildings are the remnants of a once great art. An art which for the number of men who were engaged at it and scope of application never had an equal. The history of this great form of art is long and of itself interesting to read. It is not the purpose in this article to give the history beyond what is necessary to the illustration of the subject in hand. It shall be our purpose to discuss the art as we know it, and the methods of the frescoer of to-day. It is claimed by many that the art of frescoing was known to the ancient Egyptians, but this is doubtful. If they knew any-thing at all about it, it could not have been more than enough THE MERCURY. •to cover the walls of their houses with the crudest and coarsest kinds of earth colors mixed with water. True one can find buildings decorated in patterns which are supposed to be genu-ine reproductions of ideas found on the walls of Egyptian ruins, but the methods of getting these actual designs are never told. The whole is fanciful and not certain enough to receive much consideration. The Greeks were familiar with the art of fres-coing but the extent to which they developed the art is uncer-tain. The excavations of Schlieman have brought forth some old decorated pieces of walls which were thought to be frescoes, but careful examination has shown them to be mere earth colors applied in various designs. The Hebrews it is certain knew nothing of frescoing. It was not until the beginning of the Christian era that the art rose to its fullest development. The Christian artist wanted an art which would properly express the emotions. The stirring scenes of the early Christian times were the subjects for the •church decorator to work upon. The art which he would use must be able to express faith, hope, joy, sorrow, grief, pain and things of that nature. Sculpture, the art of the Greeks, would not answer his purpose for that is essentially an art of repose. Frescoing seemed the only one capable of answering his purposes so he employed it. Even then the early decorator was held in check by ecclesiastical interference. In decorating the churches he was not permitted, even though he had the impulse, to use any type not traditional. For this reason we find nearly all the fres-coes of this period consist of the gaunt, pinched bodies of an-chorites and saints. In the sixteenth century this art reached its highest state of development. In this period some of the world's most famous frescoers lived, and some of the most noted frescoers were executed. Several of the works produced in this period are extant to this day. The wave of Iconoclast fanaticism which swept over Europe in the sixteenth century struck the art a blow from which it has never wholly recovered. In England nearly all the paintings were destroyed. In some churches they were merely defaced, hut in those churches where the frescoes could not be destroyed without permanently injuring the buildings, the despoilers cov- THE MERCURY. «red them up with lime. On the continent of Europe the hatred was not so intense, and it is doubtful whether any works of real value were destroyed. It is true, however, that when the Icono-clastic wave had swept away, the art was practically dead. In America very little is known about frescoing. Our near-est approach to it are the distemper paintings with which we decorate our theatres and churches. Several reasons might be mentioned for this, but the most reasonable seems to be that Americans are too impatient to apply themselves to a trade in which the first and chief requisite is painstaking precision. The Americans as a class are too much in a hurry to take the time which it is necessary to do a good work of frescoing. The aver-age American does not care what a piece of work costs but he invariably does want his work done at once. So little interest is taken in the art in America that not one color manufacturer is to be found who so much as manufacture the kind of color which mural decorators use. The American decorator must depend upon the shops of Germany for the colors which he uses. German workshops also supply America with her supply of deco-rators. Frescoing as clone in former times required a great deal more skill than it does to-day. The work was all done while the plaster was still soft. The decorator decided in the morning just about how much surface he wished to cover that day. The plasterer, who worked right with him, then finished that much. With a sharp pointed awl or some other instrument the deco-rator then marked the design in the plaster, and proceeded to his task. Sometimes a small design of the work in hand was made and kept lying by to refer to in case the decorator became puz-zled as to how to proceed. The necessity of this can readily be seen when one remembers that some of the great works of this kind were fifteen and sometimes twenty years in the accomplish-ment. If all which was marked could not be done in the day the plasterer cut the unfinished portion off and they began all over again. An almost perfect knowledge of pigments was ab-solutely essential to the decorator of the old time. Lime in dry-ing causes many colors to fade and some to become darker. It was necessary for the mechanic to know just what effect the lime tf**ftiufvrxv GETTYSBURG COLLEGE * Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY 10 THE MEBCURY. "An unlucky spot," sighed Proud Patrick. "He ain't the first, nor thirteenth to be tuk tar." Hattie came running in with the holy water bottle and Mis-tress Proud Patrick eagerly bathed poor Oiney's head. As the cold drops fell showering upon his face Oiney winced in spite of himself. "The color is comin' to his cheeks," said Hattie as she knelt over him solicitously. "The fire is warmin' him. He's comin' roun' all right." "God be thanked for holy water bottle said Mrs. Proud Pat-rick. "Let's raise him up a bit," said Del. "An' a drop of nice warm sweet milk with a pinch o' ginger and sugar might do the poor fello' good," said Hattie. "Bether couldn't be," said Del. "An' a bowl o' tea," added Chris. "An' a drop o' spirits," said Joe. At this insinuation a perceptible glow over-spread the features of the unconscious one and to the delight of Del and eve^one there, a sigh escaped his lips. "God be thanked," said Hattie. Del bent over his patient and softly whispered, "Oiney." Oiney slowly opened his eyes and looked wonderingly and in-quiringly about him. "Del—is—is—thet—you ?" "Yis, yis, me darlint." "Del—where an' where can I be?" "Make yer min' aisy, ye are in a dacent house an' with dacent folks. Mister Proud Patrick and Mistress and Hattie McPher-son. Del then asked for a drop of whiskey and tried to persuade Oiney to take it but he refused. "Just a drop," said Del. "Only a toothful," said Mrs. Proud Patrick," and take it as medicine. It'll send the blood through yer veins." But Oiney looked gratefully at Mrs. Proud Patrick and ten-derly at Hattie, but still refused to touch the whiskey. The patient grew rapidly stronger on the beef tea which was THE MEKCURY. 11 tendered by loving hands and thanked the whole family for the trouble they had gone to in his behalf. "But ah, ye knows I can't be kapin' ye dacent folk out o' bed all night—it's almost mornin' now." "Oh, that's all right," volunteered Hattie. "It's no bother an' as to me uncle an' aunt, there, they can go to bed any time now seein' ye are on the fair way to mendin' yerself; an' me an' Eosie-an' Matthew 'ill tarry a while an' git ye somethin' to eat." "Uncle," she continued, "you an' me aunt can now take yer-selves off to bed seein' poor ill Oiney here is gettin' along bet-ter. Myself an' Eosie an' Matthew 'ill take care of him jes as good as if you was here." So with more thanks Oiney bade them good night and wished them a sound sleep and pleasant dreams, and assured them he would never forget their timely generosity. Then Hattie warmed some sweet milk and supported Oiney while he drank it. He was soon sufficiently strengthened to make his way to the fireside with the help of Hattie and Eosie, where he and Hattie sat down together. Oh, I'm ever so glad you're comin' roun' so fast," Said Hattie. "Faith an' I know the doctor I'm thankin' for the same," re-plied Oiney, his eyes beaming upon her. "Och, don't bother me Oiney, it's a poet you should a' been born—you've a tongue as sweet as any poet's." "Well, it's no poet you should a' been born, darlin' but in the Garden of Aiden." "Array, go way with ye." "Yis. in the Garden of Aiden, when man was alone an' com-fortless." "But the Bible never mentioned Adam takin' 'fever gortach," and Oiney reflected. "Oh, Adam would a' got it some how if he had a thot that it would a brot you in its wake." "Houl on Oiney. Take yer arm away out o' that. Take it away. Tre' ain't no danger o' my takin' waikness—no fear of it." "An' thr' all blamin' poor Adam 'cause he ate the apple"— went on Oiney, philosophical!}', gazing into the fire, still keeping ^■^■i^^n^^^^^^^^^^^H 12 THE MERCURY. his arm across her as if absentmindedly. "I know well if I was Adam an' some people I know was Eve, an' that if this partick-ler Eve offered me the same size o' rat pizen and sayed, Here Adam, my sweet, take this, its good, I'd swallowed it an' swared it was honey." "My, what a nice fellow you'd make for the lucky woman that gits ye," said Hattic. "But will ye take away yerself an' take yer arm out o' thet." "Oh," said Oiney in surprise. "Is that where my arm is?" Yet absentmindedly he went on philosophizing upon man's lonely lot had not God given him lovely woman to be a joy and a blessing forever. Del whiled away the early morning hours for Eosie, the maid, and poor Chris and Joe Eegan smoked their pieces of pipe. When the gray dawn began to filter through the blackness of the night, Hattie and Eosie who now had to begin their day's work, bade their sweethearts a merry good-bye after promising to meet them on Sunday evening at the Crooked Bridge. THE VOTER'S DOMINANT PRINCIPLES SHOULD BE. WHAT THEY ROY V. DERR, '10. .NDIVIDUAL right of franchise is the heart of a demo-cratic government. The stability and perpetuity of a nation such as ours depend upon the righteous use of the ballot-box j while corruption and dissolution are the fruit of its abuse. The right to vote becomes a cherished privi-lege by the young man as he approaches twenty-one. At this point a searching question confronts him. Will he be influenced by seductive tradition and paternal inheritance? Will he con-tinue to cast his vote as father always did? Or will he permit his privilege to be directed by certain guiding principles? This is the vital question. When one thinks of the untutored multi-tudes who become the prey of scheming politicians, it becomes an THE MERCURY. 13 important question. But what should these dominant motives, of action be? If our voter is a man of any education or good judgment, he will seek to have a general knowledge of the country's condition and needs. He aims to know the issues at stake, and the plat-form of his chosen party with regard to them. Why ? That he may decide whether the candidate in question is fully qualified for the position. In other words he will endeavor to vote intel-ligently. Not merely boasting a long ancestry who were stal-wart Democrats or life-long Eepublicans. Very often such a spirit is but ignorant pride and betrays the lack of intelligence and reason. The voter should not only be able to state his party,, but also to tell why it is his preference. But the careful voter will not stop with an investigation into the ability of the candidate to fill the duties of office. He goes further and deeper. He will seek to know the aspiring office seeker as a man. What is his character? A man of self-con-trol and integrity ? Will he prove faithful to the trust ? These questions must be answered affirmatively by the conscientious voter. Strict sense of civic duty demands nothing less. The loyal citizen will not cast his vote for incompetent or unworthy men out of mere favor or friendly acquaintance. To do so weak-ens the dictates of his moral conscience. The highest motives should control our franchise; the prosperity of the State, the-welfare of the community, and the best interests' of all concerned. This is true loyalty and genuine patriotism. Above all, for the thoughtful man the dominant principle will be party subordinate to the man. Some one may ask would not such universal independent voting destroy political parties? They are essential to counter-balance one another in government. In answer the true voter will use his influence in securing the best men on the party ticket of his preference, if for some reason these are not chosen, but undesirable nominees instead, the strict sense of civic duty will compel him to refuse to vote for those men. Partisanship must bow before right and duty. Prejudice and tradition must yield to justice and intelligence. It is bet-ter to cut one's ticket and prove traitor to one's party than to iise one's franchise in voting for incompetent or unworthy men. Then he will have nothing to regret. L GETTYSBURG COLLEGEI Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY ^^^■^^^^B^^^H 14 THE MERCURY. Who is to blame for corruption in politics? For partisan legislation and bad government? Those holding office we say. But our nation is a democracy! We boast of the rule of the-people! The boomerang springs back upon the voter himself. Corrupt legislation reflects itself upon the public at large. If office holders prove unloyal to their country's trust, it shows that the voters were not careful enough to elect the best men. This situation is but a practical application of the fable in which the indulgent master gives shelter, under his tent, to the imploring ass who in turn ungratefully kicks him out! What, then, should be the voter's dominant principles? To serve his country and State, not only party and self. To know the needs and conditions of his nation or community. To elect the man best fitted to fill the position, that is the man of capabil-ity and character. The former involves the ability to discharge his duties well and efficiently. The latter includes those quali-ties of honesty and integrity as will enable the office holder to stand fearlessly against bribery, partiality or injustice. Such is the type of man whom the true voter will strive to elect. So long as the right of franchise is jealously guarded and highly prized, there will be no need to fear the downfall of our repub-lic. But she shall ascend higher as a moving power in the eyes of the civilized world. Her destiny will not approach soon, but with the oncoming years, she shall exert an untold influence-among the nations of the world. THE MERCURY. 15 IS GERMANY A MENACE TO THE WORLD'S PEACE ? C. M. ALLABACH, '11. T can hardly be denied by those who have noticed the trend of international politics that Germany is the greatest obstacle to the world's peace to-day. This has become strikingly evident in recent years. Diplomatic relations between the English and Germans have been strained for more than a decade. The famous Kruger tele-gram of 1896, the intense commercial rivalry, the hostile attitude of the German people during the Boer War, the biting criticism of the press, and finally, the manifest intention of Germany to wrest from Great Britain her maritime supremacy, have all com-bined to make the situation critical. To England, this mari-time supremacy is a matter of life and death; to Germany, it is an object of mere desire or ambition. Examples of German aggressiveness are numerous. The first American experience of it was in the Samoan Islands in 1888, and a second in 1898, when Germany sent a powerful fleet to the Philippine Islands. Japan felt it in 1895 when Germany joined Russia and France in forcing her to recede from the Liao-Tung Peninsula which bore no small weight in furthering and hasten-ing the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. All Europe and America was unfavorably impressed by the attitude of the Ger-mans in the Boxer uprising. Then, too, it is generally known that Germany took the initiative in the Venezuelan blockade in 1M2, and since the power of Russia has been considerably les-sened by the Russo-Japanese War, the Germans appear to be even more aggressive than before. These actions truly speak louder than words, but the words are not lacking either. The German Kaiser's speeches are teeming with expressions which clearly reveal the German attitude. Among many others he said at Cologne in 1897: "We have great duties in the world. There are Germans everywhere whom we must protect. German prestige must be preserved abroad. The trident belongs in our hands." In 1900, upon delegating to Prince Henry the command of the Oriental fleet, he said: "Im-perial power is sea power. The two are mutually dependent. 16 THE MERCURY. Should anyone infringe our rights, then use the mailed fist and earn your laurel wreath." To departing soldiers he used such terms as these: "Spare nobody." "Take no prisoners." "Give no quarter." Such expressions are not the mere workings of an individual's maind, but are the sentiments of a nation expressed through its chief executive. It is true, too, that Germany is the greatest obstacle to the policy of limitation of armaments and obligatory arbitration. It was with great difficulty that the German government was per-suaded to consent to the establishment of the permanent Court of Arbitration. She opposed nearly every policy advocated by England. She held strict views of belligerant rights and voted against every specific proposal of obligatory arbitration. The Germans have rejected the advances since made by the English to enter upon an Anglo-German understanding concern-ing the cost and extent of their naval programs, claiming that no formal proposal has been made and therefore no official transac-tions have followed. Since Germany was not in harmony with the proposals of the Hague Conference, there seems to be but one remedy to check the steadily growing martial spirit of the sturdy Germans, namely, an alliance between the two greatest branches of the Anglo-Saxon race, England and America. Unless some such alliance is formed, the law of "the survival of the fittest" will be the outcome; of which the fittest is the strongest, the best or-ganized, and the most unscrupulous. A NARROW ESCAPE. R. L. MCNALLY, '13. JHNEAKEY was feeling blue that night as we sat together in the lobby of The Eoyal. He awaiting the arrival of a certain well-padded person, whom he pleased to call his victim,—and very impressibly informed me would be his last one,—while I was trying to pass away the night of idleness. Sneakey started to tell me all about his intended re- THE MERCURY. 17 form, and was in the midst of a "profound resolve" with his fist in the air intending to bring it down on the handle of my chair, when the arrival of a ponderous white steam car arrested his at-tention and without a sign or signal he arose from where he sat walked over to the door where the fat and hearty autoist would have to enter. Only once did he glance back at me, and then very quickly. I thought 1 noticed a shade of distress in that glance, but dismissed the thought of the fact that Sneakey, above all, would ever shrink from a job. Sneakey followed this particular individual over to the desk and watched him register, lighting a cigarette in a cool and un-interested fashion, but carefully noticing in his mind the rooms to be occupied by this person. He didn't return to where I was sitting, a very wise thing on his part, but strolled over to the bil-liard room, where fifteen minutes later, I found him actively en-gaged in a game with a stately looking, shifting-eyed sport. I walked on through and out on the street, took a car, and was soon in my room snugly seated in my large chair, planning, and thinking I had spotted a large elegantly finished mansion across the park, occupied solely by an old gentleman of eccentric habits. his brother, two house maids, and a general utility man. Next morning after breakfast I strolled across the park to in-vestigate my intended loot and map out a course that would be sure to bring me safely to my goal. I bought a paper afterwards and nothing could be printed clearer, nor more prominent to me than the little three-lined announcement that Sneakey, the one and only friend I had to depend upon, had been intercepted in an attempt to enter the rooms of a wealthy guest and was being held for trial. Of all the news, this was the most distressing. But what could I do but accept it as a present from our dreaded enemies, the plain clothes men. I did not know what to do for tools, and to attempt such a task alone would be almost fool-hardy, and Sneakey's presence was an excellent solution to both of these quanderies. But, since he was taken into the strong arms of the police, I could do nothing else than depend on luck. It was now 10.30 A. M., and I thought I might run across an old acquaintance, but there was none I could think of, let alone trust as an accomplice. After dinner I made a list of what I t^^^m^^^m 18 THE MERCURY. was in need of and among the things I needed most was a pair of wire nippers in case I would need them. Now I knew that Sneakey had a pair so I walked over to his room, having to pass the seat of my night's work, and picked the lock. Hanging across the back of a chair was a coat made up with the lining of a smoking jacket. I quickly realized its value and took it over to a tailor's and ordered it pressed, and put into proper shape. In the pocket of this coat I found a cigar which I took as a charm for my safety because I found it in the pocket of the most valuable tool I could have possibly came across. Placing the cigar carefully in my pocket the next thing to do was to get a mate at all hazzards. Scotty kept a rather notable pool room where I had been in the habit of spending some time and where I knew I could find a collection of choicest men of my profession. On entering I could hardly believe myself when who should step up and shake my hand but Harry Musser. I hadn't seen him for years, and why, I'm sure, is not because he had fallen into the same ill luck as Sneakey. I told him all of my plans and asked him to go along and help "cinch it," but woe for my hopes; he had a job on hand at White Flains, and was leaving that night on the 11.30 boat to ge to White Plains about 2 A. M., and be safe from all view to carry out his aim. Well, this was the last hope, and I decided to go alone. I saw Harry off and returning to my room put on the coat nicely tailored, and walked across the park and on around to the rear entrance of this house. Just as I entered the hedge I heard West Hall Hedge clock strike one. Walking up to the porch I started operations by climbing the vine, since I had to dispense with Sneakey's excellent tact of pitching a rope ladder. Gaining the level of the window sill I swung across and caught hold of the sill and hung suspended until I could grasp the shutter and pull myself up so that I could place my foot against the opposite side of the window frame and gradually work myself up inch by inch until I was standing on the sill holding on to the shutters. I was starting to work on the win-dow when I heard somebody walking on the pavement. When he got opposite the place where I was he stopped, lit a cigar and gazing aimlessly about, turned his steps and walked up the gravel walk and sat down on the porch almost under me and smoked. THE MERCURY. 19 After about fifteen minutes I did not see or hear him stir, and concluded he was asleep. Much was my chagrin when I found the window pulled up tight against the upper frame. To get in was almost impossible, and to get back to where I came from, was impossible. I had to decide some way. I knew that it would be safer to get out through the house than to get past that night watchman below, so taking a small finger-nail clip from my pocket, I dig two crescent shaped holes in the window frame, and placing my fingers in them bent all my effort toward pulling it down. It yielded, and carefully lowering it, I climbed in, down on the floor and I thought noislessly over to view my room in general, when all of a sudden, the lights were turned on brightly and a small buz sounded on the wall which I knew was a signal. Then locating the door, I made for it, but was barred by a huge porpous of a man whom I concluded was the butler. I had to pass him to liberty, and being much smaller, knew a struggle would be useless. I waited until he charged, then side-stepping I gave him a lucky stroke in the stomach. He wasn't long in the fight. Throwing my hat in a corner, I ran my fingers through my hair, put the coat inside out, the cigar in my mouth, ran down to the front door, to escape, preparing lest the police should arrive before I got away. Two officers were coming down the pavement at a good speed. I did not know what to do in so-tight a place. I decided to use strategy, so assuming a horrified expression, I called to them that here was the place, and ex-plained that the old gentleman had became suddenly worse, and that I was sent by him to bring his son, who lived some distance-from the house. That story wasn't believed in full by them, and! they decided to go along with me to bring his son. The two fol-lowed me for a square, and then stopping, I reasoned that two of them should go back to the old man, and assist the butler in car-ing for him, while the other officer and I went for the son. To this they agreed, and we two sped, where, I did not know until, reaching into the pocket of this coat, my hand fell upon the wire nippers. I just happened to think of Sneakey. I knew he wouldn't be in his room so I made a short cut there and pound-ing on the door received no reply, until a doctor next door put his head outside the door and informed us that that gentleman mi^^^^^^^^^^^^mwg^^^^^^^^^^^^^m 20 THE MEECUET. had left yesterday morning and had not returned yet. Now I knew to go along back to the house would mean my arrest so I told the officer that he should go on back to assist the other officer and the butler, while I awaited until this doctor would dress and go along with me, that we would follow in a few moments. When the officer left, I feigning that I intended to wait, followed after him down to the street level and proceded over by a back street to my rooms. Next day I learned of Sneakey's sentence of two years and went around, packed up his furniture to store it. In the pro-cess of this packing I was assisted by this doctor who told me of the very strange call he had last night. THE "BACK HOME" BOY. EDWIK C. HOBBOW, '12. EE we, the great American people, interested in the farmer boy? "We are. Why should the attention of the richest, most commercial nation of the earth turn to the humble youth of sunburnt face and freckled nose "back home ?" There are several conspiring reasons which cause the lines of national interest to deflect from their normal course toward that obscure spot on the map where is growing to man-hood the average country boy. One of the first reasons, perhaps, is to be found in the fact that he is "the boy back home." Somebody has said, "God made the country, but man made the town." Well, what man made the town? It was the man from the country; and it is the man from the country who is making the town grow and prosper to-day. It is from the hay-field rather than from the gutter; from the garden rather than from the crowded quarters of the town, that men are being drafted to fight the great battle of the world's market place and public halls. The bulk of brains, the brawn, and the character of this country has come from the country; and from the country will come at least many of our big men of the succeeding gen-eration. THE MERCURY. 21 The country boy is running America to-day; his name is legion. Abraham Lincoln, the greatest monument in American history, has established a standard of idealism for all American frontier boys. President Eoosevelt was a western rancher. William Jennings Bryan, who, despite conflicting views and re-gardless of politics, is an international character, wears overalls on his Nebraska farm. Anthony Comstock, one of the greatest and best moral forces in America to-day, came from a New Eng-land farm. Homer Davenport, one of the best known political cartoonists in the country, grew up on a far western farm. And so the list may continue down along the directory of the "Who is Who"—including United States senators, merchant princes, economic, scientific and philosophic authorities; light of the bar and pulpit; writers, artists and musicians; there is no seat of the mighty where the farmer boy has not sat. If there is anybody in this whole country of ours who is a free citizen, it is the country boy. He is as free as everything about him,—the air, the sunshine, the birds, the snow. Out here in God's own country, a boy can not help growing to manhood brave and strong and clear-minded. Simple taste, simple appe-tites, a simple home, these are a wholesome curriculum for a boy's individual education. Plain food, regular hours, and plenty of healthful exercise,—these create a strong body, the only fit setting for a strong mind. The farmer boy grows up away from the atmosphere of riotous vice. He is not bred in the shadow of corporate domination and "higher ups;" he recognizes no "higher up" in this world than his Father. He is imbued with the faith that a man who dares can, and that a man who can should. He has confidence in himself, and belief in his future. That is what we by times call by one of several names: Energy, backbone, enterprise, jasm, initiative, perseverance, grit, gump-. tion. Whatever it is, it is a winnig quality,—it is power. The thoughtful men are realizing this to-day as they never-did before. Employers know it and want young men from the country; educators feel it and rejoice over the country bred scholar. The voter knows it; and the politician knows that he knows it, with the result that we get in office to-day some honest and fearless men, who stand for the best in American polities,, though tied until almost powerless. 22 THE MERCURY. It is no disgrace to have come from the country, and the boy from the country need not be afraid to apply for a job. His record is good, and nothing need stand between him and success. THE EVOLUTION OF THE BEAST. EDWARD N. FRYE, '10. |OWJST from the mountains came two beasts into a plain upon which grew a few blades of grass; they stood facing each other with snarls. Finally the battle be-gan to rage as to which should get those few blades. It became a life and death struggle, and the turmoil was great. It was a case of the survival of the fittest. The strong one con-quered and the grass was his. The other lay in the dust and gore with his life slowly ebbing away. Thus as I look out over this great country and see the strug-gle of man for life, for liberty and for progress, and then think that he is called beast and materialist, I am reminded of the story of the beasts. The charge is not wholly untrue. Man is a materialist, but a materialist by necessity, a materialist because he is a creature of society and society is warring to keep him bound. His materialism is a bread and butter problem. His materialisms are the necessities of life, nourishment of the body and a life with its comforts. The problem is how shall he pro-cure those necessities upon which his life depends, and how can he add to his daily life those comforts. These are the foremost thoughts in his mind. His hunger must be satisfied and his body clothed, likewise he must care for his wife and his children. Of course he is a materialist and what else could he be. What would give him existence? Surely not spiritualism. The life of man is made up of more or less materialistic wants. And he has been called a materialist because he is forced to center all thought on these wants. He has been called a materialist be-cause he is demanding that which by right is his and which so-ciety will not grant. He has been called a materialist because the other big beast, capitalism, is contending with him for the THE MERCURY. 23 last blade of grass. He is being driven to the very brink of de-spair with only one thought: "How can I live," and with one problem to solve: "How can I procure bread and butter." He is forced further and further to the point of starvation and still that mighty hand reaches out to grasp more from his little to swell its fortune or fill its coffers. Thus the working man is forced to lift up his voice and cry for his rights when the Ameri-can aristocracy consider him nothing more than a machine to further their interests. Whentheworkingman is reduced to a thing he becomes a materialist by necessity. He cannot lie back on the oars and pray that the Almighty God may give him bread, for then he would starve. He is therefore compelled to concentrate his energy, to rise up against such conditions and let his voice be, heard in order that he may receive that which by divine right is his. Then only when he receives that right can he turn his at-tention to the other phase of life, the spiritual side. To bring this about there must be an evolution of social condi-tions, not a revolution as the one who stands without the turmoil describes. The working man must rise up out of his present condition and let it be known that he is not a mere beast for the purpose of serving capitalistic interests and when of no more use to be turned off to starve or to be an object of charity. The capitalist, who is the real materialist, and in a sense a pragma-tist, must realize that the so-called brute is his social brother, born with all the privileges of a human being and with a soul that is equally precious in the sight of God. The capitalist must recognize that life is not a mere dream for the other fellow, but that it is a reality demanding a certain share of this world's goods to make it a joy and to prepare that soul for its rightful inheritance. This will take place when he ceases to say of his social brother: "Beast, beast," and in turn shows him his love. If the capitalist would change his perspective what a change would surely be in human affairs and in human lives. How much strife would be eliminated and how much deeper would be the spiritual life. Then man could think more seriously of things that are spiritual. The stomach of the working man would be filled and his physical wants attended to. You must satisfy those physical wants before you can hope to have him seek the wants of the soul or to develop him spiritually. 24 THE MERCURY. THE SPIRIT OF THE PLACE. HARVEY S. HOSHOUR, '10. S the autumn twilight closed in upon the old Thomaaton campus, so fraught with traditions and memories of a century's existence, there seemed to be an element of discontent, quite foreign to the place indeed, which per-meated everyone. Grant Hilsey, if the conversations which were conducted in low tones throughout the quadrangle were correct, the cause of all this discord, was throwing off his football togs in a room luxuriously furnished in every appointment. He then took a quick shower and dressed thoughtfully. Yes he was right. Something would happen tonight. Something must happen. What should he do ? Should he go to the mass-meeting or stay in his room? What was best for the college? All these ques-tions played havoc in Hilsey's mind while he was dressing and while he ate a late supper at the training table: The old chapel on the hill was that night the scene of the largest mass meeting Thomaston had ever known. Tomorrow-was the day for the "big" game with Greenvale, and the slogan of the meeting was, "Thomaston expects every man to do his duty." After speeches short and to the point by various mem-bers of the faculty, the 'Varsity men were called for one by one, and responded with short talks, promising their best efforts on the morrow. "What's the matter with Captain Hilsey?" shouted the cheer leader. The answer was an irresolute, "He's all right," amid a hubbub of hisses and jeers. The cheer leader looked aghast. "Let's see him. We want Hilsey," clamored the crowd, seem-ingly ashamed of its first action. Every one turned to the rear whence they expected Hilsey to come but there was no answer. Hilsey was not there. The captain had come into the meeting late and had sat in the rear, listening to his men as they spoke. He, too, would do his best to win. How could he lose, leading men with such spirit? Then came the jeers. He had known they must come, but he could not check the hot tears that kept swelling to his eyes. There was still one chance. He was in the rear seat and had not THE MERCURY. 25 been noticed in the excitement of the evening. H suited his ac-tion to the thought, and when the crowd turned to look for him, he had gone forth, unseen and alone. The leader shook his megaphone for silence and said in a voice that quivered just a bit, for he was a friend of the captain, "Pel-lows, tonight we have insulted one of the best captains Thomas-ton has ever known. He has picked the team with the best in-terests of the college at heart, regardless of what his enemies may say. For four years we have seen Grant Hilsey fighting for Thomaston honor. Where is the man who ever saw him betray the college. We have elected him captain, and upon him our hopes of beating Greenvale depend, and yet we hear criticisms, "improvements," and even jeers on the eve of our gratest game. It's mighty fortunate he isn't here to see this, for you know the Hilsey pride and its hard to tell what any one of us wouldn't do under his circumstances. Now fellows, lets make it so he can hear it. "What's the matter with Hilsey?" "He's all right," came back witht the roar of thunder. The dissatisfaction over the picking of the team and the captain himself seemed to be go-ing fast. "Who's all right?" Hilsey," re-echoed the crowd. "We want Hilsey," they yelled, but none appeared. The leader again motioned for silence. "Boys," he said, "one more rick-etyax for Captain Hilsey." The yell was given with a lust. All feeling was gone now in the spirit of the place which gripped every man in a way which was irresistible. With a "last long ray for the 'Varsity," the most successful mass meeting Thomas-ton had ever seen was over. When Grant Hilsey emerged from the building all seemed a confused mass. He had been publicly insulted and even jeered at. Last year, after the season which had ended by "sweeping Greenvale off the face of the earth," as the Thomastonian had it, he had been the hero of the college. He had made the run that had won for his Alma Mater, and it was quite natural that Hil-sey should be elected captain of next year's eleven. The election had been unanimous. He had come back this fall eager to pro-duce another victorious team, but the material was new and hard to get into shape. He had done his best, fairly and squarely, with the result that his associates characterized him as a deserter, for he had not chosen the, team entirely from his own "clique." 26 THE MERCURY. He was too fair for that. He was also criticized by that class of students—all too common everywhere—whose chief concern it is to kick, who are too good for everybody, yet whom nobody wants, and who still, somehow or other, exercise an influence,—probably only due to their persistency,—on every college community. The result was that Hilsey had become the most unpopular man in the college. As he walked through the campus he had grown to love, his mind was crowded to overflowing. What should he do? The Hilsey pride asserted itself. He would show them. No Hilsey could be played with in this manner. They had said that his team was "crooked." Let them improve on it. They would see that they couldn't do without Grant Hil-sey. Eevenge would be his and sweet would be his revenge. Instead of going to his room Hilsey went across the campus to his fraternity house. It too was deserted. He would send for his trunk after the game. As he sat musing on the porch the old walls loomed up before him. How he longed to graduate. But he was a Hilsey and a Hilsey never gave in. What did he care for the place anyhow? There were surely others just as good. The night train for Watauga was almost empty that night. All traffic was turned toward Thomaston for the morrow's big game. It was too late for Hilsey to go home when the train got in, so he resolved to stop at the hotel till the next day. Through-out the night and the morning his mind was in one vast whirl. He would wait till evening before going home. He remembered that all his people were at Thomaston to see the game. Some-how or other he felt that he was shirking something. Maybe he ought to go back to Thomaston even though his fellows had de-serted him. What did these unworthy sons have to do with old Thomaston anyhow ? He remembered a little essay of his on college spirit, on which he had been complimented highly. He was a Freshman then. He remembered the past three years, their ups and downs, their fortunes and misfortunes. Yes, they were happy years, all too happy but they were gone for good now. The Hilsey pride had shown itself. But that essay on college spirit kept forcing itself into his mind. That was theory he knew, rather sentimental at that. Was there such a thing at Thomaston as real live college THE MERCUKY. 27 spirit? He had done his best but did he have the spirit which could endure all for the sake of the college. Anything but gibes, he thought. But what else had he endured. He had failed at the first trial. He was a failure, a quitter, and Thomaston had expected every man to do his duty. Again the college walls loomed up in his mind. Yes, he loved them, he loved their •every stone, he loved their traditions and their lore. He looked at his watch. Could he make it? The Thomaston spirit asserted itself. He signalled a passing car, which he recognized as one of his father's. "Fast as you can to Thomaston," were his orders. It was a long ride but never for an instant did Hilsey's intentions change. There was such a thing as college spirit, Thomaston spirit. He was completely in its spell. As the car neared the campus he heard the cheer leader call, "Now then Thomaston." It thrilled his very heart. That was Thomaston, his Thomaston. "To my room," he fairly yelled to the chauffeur. The campus was de-serted. Over the green hedge which surrounded the athletic field, he could see a mass of crimson and gold. That meant Thomaston, the Thomaston he longed to fight for. It was the work of a few minutes to jump into his togs. Never was he so proud of the hugh "T" on his sweater. To think that he was so near forfeiting the privilege of wearing it. As he neared the field he heard a count—one-two-three—and then a long drawn out —nothing, all from the opposing side. His heart gave a throb. There was a chance yet. He flung off his sweater. He would show them that the Hil-sey pride was swallowed up in his college spirit. A great shout arose as the wearers of the crimson and gold saw Hilsey. They forgot enmities. He, their only hope, had come back to make them win. His judgment had been vindicated for his team had played wonderfully, and, but for a beautiful kick would have held Greenvale to no score. "Ten minutes to play," announced the time-keeper as Hilsey took his place at quarter. The team had been holding well be-fore. Now with a leader they played an aggressive game. Slowly they marched up the gridiron. Once they lost the ball, only to regain it on downs. Thomaston enthusiasm knew no bounds. There were no spectacular runs, ten yards being the greatest 28 THE MERCURY. single gain. With one minute to play a touch-down was made and the goal kicked. "What's the matter with Hilsey?" again shouted the leader. Never was such a yell heard as when they cried, "He's all right." The game was over. Again the colors of Thomaston flew high. Hilsey was late for supper again that evening. The sun was setting beyond the chapel hill with a blaze of crimson and gold, which seemed to him to be in honor of Thomaston's victory, his victory. The old chapel looked dearer than ever. In a few short months he would receive his diploma there. "It's the spirit of the place," he murmured as a crowd of students came down the street, wood in one hand and oil cans in the other. "There he is now. We want Hilsey," they cried." Yes," he muttered, as he was being hoisted upon the shoulders of his ad-miring fellows, "its the spirit of the place, the college spirit, the Thomaston spirit." I H E HE RCU RV Entered at the Postoffi.ee at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XVII GETTYSBURG, PA., NOVEMBER, 1909 No. 6 Editor in-Chief SAMUEL FAUSOLD, 'IO. Exchange Editor G. E. BOWERSOX, 'io Business Manager PAUL S. MILLER, 'IO Ass't Bus. Managers C. M. ALLABACH,'ii S. T. BAKER, 'II Assistant Editor RALPH E. RUDISILL, 'IO Associate Editors E. J. BOWMAN, 'II C. M. DAVIS, 'II Advisory Board PROF. G. F. SANDERS, A. M. PROF. P. M. BIKLE, FH. D. PROF. C. J. GRIMM, PH. D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary Societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance ; single copies IS cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be ac-companied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. fore, his duty to cultivate it. THE CONYERSA- What a world TIONALIST. of meaning this word contains! What a flood of memories it brings to us! Un-consciously there leaps to the im-agination the pictures of talkers who have given us many a pleas-ant hour. The human voice is probably man's greatest gift. It is his dis-tinguishing feature. It is, there- Indeed this should be his ambi- ^■■■^^^■H 30 THE MEECUEY. tion: to be affable, clear, optimistic and pleasant; to develop a ready wit and the happy accomplishment of speaking the right word at the right time. Indeed to keep silent always is as great a fault as constant babbling. Franklin expressed the idea as follows: "As we must account for every idle word, so we must for every idle silence. Conversation is not a wooden thing; it is elastic, happy and free; it runs, hops and skips. Indeed man's greatest asset is speech and harmonious conversation between two or more should be made the supreme pleasure of life. Conversation costs us nothing in dollars and cents; it com-pletes our education; discovers friends for us and can be enjoyed at all times and in all places. Although conversation is common to all ages, we believe the golden age of youth makes most of it. The young man or woman—particularly the college man or woman—uses the gift of speech to give expression to the bright-est hopes for the future. The collegian, in fact, lives in the fuT ture and oh! what a loss it would be to him to be deprived of the pleasure of building castles in the air. Talk is the great instrument of friendship. By it as Steven-son says, "Men and women contend for each other in the lists of love like rival mesmerists. By it friends can measure strength and enjoy that amicable counter-assertion of personality which is the gauge of relations and the sport of life." Conversation generally drifts to the two great subjects, "You and I." Of course the third party may be given passing consid-eration but vain humanity can not long escape the subjective. This fact is quite noticeable in the chat of two college chums. It invariably has to with the welfare of the speakers directly or in-directly. This being the case the conversationalist should be careful to clothe his old subjects in new garments and to bring them forth from the mint, as it were, with new and ever delight-ful aspects. Yes, let us continue to talk! Let us enjoy our talks, but let us seek to find more and more ways to benefit from them. THE American business world is a rapidly flowing river. To get into this rapidly moving stream, man must hustle and not be slothful. The competitions of modern life have become so keen THE MERCURY. 31 that there are no opportunities for the lazy. Man must either work or go to the wall. In every community this fact is under-stood but too often not believed. Should not these student days be hours of industry and benefit ? Many a night is spent in folly and the following day suffers. The only real and lasting enjoy-ment in life is to be found in work. Everything which man creates decays when neglected, but nothing in nature goes to pieces so fast as man in idleness. The conditions of all our faculties and enjoyments are found in the full exercise of all our powers to the limit of their capacity. There are examples of college men ad inflnitissium whose voice touches no sympathetic chord in the activities of to-day. Their thoughts never got beyond college politics and rivalries of secret societies. They have always been idlers and now are hopeless failures. As in the lower life the busy bees have no room for the drone, so in a college community the diligent students have no room for the dilatory. Let us conscientiously answer the ever-present question would our parents approve of their money's time and benefit ? and give tireless attention to our own work and advancement and when the commencement clock strikes we shall all be ready for our liberal professions. EXCHANGES. | GAIN it becomes our pleasant duty to examine and com-ment on our exchanges. We are gratified to see so many of the former papers again appear this year; as well as many new ones. A few of the former ex-changes have not yet made their appearance, but we trust it is only a matter of a short time until we shall again have the pleas-ure of receiving them. The matter of criticism is quite a relative one; some papers choose to tear every thread of good out of productions by hostile criticism; others are too apt in praising. It has always been our custom to act the part of appreciative critics in dealing with our friends. Of course there is often a necessity to make the harsher 32 THE MERCURY. kind of criticism, but in so doing we shall always do it with a friendly spirit and trust no offense is taken. Of the few exchanges to reach our hands this year one of the best is "The Gilford Collegian;" its departments are all well ordered and literary contributions are of a high order. The ora-tion, "The Solid South," is a very pertinent production; it deals in a broad and sensible manner with the reasons of southern solidity and shows how the causes for it no longer exist and that the idea belonging to a past time should be relegated to its pro-per place by the thoughtful citizens. The story, "The Heart of a Woman," in the same issue is very clearly written and not only causes much amusement but some serious thought. The October issue of "The College Student" is filled with well written articles. "The Crime of the Congo" and "The Crucible of Life" show much preparation and skillful arrangement of material. "We gratefully acknowledge all exchanges received. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. IN this Drama of Four Year's Course, Play your part without dad's horse ; This to do is up to you With just a little tact between each yearly act, In some domain take a stroll And sell ALUMINUM for next year's Role (roll). Every summer hundreds of students make BIG MONEY selling Aluminum Cooking Utensils. For particulars address LOUIS HETZEL, Gettysburg College, GETTYSBURG, PA. THE STEWART & STEEN CO., COLLEGE ENGRAVERS, 1024 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA. MAKERS OF INVITATIONS, PROGRAMS, MENUS, VISITING CARDS, DANCE CARDS, MONOGRAMS, CLASS AND FRATERNITY STATIONERY. P. S. MILLER, '10, Representative, Who has a full line of samples. EDUCATION The times an .1 the Schools demand that the best things shall be done and in the best manner. Watermans^FountainPen accomplishes everything that can be required of a good writing in-strument. Made to last for years of service and give its owner the satisfaction which comes with owning "the best." From all dealers. The Globe trade-mark i» our guarantee .742 Market St. San Frm 136 St. Jftinei St., Moi.trenl 12 Golden L*n«. ton-ton G Ru« A* lUnovm Paris PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. FUIOTTU^E Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. - Telephone No. 97. H. B. BENDER. 37 Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, Pa. EDGAR C. TAWNEY BAKER West Middle Street. J. B. WINEMAN, DEALER IN CHOICE FAMILY GROCERIES, PROVISIONS AND FRUITS, BOARDING CLUBS A SPECIALTY. L. WEIGAND, DEALER IN FRESH AND CURED MEATS OF ALL KINDS-Boarding Clubs a Specialty. §003^5 f^e5tQUPQDt, No. 7 Chambersburg Street. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. EMIL ZOTHE, College Emblems, Engraver, Designer and Manufacturing Jeweler, 722 Chestnut St., Phil delphia. Specialties: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through G. F. Kieffer. Charles S. Mumper, DEALER IN FURNITURE, PICTURE FRAMES OF ALL SORTS REPAIR WORK DONE PROMPTLY I will also BUY or EXCHANGE any SECOND-HAND FURNITURE No. 4 Chambersburg street, Gettysburg, Pa. D. J. Swartz, DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. —IS— OHLER BRO.'S RESTAURANT, First National Bank Bld'g. The place to eat the best Ice Cream. QUICK LUNCH and Oysters in season. Your Photographer, If not, why not? 41 Baltimore St., Gettysburg. FLEMMING I BAIR'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrange-ments by telegram or letter. Dock Bock 257. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. WINDSOR HOTEL, W. T. BRUBAKEB, Manager. Midway between Broad St. Station and Reading Terminal on Filbert St. A convenient and homelike place to stay while in the city shopping. An excellent restaurant where good service combines with low prices. BOOMS $1.00 PER DAY AND UP. The only moderate priced hotel of reputation and consequence in PHILADELPHIA. The Modern Steam Laundry . . OF YORK . . Offers the COLLEGE STUDENTS first-class work at Special Low Prices. E. C. STOUFFER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. The Baltimore Medical College Preliminary Fall Course begins September ist. Regular Winter Course begins September 20th. Liberal teaching facilities ; Modern college buildings; Comfortable lecture hall and amphitheatres ; Large and complete equipped laboratories; Capacious hospital and dispensary; Lying-in department for teaching clinical obstetrics ; Large clinics. Send for catalogue. Address DAVID STREETT, M. D., Dean, N. E. Cor. Madison St., and Linden Ave., Baltimore, Md. COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORK MEANS TASTY WORK CAREFULLY DONE. MENU CARDS WINDOW" POSTERS LETTER HEADS ENVELOPES DANCE CARDS TICKETS Programs of all kinds. Everything the College Man wants in Paper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper, done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life.
Entrepreneurship education dianggap mempunyai pengaruh terhadap nascent halalpreneurial intention. Penelitian ini menggunakan mahasiswa Muslim di Indonesia yang sedang atau telah menempuh mata kuliah kewirausahaan sebagai obyek penelitian. Selain itu, entrepreneurship education dapat menjadi faktor penting timbulnya commitment to entrepreneurship pada mahasiswa dan menumbuhkan niat berbisnis dikalangan mahasiswa. Hal ini karena entrepreneurship diakui sebagai cara untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja dan mengurangi pengangguran. Menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kuesioner yang disebarkan secara online kepada responden mahasiswa Muslim, ditemukan bahwa entrepreneurship education dan commitment to entrepreneurship berkaitan dengan nascent halalpreneurial intention pada mahasiswa Muslim di Surabaya. Kata Kunci: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship education, Commitment to entrepreneurship, Innovativeness, Nascent halalpreneurial intention. ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship education is considered to have an influence on nascent halalpreneurial intention. This study uses Muslim students in Indonesia who are currently taking or have taken entrepreneurship courses as research objects. In addition, entrepreneurship education can be an important factor in generating commitment to entrepreneurship among students and fostering business intentions among students. This is because entrepreneurship is recognized as a way to create jobs and reduce unemployment. Using quantitative research methods and questionnaires distributed online to Muslim student respondents, it was found that entrepreneurship education and commitment to entrepreneurship were related to nascent halalpreneurial intention to Muslim students in Surabaya. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship education, Commitment to entrepreneurship, Innovativeness, Nascent halalpreneurial intention. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adam, A., & Fayolle, A. (2015). Bridging the entrepreneurial intention-behaviour gap: The role of commitment and implementation intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 25(1), 36-54. Alam, M. Z., Kousar, S., Rehman, C. A. (2019). Role of entrepreneurial motivation on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour: Theory of planned behaviour extension on engineering students in Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(10), 1-20. Ayalew, M. M. (2020). Bayesian hierarchical analyses for entrepreneurial intention of students. Journal of Big Data, 7(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00293-x. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT) sebesar 7,07 persen. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/11/05/1673/agustus-2020--tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-7-07-persen.html. Baliamoune-Lutz, M., & Garello, P. (2015). The effect of tax progressivity on the quality of entrepreneurship: How significant is the phenomenon of "poor entrepreneurship"?. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2585567 Bosma, N., Schott, T., Terjesen, S., & Kew, P. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 to 2016: Special topic report on social entrepreneurship. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2786949]. Bosma, N., & Kelley, D. (2019). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2018/2019 global report. Chile: Gráfica Andes. Bustamam, U. S. A. (2012). Growth strategy of Malay entrepreneurs – challenges and opportunities: A Malaysian. Malaysia: Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1): 186–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.186 Hamdi, A. S. & Bahruddin, E. (2014). Metode penelitian kuantitatif aplikasi dalam pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. Haryono, S. (2016). Metode SEM untuk penelitian manajemen dengan AMOS LISREL PLS. Bekasi: Badan Penerbit PT. Intermedia Personalia Utama. Hassan, A., Saleem, I., Anwar, I., & Hussain, S. A. (2020). The entrepreneurial intention of Indian university students: The role of opportunity recognition and entrepreneurship education. Education & Training, 62(7/8), 843-861. https://doi. org/10.1108/ET-02-2020-0033 Hejazinia, R. (2015). The impact of IT-based entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 2(3), 243–253. Linan, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Piccolla Impresa/Small Business, 3(1), 11–35. Hussain, A., & Norashidah, D. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions of Pakistani students. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 2(1), 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jebi.v2i1.7534 Enggartiasto tingkat kewirausahaan di indonesia rendah. (2018). https://republika.co.id/berita/ekonomi/korporasi/18/10/18/pgsax3383enggartiasto-tingkat kewirausahaan-di-indonesia-rendah Jena, R. K. (2020). Measuring the impact of business management Student's attitude towards entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 107(December 2018), 106275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106275 Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. (2017). Terjemahan Al-Qur'an. Jakarta: Kemenag RI. Kibler, E. (2012). Formation of entrepreneurial intentions in a regional context. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(3-4), 293-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.721008 Koyviriyakul, K. (2016). The intention of software developers to be startup entrepreneurs. Unpublished master thesis, Bangkok: Thammasart University. Kurniawan, R. (2013). Pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran teaching factory 6 langkah (TF-6M) dan prestasi belajar kewirausahaan terhadap minat wirausaha. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan, 10(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.17509/invotec.v10i1.5092 Linan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross‐cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593- 617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x Margharita, B., Panagiotis, K., Yves, P., & Lieve, V. (2016). EnterComp: The entrepreneurship competence framework. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2791/160811 Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X Munawaroh. (2018). The effect of problem-based learning (PBL) method on students critical thinking skills on entrepreneurship practice course (a study on economics education department in the college education and teachers' training PGRI Jombang East Java Indonesia). Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(1). Nabi, G., Liñan, F., Fayolle, A., Krueger, N., & Walmsley, A. (2017). The impact of entrepreneurship education in higher education: A systematic review and research agenda. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 16(2), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2015.0026 Nowiński, W., Haddoud, M. Y., Lančarič, D., Egerová, D., & Czeglédi, C. (2019). The impact of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and gender on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the Visegrad countries. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1365359. Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. (2016). Entrepreneurship education: a systematic review of the evidence. International Small Business Journal 25(5), 479-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242607080656 Ratnasari, R. T. (2020). Halal tourism based on value creation. Al-Uqud : Journal of Islamic Economics, 4(2), 268-284. https://doi.org/10.26740/al-uqud.v4n2.p268-284 Ratnasari, R. T., Gunawan, S., Possumah, B. T., Widiastuti, T., & Herianingrum, S. (2019). Halal food certification for improving the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises, Opcion, 35(22), 510-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i13.4266 Ratnasari, R. T., Ula, U. F., & Sukmana, R. (2020). Can store image moderate the influence of religiosity level on shopping orientation and customers' behavior in Indonesia?. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 12(1), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2017-0006 Rasli, A. M., Khan, S.U., Malekifar, S., & Jabeen, S. (2013). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among graduate students of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 182-188. Ruskovaara, E., & Pihkala, T. (2015). Entrepreneurship education in schools: Empirical evidence on the teacher's role. The Journal of Educational Research, 108(3), 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.878301 Sherkat, A., & Chenari, A. (2020). Assessing the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in the universities of Tehran province based on an entrepreneurial intention model. Studies in Higher Education, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1732906 Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002 Thompson, E. K. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x. Tuazon, G., Bellavitis, C., & Filatotchev, I. (2018). Nascent entrepreneurship research: Theoretical challenges and opportunities. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1–49. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.11583abstract Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2000). The focus of entrepreneurial research: Contextual and process issues. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25(4), http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225870102500405 Utami, W. C. (2017). Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior, entrepreneurship education and self-efficacy toward entrepreneurial intention university student in Indonesia. European Research Studies Journal, 20(2), 475-495. Vamvaka, V., Stoforos, C., Palaskas, T., & Botsaris, C. (2020). Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0112-0 Verhaest, D., & Baert, S. (2018). The effects of workplace learning in higher education on employment and match quality: Is there an early career trade-off? Empirical Economics, 55(3),1229–1270. 10.1007/s00181-017-1308-4 Wals, A. E. (2009). The UNESCO: Review of contexts and structures for education for sustainable development. Paris, France: UNESCO. Wathanakom, N., Khlaisang, J., & Songkram, N. (2020). The study of the causal relationship between innovativeness and entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00125-5 Wei, X., Liu, X., & Sha, J. (2019). How does the entrepreneurship education influence the students' innovation? Testing on the multiple mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557 Welsch, H., Liao, J., Pistrui, D., Oksöy, D., & Huang, W. (2003). Entrepreneurial commitment, sacrifice, motivations and growth aspirations of Chinese entrepreneurs. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.336.6730&rep=rep1&type=pdf Xu, X., Ni, H., & Ye, Y. (2016). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese secondary school students: An empirical study. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17, 625-635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9439-4
Today research in linguistics and discourse analysis is increasingly turning its attention to web-mediated communication, looking at genres which – whether they be derived from migration of traditional genres to the web, or generated anew in the Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environment (Hoffman/Novak 1996) – exhibit properties that are peculiar to this environment (e.g. hypertextuality, dispersion across different layers of the hypertext, configuration in lexias, etc.), making them at least partially different from traditional printed texts. Hence the question of whether the repertoire of analytical tools developed for the latter is suitable for use in the analysis of web-mediated genres. This question has been posed in various methodological perspectives (i.e. text linguistics: e.g. Garzone 2002; genre analysis: e.g. Askehave/Ellerup Nielsen 2005, Garzone 2007; Giltrow/Stein 2009; Santini/Meheler/Sharoff 2010; argumentation theory: Carter 2000; Lewiński 2010; Degano 2012, etc.) This chapter focuses on the weblog, a relatively 'young' web-mediated genre, which has traditionally been seen as characterised by three main constitutive features – the reverse chronology of its entries, the frequent updating, and the combination of links with personal commentary (cf. e.g. Miller/Shepherd 2004: 4; Herring/Kouper et al. 2005: 1) – and by a typically individualistic existential dimension, having originated as a form of communication especially suitable for self expression (Herring/Scheidt et al. 2005; Miller/Shepherd 2004, 2009; Garzone 2012). Another recurrent peculiarity of the blog is that in most cases it consists of two different text formats, posts and comments, which are communicatively heterogeneous and have different characteristics. This chapter uses corpus linguistics to investigate the genre of the weblog, starting with a discussion of the criteria to be applied in the construction of a corpus of texts belonging to this genre, in consideration of its distinctive characteristics, first and foremost the presence of comments in addition to posts. In particular, the analysis focuses on the so called 'blawgs', i.e. blogs used for the dissemination of legal knowledge and for debate in the field of the law. This is one of a diversified range of textual forms in specialised and professional communication into which blogs have evolved, largely losing their original individualistic dimension. Blawgs are quite numerous today being used for various different purposes, e.g. academic and professional duties, forms of scholarship, scholarly conversations and exchanges, instant academic publication (Berman 2006, 2007; Kerr 2006; Solum 2006; Volokh 2006). They also represent a genre that enables writers in this area of specialization to reach much larger audiences than those traditionally addressed. The main purpose of this chapter is to explore the distinctive features of the blawg as a genre in order to verify the degree to which it has changed evolving from a personal, diary-like format at the intersection between private and public (Miller/Shepherd 2004) into a form of academic, professional or journalistic expression, and whether this evolution has been so extensive as to jeopardise its generic integrity. A further aim is to assess the degree of variation within the genre, considering different types of law blogs. The corpus on which this study is based comprises texts from five legal blogs, three from the UK and two from the US, and is examined on the basis of textual evidence retrieved by means of computerized analysis, using Wordsmith Tools 5.0 (Scott 2011). The traits considered are part of the core generic features of the blawg, with special attention for indicators that are associated with the personal/existential component, and in particular self-mention (Hyland 2001), as well as the lexical verbs associated with it, especially metadiscursive and narrative verbs. Some other elements of metadiscourse are also examined as providing evidence of a strong personal authorial presence, in keeping with the originally personal and individualistic character of the genre. In order to identify the peculiarities of the texts analysed within the more general picture of legal communication, the data obtained from the blawg corpus are compared with data relative to other types of (meta)legal texts: research papers included in the law section of the CADIS corpus (courtesy of University of Bergamo, group coordinated by M. Gotti), and with awards from Kluwer Bank, issued from 1998 to 2002. In addition to the literature on web communication referred to above, the specific analytical toolkit deployed in this research includes studies on blogs from various disciplinary perspectives (e.g. Blood 2002; Herring/Kouper et al. 2005; Herring & Paolillo 2006; Puschmann 2007; Giltrow/Stein eds 2009; Myers 2009; Grieve/Biber et al. 2010) as well as studies of law blogs, mainly by legal scholars (e.g. Caron 2006; Kerr 2006). References Askehave, Inger / Ellerup Nielsen, Anne 2004. Webmediated Genres – A Challenge to Traditional Genre Theory. Working Paper nr. 6. Aarhus: Center for Virksomhedskommunication. Berman, D. 2007. More grist for the blog-scholarship debate [Blog post]. Sentencing Law and Policy, March 19, 2007. http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2007/03/more_grist_ for_.html. Berman, D. A. (2006). Scholarship in action: The power, possibilities and pitfalls for law professor blogs. Public Law and Legal Theory Working Series n. 6, Center for Interdisciplinary Law and Policy Studies, the Ohio State University Mortz College of Law, http://ssrn.com/abstract=898174. Blood, Rebecca 2002. Weblogs: A History and Perspective. In We've Got Blog. How Weblogs are Changing our Culture. Cambridge, MA. Perseus, 7-16. Caron, Paul L. 2006, Are Scholars Better Bloggers? Bloggership: How Blogs are Transforming Legal Scholarship. Washington University Law Review, 84/5: 1025-1042. Caron, Paul L. 2006. Are Scholars Better Bloggers? Bloggership: How Blogs are Transforming Legal Scholarship. Washington University Law Review, 84/5: 1025-1042. Carter, Locke M. 2003. Argument in hypertext: Writing strategies and the problem of order in a nonsequential world. Computers and Composition. 20, 3-22. Degano, Chiara 2012. Argumentative Genres on the Web: The Case of Two NGOs' Campaigns. In Campagna, Sandra / Garzone, Giuliana (eds) Evolving Genres in Web-mediated Communication. Bern: Peter Lang, 99-129. Garzone G. 2012. Where Do Web Genres Come from? The Case of Blogs. In Campagna, Sandra / Garzone, Giuliana (eds) Evolving Genres in Web-mediated Communication. Bern: Peter Lang, 227-253. Garzone, Giuliana 2002. Describing E-commerce Communication. Which Models and Categories for Text Analysis?. In Evangelisti, Paola / Ventola, Eija (eds). TEXTUS (English in Academic and Professional Settings). 14/2, 279-296. Garzone, Giuliana 2007. Genres, Multimodality and the World-Wide Web: Theoretical Issues. In Garzone / Catenaccio / Poncini (eds), 15-30. Giltrow, Janet / Stein, Dieter 2009. Genres in the Internet. Innovation, Evolution and Genre Theory. In Giltrow, Janet / Stein, Dieter (eds) Genres in the Internet: Issues on the Theory of Genres. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1-25. Grieve, Jack / Biber, Douglas / Friginal, Eric / Nekrasova, Tatiana 2010. Variations Among Blogs: A Multi-dimensional Analysis. In Mehler, Alexander / Sharoff, Serge/ Santini, Marina. Genres on the Web: Computational Models and Empirical Studies 1st ed. New York: Springer, 303-322. Henninger, Daniel 2006. When Blogs Rule. We'll All Talk Like --- Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2006, A17. Herring, Susan / Paolillo, John C. 2006. Gender and Genre Variation in Weblogs. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10/4, 439-459. Herring, Susan C. / Kouper, Inna / Paolillo, John C. / Scheidt, Lois Ann / Tyworth, Michael / Welsch, Peter / Wright, Elijah / Yu, Ning 2005. Conversations in the Blogosphere: An Analysis 'From the Bottom Up'. Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE. Herring, Susan C. / Scheidt, Lois Ann / Wright, Elijah / Bonus. Sabrina 2005. Weblogs as a bridging genre. Information Technology & People 18/2, 142-171. Hoffman, Donna L. / Novak, Thomas P. 1996. Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations. Journal of Marketing. 60(July), 50-68. Hyland, Ken 2001. Humble Servants of the Discipline? Self-mention in Research Articles. English for Specific Purposes. 20/3, 207-226. Hyland, Ken 2005. Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing. London: Continuum. Kerr, Orin S. 2006. Blogs and the Legal Academy, George Washington University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 203, Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per _id=328150, accessed 1 October 2012. Lewiński, Marcin. 2010. Internet political discussion forums as an argumentative activity type. A pragma-dialectical analysis of online forms of strategic manoeuvring in reacting critically. Amsterdam: SicSat. Available online: at , accessed 1 October 2012. Miller, Carolyn R. / Shepherd, Dawn 2004. Blogging as Social Action: A Genre Analysis of the Weblog. In Gurak, Laura et al. (eds) Into the Blogosphere: Rhetoric, Community, and Culture of Weblogs. , retrieved 04/08/2010. Miller, Carolyn R. / Shepherd, Dawn 2009. Questions for Genre Theory from the Blogosphere. In Giltrow, Janet / Stein, Dieter (eds) Genres in the Internet: Issues on the Theory of Genres. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 263-290. Myers, Greg 2009. The Discourse of Blogs and Wikis. London: Continuum. Puschmann, Cornelius 2009. Lies at Wal-Mart. Style and the Subversion of Genre in the Life at Wal-Mart blog. In Giltrow, Janet / Stein, Dieter (eds) Genres in the Internet: Issues on the Theory of Genres. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 49-84. Santini, Marina / Mehler, Alexander/ Sharoff, Serge. 2010. Riding the Rough Waves of Genre on the Web. In Mehler, Alexander/ Sharoff, Serge/ Santini, Marina. Genres on the Web: Computational Models and Empirical Studies. Scott, Mike 2011. Wordsmith Tools 5.0. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Solum, Lawrence B. 2006. Blogging and the transformation of legal scholarship. Paper presented at Bloggership: How blogs are transforming legal scholarship, http://ssrn.com/paper=898168 Volokh, Eugene 2006. Scholarship, blogging and trade-offs: On discovering, disseminating and doing. Paper presented at Bloggership: How blogs are transforming legal scholarship. Washington University Law Review, 84/5, 1089-110. Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/ vol84/iss5/5
Der Datensatz enthält für die gegebenen Länder jeweils zwei Zeitreihen für die Wohneigentumsquote.
Die erste Zeitreihe besteht aus den Rohdatenpunkten. Die Wohneigentumsquote ist in den meisten Ländern nur zu bestimmen Volks- oder Wohnungszählungszeitpunkten erhoben worden. Deswegen liegen für die Rohdaten Messungen nur zu einzelnen Zeitpunkten vor. Die Rohdaten aller Länder können aus dem Menü 'Beschreibung' (blauer Button) unter dem letzten Punkt 'Materialien zur Studie' / 'Download weiterer Texte zu dieser Studie im PDF Format (Forschungsberichte, Publikationen, Materialien zur Studie)' (orangener Button mit PDF-Symbol) als Excel-Datei heruntergeladen werden.
Die zweite Zeitreihe geht von der gleichen Datengrundlage aus und fügt eine lineare Interpolation hinzu, damit die Variable in Panelanalysen verwendet werden kann. Die lineare Interpolation kann man damit rechtfertigen, dass die Wohneigentumsquote eine sich nur langsam verändernde Größe ist. Ferner zeigen die jüngeren jährlichen Daten aus Umfragen, dass die Reihe keine großen Sprünge macht. Die interpolierten Zeitreihen befinden sich im Datenteil der Studie (orangener Button mit der Aufschrift '146 Zeitreihen (1900-2015) 1 Tabelle). Hier kann die Tabelle entweder komplett downgeloadet werden, oder es können Ländergruppen nach Kontinent oder einzelne Länder ausgewählt werden.
Zur Definition der Wohneigentumsquote, der Ländervergleichbarkeit und länderspezifischen Besonderheiten sollten folgende methodische Punkte berücksichtigt werden:
Erstens gibt es die auf die Wohnungseinheiten basierende Definition der Wohneigentumsquote, die alle selbstgenutzten Wohn-Einheiten zählt und sie durch alle Gebäude-Einheiten teilt. Diese Definition gilt für die Daten, die auf den Wohnungszählungen der Länder basieren, und der Autor S. Kohl bezieht sich auf diese Definition für die frühesten Zeiträume der Wohneigentums-Quoten. Zweitens hängt die auf Gebäude- bzw. Wohn-Einheiten basierende Definition davon ab, was als Gebäude-Einheit zählt und was zum Wohnungsbestand gehört. Die häufigsten internationalen Vergleiche basieren auf UN (UN 1974, Doling 1997: 35: 154) oder EU-Daten, die lediglich die jeweiligen nationalen statistischen Definitionen wiederholen, die sich erheblich unterscheiden (Behring, Helbrecht und Goldrian 2002). Obwohl die Definitionen der Wohneinheit zwischen den OECD-Ländern sehr ähnlich sind (vgl. Donnison und Ungerson 1982: 42), ist die Einbeziehung von z.B. Anhängern, Saison- und Wohnmobilen in den USA eine Ausnahme (US-Census 2013), die rund 7% des Wohnungsbestandes ausmachen und zu einer deutlich überdurchschnittlichenWohneigentumsquote führen. Diese Einheiten würden, wenn sie statistisch signifikant wären, in Deutschland wahrscheinlich nicht als Wohneinheiten gelten. Der Wohnungsbestand kann sich unterscheiden je nach dem, ob Unterkünfte wie Ferienhütten, Zweitwohnsitze, Wohnwagen, Schiffe, saisonale Wohneinheiten, leerstehende oder zeitweise unbewohnte Einheiten als Wohneinheiten behandelt werden. Die deutsche Definition des Wohnungsbestandes gehört zu den konservativeren im Vergleich zu denjenigen anderer nationaler Statistikämter (Destatis 1989: 7, SE / CZR 2004). Die einheitsbasierte Definition wird durch Kriegszerstörungen verzerrt, wie in Deutschland in den 1950er Jahren, als die offizielle Wohneigentumsquote auf Einheitsbasis mit 39,1% angegeben wurde. Die Zerstörung von überwiegend städtischem Wohnungsbau durch Luftschutzbauten hatte den gesamten Wohnungsbestand reduziert. Der Autor stützt sich deshalb im Falle von Deutschland auf die realistischere Hausbesitzquote von 26,7% im Jahr 1950 stützen (Glatzer 1980: 246).
Zweitens gibt es haushaltsbasierte Definitionen der Wohneigentumsquote, die alle Eigentümer-Haushalte (Wohnungs-Eigentümer und Haus-Eigentümer) in das Verhältnis setzt zur Gesamtzahl der Haushalte. Diese Definition, die auf repräsentativen Umfragedaten basiert, ersetzte die auf Wohneinheiten basierenden Daten ab den 1980er Jahren. Der Autor bezieht sich auf diese Definition für die neueren Daten seiner Wohneigentumsquoten. Umfragen berücksichtigen tendenziell Wohnungs- und Hauseigentümer aus den mittleren Klassen stärker als andere Bevölkerungsgruppen. Dies scheint vor allem bei den Eurostat-Umfragen zu gelten, die deutlich höhere Zahlen liefern als nationale Erhebungen, weil das Verhältnis von befragten Eigentümerhaushalten zu allen Befragten höher ist als wohneinheitenbasierte Berechnungen. Dadurch kommt es zu einer Verzerrung bzw. zu höheren Eigentums-Quoten. Aus diesem Grund hat sich der Autor, soweit möglich, auf Quellen außerhalb von Eurostat gestützt, um den Vergleich mit Nicht-EU-Ländern nicht zu verzerren.
Eine dritte Definition ist bevölkerungsbezogen und setzt die in Eigenheimen lebende Bevölkerung in das Verhältnis zur Bevölkerung insgesamt (Braun 2004). Diese Definition führt aufgrund der statistischen Prävalenz von Familien in den Eigentümerhaushalten zu höheren Wohneigentumsquoten als die erstgenannte. Dies ist wichtig, wenn man beispielsweise nach Sozialisationseffekten von Wohneigentum sucht, spielt aber in den Vergleichsdaten dieser Studie keine Rolle.
Weiterhin existiert viertens eine objektbasierte Definition, die sich auf die Anzahl der Haushalte, die Immobilien besitzen, konzentriert. Die Wohneigentumsquote nach dieser Definition kann höher als die wohneinheitenbasierte Definition sein, weil Mieter mit Immobilienbesitz hier auch als Eigentümer zählen. Diese Definition findet in der Studie allerdings keine Anwendung.
Eine fünfte Definition umfasst alle Wohnimmobilien, die in Privatbesitz sind (Privateigentum), im Gegensatz zu denen, die dem Staat oder den Unternehmen gehören (Jenkis 2010). Diese Definition ist wichtig im Kontext der kommunistischen Länder, aber auch in den westlichen Ländern, wo Genossenschaften oder Unternehmen einen großen Anteil am gesamten Immobilienbesitz hatten. Der Autor bezieht sich auf diese Zahl als Proxy für die Eigennutzung im Fall einiger kommunistischer Länder, in denen das verbleibende Privateigentum stark mit dem Besitz eines Einfamilienhausbesitzers korreliert." (Sebastian Kohl)
Die Datentabellen zu dieser Studie kann in Online-Datenbank Histat unter dem Thema 'Bauen' downgeloadet werden. Der Download für die Rohdaten wird über die Studienbeschreibung unter 'Materialien zur Studie' angeboten. Die interpolierten Zeitreihen befinden sich im Datenteil der Studie (orangener Button mit der Aufschrift '146 Zeitreihen (1900-2015) 1 Tabelle).
Anmerkungen: "Methodological note about home ownership statistics: There are five different measures that one can distinguish. First, there is the unit-based definition which counts all owner-occupied units and divides them by all units. This definition prevails for the data based on the countries' housing censuses and I rely on it for the earliest periods. First, it depends on what counts as "owning" in critical cases where the bundle of rights of owner-occupiers is restricted (they cannot freely sell the underlying land or unit, for instance) or entirely unregulated. I followed the existing definition – which counts many owner-occupiers in the Global South in spite of unclear property rights. I decided to count "cooperative ownership" in the Scandinavian countries as "owner occupation". For even though the bundle of rights was restricted in the early days, cooperative owners had to put money down for housing, which is essentially different from renting. Second, the unit-based definition depends on what counts as a unit and on what belongs to the housing stock. Most common international comparisons are based on UN (UN 1974, Doling 1997: 35: 154) or EU collected data that merely repeat the respective national statistical definitions which differ quite considerably (Behring, Helbrecht, and Goldrian 2002). Though OECD countries adopt quite similar definition of housing unit (cf. Donnison and Ungerson 1982: 42) the US' inclusion of trailers, seasonal and mobile homes is an exception (US-Census 2013), constituting around 7% of the housing stock with significantly above-average homeownership rate. These units, were they statistically significant, would probably not count as housing units in Germany, for instance. The housing stock can differ as to whether one includes recreational housing units such as tourist cabins, secondary residences, trailers, ships, seasonal housing units, vacant or temporarily unoccupied units. An intra-European comparison of what various national statistical institutes count in the housing stock of the homeownership rate reveals the German definition to be among the most conservative (Destatis 1989: 7, SE/CZR 2004), i.e. were other countries to adopt the German definition, their homeownership rate would be even higher. This observation holds also for the US-German comparison: as the US Census definition of homeownership rate includes seasonal and other mobile units, it tends to be lower than it would be according to the German definition. The unit-based definition is distorted by war-time destructions such as in Germany in the 1950s, when the official unit-based homeownership rate is given as 39,1%. Air-raid destructions of predominantly urban tenement housing had reduced the overall housing stock and two million people still lived in barracks with many others doubling up, 35,6% of households subleasing and the secretary of housing estimating a housing deficit of 4,8 million units, mostly rental (Schulz 1994: 32-35). I will therefore rely on the more realistic household-based homeownership rate of 26,7% in 1950 (Glatzer 1980: 246). Second, there is household-based definitions which counts all owner-occupying households divided by the overall number of households. This definition, based on representative survey data, began to replace the unit-based data from the 1980s onwards and I rely on them for the more recent data. Some comparisons differ depending on whether some residual tenancies such as "free-of-charge" or "family housing" is counted in. Whenever possible, I did not count these categories as owner-occupation. Household-based numbers are usually a bit higher than the unit-based numbers because one evades the problem to assess the overall stock. It is also higher because surveys tend to have a bias in favor of the owner-occupying middle-classes. This seems to be particularly true for the Eurostat surveys which yield considerably higher numbers than even national surveys. This is why, where possible, I relied on non-Eurostat sources to not distort the comparison with non-EU countries. A third definition is population-based and count the population living in owner-occupied households divided by the population (population-based) (Braun 2004). This definition leads to higher homeownership rates than the former due to the statistical prevalence of families among the owner households. It is important when looking, for instance, at socialization effects of homeownership but does not play a role in the comparative data here. Fourth, a property-based definition counts the number of households owning real estate. In many countries tenants own property which they do not occupy and numbers according to this definition are higher than for the household-based definition. Yet, this does not seem to distort the finding about the low German homeownership rate. The latest ECB wealth report reveals German households are among the fewest (17,8%) to own non-occupied real estate, confirmed by Luxembourg wealth study data (Sierminska, Smeeding, and Allegrezza 2013). Countries with strong rent price restrictions and therefore rich sitting tenants, a vacation home culture and low banking investment alternatives score highest according to this ownership definition (up to over 50%) (ECB 2013: 24). Especially, when the property-based definition adjusts for the actual wealth of property this definition is important for comparative wealth studies of different housing tenures. A fifth definition (private-property) counts all residential real estate privately owned as opposed to the one owned by the state (or corporations) (Jenkis 2010). This definition is important in the context of communist countries, but also in Western countries, where cooperatives or corporations had large shares of the overall real estate. I rely on this number as proxy for owner-occupation in some communist countries where the remaining private property strongly correlated with single-family-house owner occupation." (Sebastian Kohl)
La radicalización, el extremismo violento y el terrorismo han recibido una atención preferencial por distintos organismos gubernamentales, agencias de seguridad y actores sociales de múltiples países. Asimismo, constituyen uno de los mayores desafíos para las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad de los estados y llevan tiempo presentes en sus agendas políticas. Por ejemplo, los individuos que se radicalizan dentro del territorio europeo (homegrown terrorists; King & Taylor, 2011), así como los que retornan de zonas en conflicto bélico (foreign fighters returnees; Bąkowski & Puccio, 2016), suponen un desafío a la hora de identificarlos y gestionar sus comportamientos. En consecuencia, la prevención surge como una vía ante el aumento del radicalismo y el extremismo violento en la que deberían invertirse más medios y esfuerzos (Marrero & Trujillo, 2018; Navarro & Villaverde, 2014). No obstante, debe tenerse en cuenta que, para poder prevenir estos fenómenos, es necesario, antes que nada, describirlos con rigor e identificar las relaciones funcionales existentes entre las variables psicosociales implicadas, a efectos de poder predecirlos. Será entonces cuando se estará en el camino de la comprensión y, así, de su posible prevención (Moyano & Trujillo, 2018; Trujillo & Moyano, 2018). En consecuencia, con esta tesis doctoral, se pretende explorar algunos de los factores de riesgo (Ranstorp, 2016) y protección (Lösel, King, Bender, & Jugl, 2018) involucrados en la radicalización y los conflictos intergrupales. Más concretamente, se trata de (1) explorar la generación de estereotipos y prejuicios asociados a distintos conflictos periféricos; (2) estudiar los mecanismos que subyacen a la polarización de las actitudes intergrupales en individuos que se sienten oprimidos; e (3) indagar en los mecanismos implicados en los procesos de radicalización y desinhibición de la violencia. En vistas a dar respuesta a estas cuestiones, esta tesis doctoral se organiza en cinco capítulos. Así, en el primer capítulo se realiza una aproximación teórica a la radicalización, el extremismo violento y el terrorismo desde una perspectiva psicosocial. En los capítulos del dos al cuatro, se exponen diferentes estudios empíricos, a modo de artículos, que intentan dar algunas respuestas a los objetivos específicos de la tesis. Finalmente, en el capítulo cinco se discuten los principales resultados obtenidos en los distintos estudios realizados y sus implicaciones en este ámbito conceptual, para finalizar con el establecimiento de conclusiones. De forma más extensa, en el primer capítulo se ofrecen algunas descripciones de la radicalización, del extremismo violento y del terrorismo próximas al campo de la psicología social. Además, se presentan los aportes de la teoría de la identidad social y de la teoría de la búsqueda de significado al campo de la radicalización y el conflicto intergrupal. De forma complementaria también se exponen algunos de los aportes del modelo psicosocial de reclutamiento y movilización violenta, considerados relevantes para esta investigación. Finalmente, se presenta el objetivo general de esta tesis, así como los objetivos específicos derivados del mismo que se irán afrontando a través de los posteriores capítulos. En el segundo capítulo, se presentan dos artículos que hacen referencia a los estereotipos y a los prejuicios, respectivamente, asociados a la retransmisión de noticias violentas por parte de los medios de comunicación. En concreto, los estereotipos y prejuicios que se generan a partir de las noticias sobre ataques violentos entre palestinos e israelíes. Se observa que la inclusión de la violencia en las noticias, mediada por las emociones, sobre todo negativas, generan prejuicios y estereotipos más negativos hacia ambos grupos, palestinos e israelíes. En el tercer capítulo, aparecen dos artículos que versan sobre los prejuicios religiosos. Por un lado, en el primer artículo se valida y adapta al castellano una escala sobre los prejuicios religiosos entre cristianos y musulmanes. Por otro lado, en el segundo artículo se presenta un trabajo sobre el efecto que tiene la percepción de opresión sobre la formación de prejuicios religiosos en cristianos y musulmanes, así como el papel que desempeña la fusión de la identidad y la necesidad de cierre cognitivo en esta relación. El cuarto capítulo, también compuesto por dos artículos, se centra en cómo la pérdida de significado personal puede ser un desencadenante de la desinhibición hacia la violencia. Particularmente, la percepción de opresión va a desencadenar una desinhibición de la violencia, paso previo a la acción violenta, a través de narrativas que apoyen la violencia. Estos mecanismos fueron encontrados en grupos con ideología tanto religiosa como política. En el quinto y último capítulo, se discuten los resultados atendiendo a cada uno de los objetivos establecidos en el ámbito de la prevención de la radicalización. Asimismo, se presentan algunas implicaciones y limitaciones de los estudios realizados, además de líneas futuras de investigación derivadas de los resultados obtenidos. Dado que los diferentes estudios se presentan en formato de artículos con la intención de ser publicados, el lector encontrará algunos conceptos y teorías repetidos. Por tanto, nos gustaría pedir disculpas por la redundancia. Además, cabe hacer explícito que, siguiendo las normas del programa internacional de doctorado de la Universidad de Granada, algunas secciones están escritas en español y otras en inglés. ; Radicalization, violent extremism and terrorism have received preferential attention from different government agencies, security agencies and social actors from multiple countries. Likewise, they constitute one of the greatest challenges for the security forces of these countries and have been present in their political agendas for some time. For example, individuals who are radicalized within the European territory (homegrown terrorists; King & Taylor, 2011) and those who return from war zones (foreign fighter returnees; Bąkowski & Puccio, 2016) pose a challenge at the time to identify them and manage their behaviors. Consequently, prevention emerges as a way to fight the increase of radicalism and violent extremism in which more means and efforts should be invested (Marrero & Trujillo, 2018; Navarro & Villaverde, 2014). However, it must be borne in mind that in order to prevent these phenomena, it is necessary to first describe it rigorously and identify the existing functional relationships among the psychosocial variables involved, which will help predict it. Then we will be on the path of understanding and, thus, of possible prevention (Moyano & Trujillo, 2018; Trujillo & Moyano, 2018). Consequently, with this doctoral thesis, we intend to explore some of the risk (Ranstorp, 2016) and protection factors (Lösel, King, Bender, & Jugl, 2018) involved in radicalization and intergroup conflicts. More specifically, it is about (1) exploring the generation of stereotypes and prejudices associated with different peripheral conflicts; (2) studying the mechanisms that underlie the polarization of intergroup attitudes in individuals who feel oppressed; and (3) investigating the mechanisms involved in the processes of radicalization and violent disinhibition. In order to answer these questions, this doctoral thesis is organized into five chapters. In the first chapter, there is a theoretical approach to radicalization, violent extremism and terrorism from a psychosocial perspective. In chapters two through four, different empirical studies are presented in the form of articles, with which we attempt to answer the specific objectives of the thesis. Finally, chapter five discusses the main results and conclusions from the different studies and their implications in this conceptual field. More extensively, the first chapter offers descriptions of radicalization, violent extremism and terrorism close to the field of social psychology. In addition, we present the contributions of the social identity theory and the quest for significance theory to the field of radicalization and intergroup conflict. Also, there are presented some of the contributions of the psychosocial model of recruitment and violent mobilization that were considered relevant for this research. Finally, the general objective of this thesis is presented, as well as the specific objectives derived from it that will be addressed throughout the subsequent chapters. In the second chapter, two articles are presented that refer to stereotypes and prejudices, respectively, associated with the media's retransmission of violent news. Specifically, the stereotypes and prejudices generated from the news about violent attacks between Palestinians and Israelis. We observe that the inclusion of violence in the news, mediated by emotions —especially negative ones— generate prejudices and more negative stereotypes towards both groups; Palestinians and Israelis. In the third chapter, there are two articles that deal with religious prejudice. On the one hand, in the first article, a scale on religious prejudice between Christians and Muslims is validated and adapted to Spanish. On the other hand, the second article presents a work on the effect of the perception of oppression on the formation of religious prejudices in Christians and Muslims, as well as the role played by the fusion of identity and the need for cognitive closure in this relationship. The fourth chapter, also composed of two articles, focuses on how the loss of personal significance can be a trigger for disinhibition towards violence. In particular, the perception of oppression will unleash a violent disinhibition, a step prior to violent action, through narratives that support violence. These mechanisms were found in groups with both religious and political ideology. In the fifth and last chapter, the results are discussed according to each of the objectives established in the field of the prevention of radicalization. Likewise, some implications and limitations of the studies carried out are presented, as well as future lines of research derived from the results obtained. Since the different studies are presented in the form of articles with the intention of being published, the reader will find some concepts and theories repeated. We would like to apologize for this redundancy. In addition, it should be made explicit that, following the rules of the international doctoral program of the University of Granada, some sections are written in Spanish and others in English. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.
U godini kada obilježavamo 250. obljetnicu hrvatskoga šumarstva, a u tijeku je 169. godina od utemeljenja Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva i tiskanja 139. godišta našega znanstveno-stručnoga i staleškog glasila Šumarski list, interesantno je baciti pogled na tekstove iz prvih godišta tiskanja časopisa, pa i povući paralelu s današnjicom.Već u prvome godištu 1877 god. pozornost nam privlači članak Adolfa Danhelovskog "Predlozi o štednji drva u proizvadjanju francezkih duga", u kojemu kaže da se postupak proizvodnje neznatno poboljšao, "premda ova vrst robe zaslužuje, da se najvećom štednjom proizvadja, dočim su njoj namijenjeni najkrasniji hrastici". To mora raditi "vješt radnik", jer se inače može "mnogo drva potratiti …., a užje se duge imaju izradjivati od tanjih stabalah ili trupacah". Nastavno, preporuča se radi uštede sortirati trupce sukladno dužini i širini zadanih dimenzija dužica, a slijede ostale preporuke za uštedu. Povucimo sada paralelu s tadašnjim razmišljanjem i preporukama glede štednje i današnjim rasipanjem nacionalnog bogatstva, korištenjem "najkrasnijih hrastika", tako da netržišna cijena sortimenata omogućuje proizvodnju poluproizvoda, a ne visoko finaliziranih proizvoda s velikom dodanom vrijednošću i maksimalnom zaposlenošću. Najžalosnije je kada se furnirski sortiment kamuflira u pilanski prozvod za izvoz, čime se "izvoze" i radna mjesta za kojima plačemo. O tome smo detaljnije pisali u uvodniku ŠL br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva". Stoga se ne slažemo s tvrdnjom resornog ministra izrečenoj u razgovoru poslije Konferencije za tisak o kojoj pišemo u rubrici Aktualno, da su potpisani netržišni ugovori s drvoprerađivačima spasili domaću preradu drva od inozemne konkurencije. Za nas je i dalje to način rasipanja nacionalnog bogatstva i trenutačni probitak za račun pojedinaca, a ne za opće dobro.Članak iz trećeg godišta, 1879. god. Alex. Nik. Schultz podnaslovom "Sedam glavnih točaka šumskoga gospodarstva i njihova teoretično-praktična uporaba" započinje motom: "Proizvadjanje najveće kvantitativne i kvalitativne množine drva na najmanjoj površini: i čim vrlije gospodarstvo". U članku navodi kako šumsko gospodarstvo dijeli djelatnosti na temeljne i pripomoćne. Temeljne su računarstvo i prirodoslovlje, a pomoćne: tehnologija, zakonodavstvo, državoznastvo, računovodstvo povijest i geografija. Razdioba praktičnih struka šumskog gospodarstva dijeli na: "gojenje šume, b) zaštita šume zajedno s šumskom stražom, c) šumska poraba za jedno sa šumskom tehnologijom, d) šumska procjena zajedno s uredbom obhodnje i obračunanjem vriednosti i e) šumska uprava i šumsko ravnateljstvo". Ako razmislimo o poanti i današnjem poštivanju mota članka, zaključujemo da se sugerira maksimalno moguće korištenje proizvodnosti pojedinog šumskog staništa, a njegova bi degradacija predstavljala katastrofu. Komentirajući spomenutih sedam točaka, ponajprije navodi da je prva i glavna točka upravljanja i rada "teoretično i praktično naobraženo gospodarstveno osoblje da se može šumom koristno i potrajno gospodariti". Pita se "kako može čovjek uobće, koji neima niti pojma o neophodno nuždnih znanosti, upravljati šumom s mnogimi njezinimi osebujnosti". Druga glavna točka je samostalno odgovorno vođenje gospodarstva "bez pohlepe za dobitkom". Treća točka govori ponajviše o načinima obnove sastojina – umjetnim načinom ili prirodnim pomlađivanjem. U četvrtoj točci bilježimo zaključak: "Pošteni šumar, koji znade računati, ne će nikada privoliti, da njegov gospodar, kada se u momentanoj novčanoj neprilici snadje, te bude prisiljen, uteći se šumi, postane žrtvom takvih švindlera i šumskih pustošnika, te će svu svoju duševnu snagu upotriebiti, da ono što se ne da izbjeći, ograniči bar na najmanji prostor i s obzirom na budućnost". Peta točka tiče se "šumske porabe zajedno sa šumskom tehnologijom i važnija je nego što se na prvi čas čini", a detaljnije obrazlažući zaključuje da joj treba posvetiti dužnu pozornost prateći razvoj i primjenu novih tehnologija. Šesta točka obuhvaća "šumsku taksaciju zajedno s uredjenjem obhodnje i vriednostnim obračunom", a sve spomenute točke međusobno se isprepleću i potrebno ih je ne razdvajati, "jer bez poznavanja jedne ne da se druga izvesti". O sedmoj točci "k šumskoj upravi i ravnateljstvu šuma" nema se što posebno reći kaže on, jer je uglavnom obuhvaćena u prethodnim točkama, ali zaključuje kako prema staroj poslovici "od glave riba smrdi, a preneseno na šumsku industriju: ne valja li ravnateljstvo, to ne valja ni cielo šumsko podčinjeno osoblje. To vriedi kod svake grane gospodarstva, a potvrdjuju to i nebrojeni dokazi u čovječjem družtvenom životu i u svih strukah". Na kraju mi zaključujemo ovaj tekst s porukom – usporedite sami!Uredništvo ; The 250th anniversary of Croatian forestry and the 169th year of the foundation of the Croatian Forestry Association and the publication of the 139th issue of the scientific-professional and specialist magazine Forestry Journal offer an ideal opportunity to look back at the texts published in the first issues and draw a parallel with present times. The very first volume from the year 1877 contains an interesting article by Adolf Danhelovski "Recommendations on saving wood in the production of French staves", which states that the production process has improved slightly "although this type of goods requires maximal saving in its production, since they are produced of the most beautiful oak trees". Work should be performed by a "skilful labourer", otherwise much of the wood "might go to waste". Narrower staves should be made of thinner trees or logs". Furthermore, logs should be classified according to the length and width of stave dimensions required. Other recommendations for saving follow. Let us draw a parallel with the present manner and recommendations related to saving and present squandering of national resources by using "the most beautiful oak forests", so that the non-market prices of the assortments allows the production of semi-finished goods and not high-quality products with a high added value and maximal employment. What is detrimental is the fact that veneer assortments are camouflaged into sawmill products intended for export; this also means "export" of working places which we sorely need. We discussed this in more detail in the Editorial of the Forestry Journal No. 5-6/2012, "The relationship between forestry and wood processing". This is why we do not agree with the words of the competent minister said after a Press conference, which we discuss in the column Current Affairs. The minister claimed that non-market contracts with wood processors had saved home wood processing from foreign competition. We continue to perceive this as a way of squandering national wealth for momentary gain of an individual and not for the benefit of the society as a whole. The article published in the third year of publication in 1879, written by Alex. Ni. Sshulz and entitled "Seven main points of forest management and their theoretical-practical use" starts with a motto: "Production of he highest quantitative and qualitative amount of wood in the smallest area: and the best management". According to the article, forest management activities are divided into basic and auxiliary. The basic activities are mathematics and natural sciences and the auxiliary ones are technology, law-making, political sciences, book keeping, history and geography. Practical parts of forest management are divided into "a) silviculture, b) forest protection together with forest surveillance, c) use of forests together with forest technology, d) forest inventory with rotation and calculation of value and e) forest administration and forest directorate". From the present standpoint, the motto of the article suggests maximum possible use of the productivity of a particular forest site, whose degradation would mean catastrophe. In his comment of the seven points that follow, the author stresses that the first and the main point of management and work lies in "highly educated management personnel who posses theoretical and practical knowledge for useful and sustainable management of forests". He asks himself: "How can a person who has absolutely no knowledge of the basic sciences manage such a highly complex system as a forest?" The second point is independent management devoid of "greed for profit". The third point is primarily concerned with stand regeneration methods - artificial or natural regeneration. The fourth point contains a conclusion: "An honest forester who knows how to calculate will never allow his master, who, if faced with financial problems and forced to exploit his forest, to become a victim of swindlers and forest exploiters, and will use all his spiritual strength to at least limit what is unavoidable to the smallest space with regard to the future". The fifth point refers to "use of forests together with forest technology, which is more important that might seem at first glance". In his detailed explanation, the author concludes that the development and application of new technologies should be given due importance. The sixth point comprises "forest taxation together with rotations and value calculation". All the above points are mutually intertwined and cannot be separated from one another, "since without knowing one it is impossible to perform another". In the author´s words, the seventh point concerning "forest administration and forest directorate" requires no comments because everything is contained in the previous points, but he concludes that, as the old proverb says, "the fish rots from the head down", or translated into forest industry: if the directorate is no good, then the entire subordinate personnel will be no good. This refers to all branches of economy, and has been proven myriad of times in the human society and in all the professions". We conclude this text with the message – compare!Editorial Board
^DJBYJTH^STUDENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA (GETTYSBURG) COLLEGE. ! AIJVKRTISiJMKNTS. I, mmw Importers and Jobbers of «» Nos. 16 and 18 W. German Street, BALTIMORE, Offer to the trade their large and well-selected ; stock of llli ! &mm l«tlf, Make a specialty to have on hand everything required by Pharmacists. A complete stock can at any time be selected or wants supplied. ALQNZO L, THQMSEN,^- KAOE, WINDEB, snAitp AND LEADENHALL STS., P. o. Box 557, Baltimore, Md. I beg to call to the attention of the Trade that I have re-cently added to my Plant a complete set of Drug Milling Ma-chinery ot the most Improved pattern. HtfS, CAPS, ^ BOOTS * SHOES. G^Satisfaction Guaranteed.^?; No. 6 S. Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. Accumulated Wealth, Laying up of riches isn't the only thing in life, for fre-quently a sour disposition is the result. You want to take comfort in life as you go along, one of the best ways to take comfort is to buy well-fit-ting clothing. My Spring Styles are now here and the selection is large and varied. Suits made to your order from $12 up. Pressing and Repairing done at short notice. ). D. UPPV, ^sss^ 43 Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG, PA. -DEALER IN— Hats, Skirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Glcvn Satchels, Hose, rPocket (Books, Trunks, Telescopes, (Rubbenl Etc., Etc. AMOS ECKERT. BCX^:R,:DI::LTG By Day, \Afeel FOII CATAMItiUK AMI JOUKNAI. TO lj»B t':, Eev. 0. L. KBBDT^A. II., M. D., President, Hagerstown, Hd. j. A TAWNEY" -mm ready to furnish clubs and boarding houses BREAD, ROLLS, ER, ^ ^ PHOTOGRAPHED, SS Balto. St., GETTYSBURG. SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO C0JLMG1H Wmil BATTLEFIELD YIEWS ALWAYS ON HAND. MAIL ORDERS RECEIVE PROMPT ATTENTION. ADVERTISEMENTS. *R.$H.$REININGER,«> MERCHANT TAILOR e tatt Work at %) NEXT DOO^ TO $ Suits from $12,00 to $10,1 Lowest Prices. V p?|T ST 0AmS CE' ? Pants ^m WO to 9V C , PICTURE FRAMES. Baltimore street, Gettysburg, Pa. FURNITURE. Settysburg, !Penn'a, -WILL FIND THE-Cumberland Valley R. R. running in a South-Westerly direction from Harrisbnrg, Pa., through Carlisle, Chambersburg, Hagerstown and Martinsburg to Winchester, Va., a direct and available Q route from the North, East and West to Gettysburg, Pa., via. Harrisbnrg and Carlisle. Through tickets via. this route on sale at all P. E. R. offices, and baggage checked through to destination. Also, a popular route to the South via. Carlisle. Ask for your tickets via. Ctuntelanil Valley Railroad anil Carlisle, Pa, J. F. BOYD, Superintendent. H. A. RIDDLE, Gen. Passenger Agent. rPH. H. fylMNlCtl, ^^~w*~*~*~T"TT^—TWIIIIM IIW I Il'l Wllll—^l Mantifdctnrer, Wholesale and (ionfeetionepv,! OYSTERS Manvfartmer, Retail Dealer in -^Q AND O^- IN- |ee (§>i*eam. ] SEASON. NEWS DEPOT & SUBSCRIPTION AGENCY. Main street, - - Gettysburg, F=e>. SOLE MANUFACTURER OF DR. TYLERS COUGH DROPS SIMON X^ODORT .DEALER IN. BEEF, PORK, LAMB, VEAL, SAUSAGE, York Street, Gettysburg. peoial Rates to Clubs.ia R. A. WONDERS' Corner Cigar ZParlors. -A PTJLL LINE OF., CIGARS, TOBACCOS, PIPES, &C, Scott's Cor. Opp. Eagle Hotel, Gettysburg, Pa ADVliRTISUMKNTS. gOLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS S SURGEONS, The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Balti-more, Maryland, is a well-equipped school. Four ses-sions are required for graduation. For full informa-tion send for the annual catalogue, or write to THOMAS OPIE, M. D., Dean, Cor. Calvert and Saratoga Sts. t-S^Established \&j6.^~r-> WATSHMAKER AND Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, College Souvenir Spoons, No. 10 Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PENN'A. John n. Minnigh^ ^onfeetionepxj (Jjee^peam, OYSTERS Stewed and Fried. No. 17 Baltimore St. GETTYSBURG, PA., - Main sh FP.EE BUS TO AND FROM ALL T^AIH RATES $1J?o PER DAY. SQ) Seeojtjucfs Watk tfirara EBtSterr Depot. DINNER WITH DRIVE OVER FIEID WITH 4 OR MORE 111 Ji Li HUGHES; PBOPRI Calvin F. Solt, 2nd Floor Spangler Building, dfhe fashionable dfailc: Satisfaction Suaranteed. Prices to Suit (h? Tine:. I Webster's Send a Postal for Specimen Pages, etc. International Successor of the " Unabridged." Dictionary; c THE BEST FOR TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS BECAUSE IN THIS DICTIONARY It is easy to find the word wanted. It is easy to ascertain the pronunciation. It is easy to learn what a word means. It is easy to trace the growth of a word. o _ Sic:—elarrcl of the TJ. S. Supremo Court, of all the State Supreme Courts, of the (■) u. U. Government Printing Ofiice, and of nearly all tho Schoolbooks. Warmly com- I "otl by Stato Superintendents of Schools and other Educators almost without number. 'The Pennsylvania School Journal says:—The Internationa] Webster is a tTCCCuro Itouse of universal knowledge to which all the world, in all its ages, has made ccatri) , and any ono of us may nave it at his elbow. Of itj half hundred bpeoial-cf value and importance, the most attractive to uo i.i itj otymolopy, an un-failin :. i iiirce of interest and enjoyment, ofteu of surpriseand wonder.—OCTOM'EI:, 18%. G. & C. HEKRIA9I CO., Publishers. Springfield, Mass. The College Metcufy. fOL. V. GETTYSBURG, PA., JULY, 1897. No. THE COLLEGE MEfiCUfiY', blished each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. ■ SMITH, 'g8. : E. FLECK '98. : W. WOODS, '9! STAFF. Editor: E. L. ,KOLLER, '98. Associate Editors : J. H. MEYER, '99. J. H. BEERITS, '99. H, C'. ROEHNER, '99. R. D. CLARE, 1900. Alumni Association Editor: REV. D. FRANK GARLAND, A. M., Taneytown, Md. Business Manager: J. W. WEETER, '99. Assistant Business Manager: j. A. MCALLISTER, '98. T f One volume (tell months), . . . $1.00 1 ERMS ■ j Single copies, . . ' . . 15 Payable in advance .11 students are requested to hand us matter for publication, he Alumni and ex-members of the College will favor us by sending information concerning their whereabouts or any items they may think would be interesting for publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the Business Manager. Matter intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Gettysburg, Pa CONTENTS. COMMENCEMENT WEEK, - 79 BACCALAUREATE SERMON, - - 79 ADDRESS TO Y. M. C. A , 80 CONCERT BY THE MUSICAL CLUBS, 80 JUNIOR ORATORICAL CONTEST, 81 CLASS DAY EXERCISES, 8r CLASS AND FRATERNITY BANQUETS, - - - - 82 COMMENCEMENT ORATIONS, 84 GRADUATES AND HOME ADDRESSES, - - 85 DEGREES CONFERRED, 8? CLASS POEM, '97, --■-• --- .*.* g- UGHTH ANNUAL TENNIS TOURNAMENT, - - - - gg A RESUME OF ATHLETIC MATTERS, - - . 86 COLLEGE LOCALS, . 87 MOVEMENTS OF OUR ALUMNI IN THE PAST FEW WEEKS, - SS AMERICA'S NOBLE SON, - " STATE POLITICS IN PENNSYLVANIA. - - - - - 9o COWIWIENCEIVIENT WEEK. SUNDAY, MAY 30 TO FRIDAY, JUNE 4. Commencement is over. The class of '97 have been graduated and have gone. The ex-ercises of the past week have been of the most enjoyable nature, and everything has been done without a flaw—truly a grand success. For the greater part of the week we were fort-unate in having the most perfect days for our Commencement, especially Wednesday, and. this added in no small degree to the magnifi-cent success of the whole occasion. The Senior class who have just been gradu-ated, will indeed be missed from the ranks of old Gettysburg. Their successes in literary matters and in athletics have raised them to such a position in the estimation of all the un-dergraduates that we feel as if the vacancies occasioned in all departments of college ac-tivity by their departure will indeed be hard to fill. While we do not believe in all this talk about "fighting the battle of life," etc., yet the MERCURY hopes that each and every member of the class of '97 will attain the best of success in whatever they undertake. The order of exercises during the week will be followed in the recounting, just as they oc-curred, and the most important events will be given. BACCALAUREATE SERMON. COLLEGE CHURCH, SUNDAY, IO.30 A. M. The Commencement exercises of the Col-lege and Seminary opened in Christ Lutheran church, Sunday morning. The Baccalaureate sermon was delivered by Rev. M. Valentine, D. D. LL,. D., President of the Theological Seminary, to the graduating classes of both institutions. He based his remarks upon the 18th verse of the 4th chapter of the Second 8o THE COLLEGE MERCURY. Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, "While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen ; for the things which are seen are temporal ; but the things which are not seen are eternal." The theme of the discourse was based on the right relation of the things of life to per-manent good. Life has its rightful setting in the perspective of eternity. Every life is a failure which is not directed toward the invisi-ble things which endure. The discourse was a masterful one and no partial report could do it justice. Dr. Valentine, in all his many scholarly sermons from the College church pulpit seldom, if ever, surpassed the effort of Sunday, May 30th. ADDRESS"TOT. M. C. A. COLLEGE CHURCH, SUNDAY, 7.3O P. M. In the evening an earnest and forcible ad-dress was delivered to the Young Men's Chris-tian Association of the College, by Hon. W. N. Ashman, of Philadelphia. His discourse was founded on answers to certain objections to religion as raised by men of business and men of science. The speaker argued that the principles and truths of the Christian religion could be fully established when tried by the same tests as are applied in the determination of ordinary busi-ness propositions. The element of the supernatural in religion prevented the application of the rules and methods of scientific investigation where ma-terial facts and substances alone are dealt with. The scientific man is therefore unfair when he applies his methods to the examination of re-ligious questions. The large audience was highly edified with the Judge's clear, forcible, earnest and ex-haustive presentation of the subject. The music at the morning and evening serv-ices was an attractive feature of the session. It was furnished by the highly efficient choir of the church, assisted by Miss Leopold, in-structor of vocal music at Wilson College, who sang several beautiful solos with fine effect, Mr. Segrist, of Lebanon, playing the organ accompaniments. 1 » » CONCERT BT THE MUSICAL CLUBS. BRUA CHAPEL, TUESDAY, EIGHT P. M. The concert this year was a grand success in every way. The audience was without doubt the largest that has ever attended a concert by our musical clubs, and their ability to appre-ciate the selections of the clubs was shown by their judicious applauding, enthusiastic for the humorous songs, and appreciative for the more classic selections. The best selections render-ed were the opening ones of each part, "Schu-bert's Serenade," arranged by C. Kuntze, and "Lead Kindly Light," by Dudley Buck, al-though the humorous encores seemed to elicit the heartiest applause from the boys. Our glee club is to be congratulated upon its excel-lent taste in the selection and rendition of music that is undoubtedly far above that sung by the average glee club; and the college may well feel proud in having had a glee club of such pronounced ability during this year. Four of the eight have been graduated this commencement, Messrs. Ott, White, Arm-strong and Manges, and they will be greatly missed. Our hope is that the next year's class may have excellent material to fill the breach, The stage on Tuesday evening was very taste-fully decorated with potted plants, palms, with the class flower of '97, the daisy. The whole affair was one of beauty, both to the eye and ear. PROGRAMME. PART I. i. Schubert's Serenade, - - arr. C. Kuntze GLEE CLUB. 2. The Serenade, VIOLIN CLUB. 3. Recitation—The Swan Song, Miss GERTRUDE SIEBER, 4. Solo—The Old Grave Digger, • A. G. Henderson MR. MANGES. 5. The Phantom Band, - ' - - A. W. Thayer GLEE CLUB. 6. Violin Solo-Obertass, - - - H. Wieniawski MR. ERDMAN. THK COLLKGK MERCURY. ,r- Lead Kindly Light, Dudley Buck Selected Franz Abt GLEE CLUB. 2. Quartette—(Instrumental) VIOLIN CLUB. 3. Solo—Because I Love You Dear, Mr. NICHOLAS. 4. The Wandering Minstrel's Patrol, - Willis Clark GLEE CLUB. 5. Quartette—(vocal) Selected. Messrs. NICHOLAS, WHITE, KOLLEB and MANGES. . 6. Good Night, - Frank Thayer GLEE CLUB. ORGANIZATIONS. GLEE CLUB. 1st Tenors, C. M. Nicholas, '98 17. W. Ott, '97 1st Bass, E L. Roller, '98 C. T. Lark, '98 2nd Tenors. C. G. White, '97 E. A. Armstrong, 2nd Bass, Lewis C. Manges, '98 Harry Musselman. VIOLIN CLUB. H. B. Erdman, '96 C. T. Lark, '98 John M. Gates, '01 A. T. Smith, '00 ELOCUTIONIST, Miss Gertrude Sieber, '97 PIANIST, Geo. A. Englar, '97 JUNIOR ORATORICAL CONTEST. BRUA CHAPEL,, WEDNESDAY, IO A. M. The contest this year, by the six members f the class of '98, for the Recklig prize iu ora-tory, has been pronounced, by those who are competent judges of such matters, better than any for the past few years. There were but Ex contestants, three from each of the Liter-ary societies, but the number was large enough |o make the exercises interesting and not tire-me. The music for the intermissions was famished by the Harrisburg orchestra. The attendance was very large, and, with the ex-ception of the stir and bustle made by those coming and going, excellent order was ob-served throughout. It might be well to say, a word, to the coming Junior class, that they fcould do well to start early to make their preparations for next year's Junior Oratorical, and not only get their best men to compete, put also see that these men do their best. PROGRAM. MUSIC—' Gay Coney Island March"—M. Levi. PRAYER. MUSIC—"Anita" (Mexican Waltzes)—Barnard. The New Slavery, CHARLES E. FLECK* New Kingston Tragedies of the Present. CHARLES M. NICHOLAS,! Beerett, Md. MUSIC—A Kansas Two Step—Pryor. The Emancipation of Cuba, CHARLES B. KEPHART,* Taneytown, Md. True Nobility, ALBERTUS G. Fuss,t Williamsport, Md. MUSIC—Intermezzo (Cavalleria Rusticana)—Mascagni. America's Noble Son, IRA G. BRINER,* New Bloomfield The Present Social Discontent RALPH L. SMITH,! Pittsburg MUSIC—March, "The Girl of '99"—Zickel. BENEDICTION. *Phrenakosmian. fPhilomathsean. The judges, Dr. Weigle, of Mechanicsburg, Pa.; Rev. A. R. Steck, pastor of St. James Lutheran church, Gettysburg, and Rev. D. W. Woods, pastor of the Presbyterian church, Gettysburg, made their decision as follows : REDDIG PRIZE IN ORATORY. IBA G. BEINEB, New Bloomfield, Pa. WITH HONOEABLE MENTION OF CHAELES E. FLECK New Kingston, Pa. CHAELES M. NICHOLAS Beerett, Md. Mr. Briner's oration, "America's Noble Son," is published in the Literary Department of this issue. CLASS DAY EXERCISES. COLLEGE CAMPUS, WEDNESDAY, 2 P. M. To some, these exercises by the graduating class constitute the most enjoyable feature of the whole Commencement. And they really are a diversion from the somewhat heavy na-ture of the matter of Commencement week. It lias been the custom to hold the exercises on Tuesday evening of Commencement week, but the change to Wednesday afternoon, has certainly been to make it more convenient for everyone concerned. On the occasion of this year's Class Day exercises, everything seemed to join to make them successful in every way. The afternoon was the most pleasant that could have been desired—not too warm and a slight breeze through the branches above the speakers' platform and the audience made these out-door exercises a delightful affair. 82 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. The platform was decorated with the '97 class colors, nile green and pink, and with potted plants, and the class flower—the daisy. Benches and chairs were provided for the large crowd that was present and all were comfort-ably fixed. The music was furnished by the Commencement Orchestra. The Seniors, in cap and gown, were all seated on the speakers' platform, and certainly made an imposing spectacle. In spite of the general strain of humor and roasting notice-able in all the speeches, there was nevertheless an under-current of sadness at parting, deep down beneath this gay exterior of mirth. Many of the parts were excellent, and we are sorry that space will not permit our pub-lishing several of the papers, for a very meagre idea of the character of them can be gotten from the program. PROGRAM. Muster 01' Ceremonies,.:.: :.: :::: BIKLK MUSIC. Class Roll ^!V.K-.::-.:::::y.v.w.v.-.-.v.-:.v.v. WHITE Ivy OMitIo&i:::'.v.»»i:»u:s'.u.'.u»usisn ENGLAR Ivy Poem,.; :.OTT MUSIC. . Ciass History,. '■■'■ • KAIN Class Poem FRIDAY-Our Absent Ones, BUTTON ■ MUSIC. The Loving Cup ERB Conferring of Degrees , MILLER Miintlc Qrationv, .'. LEISENKING Junior Response LABK MUSIC. Presentation of Gifts,. WOLF Prophecy WHEELER MUSIC. At "the close of the exercises, after the mo-tion for adjournment had been put and passed, the class yell was given. (LASS AND FRATERNITY BANQUETS. TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY NIGHTS. This Commencement was made especially interesting by the several reunions of classes and fraternities, thus bringing back to the old walls those who have been away for many years. Three of the classes, '82, '87 and '93 held reunions, and two of the fraternities, the Alpha Tau Omega, and the Phi Delta Theta. The seniors, also, held their banquet, Thursday night. THE FIRST REUNION OP '93. TUESDAY NIGHT. [Written for the MERCURY by Rev. Diffenderfer, '93.] In reply to the call of the Secretary of the class, Rev. A. J. Rudisill, of New Bloomfield. twenty of the survivors of the class assembled at the Eagle Hotel, on Tuesday evening, June 1st. At 8 p. m., they attended the concerto: the musical clubs in Brua Chapel, in a body. There was a strong temptation to renew old-time customs and habits when some familiar faces entered. An occasional "guy" and out-burst of friendly joking, and a hearty applause for the clubs were the only features of interest. Immediately after the concert was over, the class gathered at the tower door of the chapel and gave their good old yell with a vim and ring, that made the dead spirits of former days arise and hover about them in eager expecta-tion for some old-time trick, or class-rush. At 10.00 p. m., all went to the dining hall of the Eagle Hotel to partake of the splendid "banquet" which "Mine host" Eberhart had prepared. The dining hall was beautifully decorated with plants and palms, and bloom-ing flowers. In the centre of the room, at tie head of the table, was placed a beautiful dis-play of colored electric lights, on a background of Class colors. The bill of fare was elabor-ately prepared, and served in the best style. Mr. Eberhart and his efficient corps of waiter-did all they could to make the banquet a grand success. Well, did we have any fun? There U Niels L. J. Gron, our Danish brother, with his sedate and dignified bearing; dreaming of some fair and beautiful form which had presented to his sight in some far off across the sea. "Niels" looks as genteel refined as ever, ready at a moment's noticett| say "maecanos el evis," etc. Then "Bisl Grimes' calm, sedate, peaceful countenance wondering why Prof. Himes didn't call 011M to recite, as it was his "turn up," and Frank' THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 83 Melanchton Bortner with his favorite ■Penn'a Dutch" brogue, saying to Dr. Martin, "I am sitting on the front row, and never of-fered any criticism, but made that noise.'' And I'Judge" Alleman, with his serious counte-lance and dignified demeanor, wondering 'What the deuce we can get up to start a racket." And "Bill" Vastine, the Catawissa iase ball magnate, singing his beautiful ('falsetto," to "The Old Oaken Bucket," and leclaring that either he or Prof. Nixon must |ake more physical exercise, or travel with a Dime Museum. Then think of "Sail" Tur-ber "kicking" about the bill of fare not pro-biding the extras, "Mumm's Dry," etc., rais-ing a row about everything in general, then laughing at the excitement he had caused. Ime old "Ajax," boisterous and demonstra-te Andrew Jackson Rudisill, who always vas the "noisiest" man about the Dormitory. Then all the others, Geesy, Kline, Hilton, 3aum, "Neudy," "Whiskers" Ehrhart, oh, they were all boys back to college again, and "Diff," the Proctor, as lenient as ever. A beautiful menu card had been engraved by E. A. Wright, the class cut on first page, ind menu in class colors next, toast and offi-cers following: Toast master, Hilton. "Our First Reunion,'' E. Gettier; "Our Alma Mater," G. M. Mffenderfer; "The Future Prospects of a Col-lege Widow," E. E. Parsons; "Daw: What it is, and What it Does," F. M. Bortner; "The Traveller in all Eands," N. L. J. Gron; "Gos-pel: What it is, and what it Does," M. J. nine; "Eife in a University," E. E. Seyfert; "The Blessings of a Bachelor," E. E. Neude-vitz; "High Eife at Washington," J. C. Bow-rs; "Fun we had in College," W. M. Vastine; "Pleasures of a Doctor's Eife," M. S. Boyer; "What '93 Did for Athletics," G. E- Hipsleyj 'Our Honored Dead," W. H. Ehrhart; "Our lost," A. J. Rudisill. In the "wee small" hours of the morning ye adjourned, after having passed a Resolu-tion to meet again in 1900, the same commit-tee to be continued. What a pleasure it was to meet again amid these old familiar scenes; even the town "kids" recognized us and shouted "there goes '93." Let us all endeavor to be present in 1900, if we live, and make it the occasion of our life, and aii epoch in the history of the College. REUNION OP '82. [Written for the MERCURY.] The reunion of '82 was held at the Eagle Hotel, on Wednesdaj' evening of Commence-ment week. The menu was excellent—such as the Eagle knows how to arrange—and all the old fellows who were back enjoyed this part immensely. The banquet was not marked by its lengthy addresses or "toasts," but there was a general good social time had, and the whole affair was very informal. Of course we all had to tell what happened since we met last, and this really constituted a greater pleasure than "toasts" would have af-forded. The proposal of a reunion at Phila-delphia in the near future was met with ap-plause. Of the twenty-three living members of the class, there were thirteen present at the banquet. . REUNION OF '87. [Written for the MERCURY by Rev. H. C. Allemau, '87.] The announced reunion of the class was abandoned because so few of the boys could be present at Commencement this year. Charles E. Stahle, Esq., invited the six faithful who made the pilgrimage to his home Wednesday evening, where an impromptu reunion was en-joyed. Those present were Parr, Crouse, Sny-der, Snively, Wolf and Alleman. After re-freshments the silver class-cup was presented to Harold F. Snyder, the first son of'87, born May 19, 1891. Regrets were read from Hol-zapfel, Coover, Croll, Brame, Fishburn, Fisher, McDermod, Dreibelbis and Bateman. "Non vi sed saepo cadendo" was again ex-tolled, and pledges made for social meetings every year and a reunion every decade. ALPHA TAU OMEtJA BANQUET. WEDNESDAY NIGHT. The Banquet was held at the Eagle Hotel at 11.30. Many of the Alumni of the Chapter ,84 THK COU,EGK MKRCURY. were present, making an attendance of twenty-three in all. The toasts were as follows : Franklin Menges, Ph. D., '86, Toast Mas-ter; Geo. M. Hosack, Esq., "TheFraternity;" L. DeWitt Gerhardt, Esq., '84, "Our Early Days;" Morris T. Brown, '92, "A. T. O. in Business;" F. M. Bortner, Esq., '93, "A. T. O. in the Professions;" Win. O. Nieklas, Esq., '94, "College Reminiscences of an A. T. O.;" W. H. Menges, '96, "The Spirit of Our Alumni;" C. B. Erb, '97, "Our Ladies;" J. A. McAllister, '98, "The Goat." PHI DELTA THETA BANQUET. WEDNESDAY NIGHT. The Hotel Gettysburg was the place of the banquet. The Ahunni of the Chapter helped to add to the spirit of the occasion by their presence. The toasts were as follows : Rev. H. H. Weber, Toast Master. "Why We are Here," Rev. L. S. Black, '88; "Our Position in the Fraternity World," J. S. Eng-lish, '94; Our Alumni Phi's," G. H. Eckels, '95; Our College Phi's," J. H. Beerits, '99; "A Phi's Start in Life," J. W. Ott, '97; "Our Bumper Billy," B. F. Carver, '00; "My New Guardians," Rev. M. J. Killian, Va. Alpha; "Phi Recollections," B. R. Lantz, '94; "Next Year's Chapter," J. C. Markle, '00. SENIOB CLASS BANQUET. THURSDAY NIGHT. A very fitting close to the existence of '97 at Gettysburg, was the Banquet held at the Hotel Gettysburg, on Thursday night. The intention was to have a final reunion of the class and its ex-members before the class leaves. Ten ex-members were invited to be present, some of whom responded. The Ban-quet was a purely informal affair, its object being, as expressed by one of the Seniors, to have "a good time;" and from all accounts they had it. There were twenty present, and little informal addresses were made by R. N. Stable, H. Sheely, and C. G. Smith, M. D., ex-members of'97, and by C. B. Erb, White Hutton and P. J. Shriver, of the graduating class. The menu was an excellent one, and from many sources and for many reasons, we know that everybody had "a good time." (OHMENCEM ENT ORATIONS. BY THE TEN MEMBERS OF THE GRADUATING! CLASS, BRUA CHAPEL, THURSDAY, 9 A. M. Up to Thursday, the weather during Com-I mencement week was of the finest, but on the■ morning of Commencement day, it rainedl quite heavily for some time. However, the I audience that assembled in the Chapel to hear the orations, did not seem to be at all fright-ened by the unfavorable condition of the elej rnents and the Chapel was well filled. ORDER OF EXERCISES. MUSIC—March "Corps do Sards"—Oodfrej. PRAYER. MUSIC-Melody in F-Eu.binstein. Latin Salutatory GEORGE F ABEL, Philadelptil Chri-tian Socialism, ELKANAH M, DUCK, Spring Mill The Extiniof the Laborer'sGrievance, ARTHUR B. COBLE, Lyki«| MUSIC— "Pilgrim Chorus" (Tannhaonser)—Wagner. The Unification of Science GEORGE HAY KAIN, Vat| State Politics in Pennsylvania,.HORACE E. CLUTE, Harriskil The Chief Religious Problem of the Age, HENRY R. SMITH, Chamberslui|| MUSIC—March, "The American Girl"—Herbert, Physical Training for the Twentieth Century, CLIFTON G. WHITE, Manhtii| Greece and the European Concert, ROBBIN B. WOLF, Gettysbnil MUSIC—"Bolero" (Spanish Dance)—Moszkowsky. Sixty Years of Queen Victoria, A. GERTRUDE SIEBER, Gettysbin| The Curtitls for To day, with Valedictory, HENRY WOLF BIKLE, Gettysteq| MUSIC -"Im Tiefen Keller" Fantasie—Lovenberg. CONFERRING OF DEGREES BY THE PRESIDENT. MUSIC-March, "Old Club "—Schremser. BENEDICTION. HONORS AND PRIZES. FIRST HONOR. HENRY WOLF BIKLE Gettysburg. GEORGE F. ABEL Philadelphia. ELKANAH M. DUCK Spring Mills. SECOND HONOR. HORACE E. CLUTE, Harrisburg. G. HAY KAIN York. ANNA G. SIEBER, (two years) Gettysburg GR/EFF PRIZE, FOR BEST E9SAV ON 7HE RELIGIOUS FAITH OF ROBERT BURNS. AS SHOWN IN HIS PO*' GEORGE F. ABEL Philadelphia. | WITH HONORABLE MENTION OP HENRY WOLF BIKLE Gettysburg. THE COEEEGE MERCURY. 85 HASSLER GOLD MEDAL, JUNIOR LATIN PRIZE. B>MUND W. MEISENHELDER York. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF b. L. KOLLER, Hanover. BtALPH L. SMITH Pittsburg BAUM SOPHOMORE MATHEMATICAL PRIZE. feRTHUR S. BRUMBAUGH Roaring Spring. BOS. N. K. HICKMAN Steelton. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF &ACOB D. SNYDER McKnightstown. J(HIX F. STALEY, Middletown. [WHEN 0. DIEHL Bedminster. MUHLENBERG FRESHMAN PRIZE. FOR BEST GENERAL SCHOLARSHIP. OTHER A. WEIGLE Mechanicsburg. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF [WILLIAM W. FREY York. BEDDIC PRIZE IN ORATORY. [iKA G. BRINER ; New Blcomfield. WITH HONORABLE MENTION OF EA.RLES E. FLECK, New Kingston. 3ARLES M. NICHOLAS, Berrett, Md. ♦—♦—♦ I GRADUATES AND HOME ADDRESSES. BACHELOR OF ARTS. George Ferdinand Able, Philadelphia, Pa. [Ernest Adelbert Armstrong, Hellam, Pa. [Henry Wolf Bikle, Gettysburg, Pa. :harles Roy Coble, Eykens, Pa. jthur Byron Coble, Lykens, Pa. Elkanah Maximillian Duck, Spring Mills, Pa. [George William Englar, Linwood, Md. Frederick Whipp Friday, Jefferson, Md. White Hutton, Chambersburg, Pa. Bamuel Jacob Miller, Edgemont, Md. John William Ott, Rocky Ridge, Md. Pearl Johnston Shriver, Gettysburg, Pa. Anna Gertrude Sieber, Gettysburg, Pa. Henry Rouzer Smith, Chambersburg, Pa. William Rufus Stahl, Hay's Mills, Pa. Philip Thos.Em'y Stockslager,Funkstown,Md. William Edward Wheeler, Baltimore, Md. [Clifton Glemm White, Manheim, Pa. [obbin Bayard Wolf, Gettysburg, Pa. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE. Horace Edwin Clute, Harrisburg, Pa. Charles Eeroy Boyer Erb, Boyertown, Pa. George Hay Kain, York, Pa. Fran'l'n Schoch Eeisenring,Chambersburg,Pa. r^wis Clarence Manges, Felton, Pa. John Elmer Meisenhelder, Hanover, Pa. Class Motto—Pertinax Animo. Class Colors—Pink and Nile Green. Class Flower—Daisy. Class Yell— Pertinax Animo, Rah ! Rah !.! Rah ! ! ! Ninety-Seven, Ninety-Seven, Gettysburgia. ~*-~^ ♦- DEGREES CONFERRED. COMMENCEMENT DAY JUNE 3. A. M. Prof. H. A. Allison, '94, Rev. R. W. Mottern, '94 " c- p- Bastian, 94, • koehuer, c f. Burns, p Herman, 1. f. Brown, r f. Spealman, r. f Wolf, 1. f. Loudon, r. f. Lawyer, r. t Gettysburg College, Opponents, 273 ::s 63 269 19 12 S". .11 .125 .875 .292 .171 .340 .233 .304 .222 .000 .200 .000 .143 .231 .15fi Pastor of the Quincy charge, in Franklin ounty, Pa. '94- Rev. Matthew S. Kemp, of Hazleton, Pa., has received a call from Smithsburg, Pa. Mr. Kemp graduated last week from Gettys-burg Seminary. '94. Fred. Bloomhardt, of the University of Pennsylvania, spent a short time at his home Tiring the latter part of May. >" AMERICA'S NOBLE SON. JNIOR PRIZE ORATION BY I. G. BRINER. We are to-day standing upon sacred ground. Q the war of '63 these hills and mountains echoed and re-echoed with the cannon's awful roar. For three days the mighty columns of the Southern Confederacy surged against our hues. Sometimes our phalanx faltered. Some-times it broke. But in the final and awful charge, made by Pickett's men, victory was forever emblazoned upon our immaculate ban-ner. To-day, behold ! how changed. The gory and tattered flag has been cleansed by more than three decades of sweet peace and wel-comed prosperity. In our National Cemetery those, who loved their country and their homes better than their lives, now repose in silent sleep. Their tombs are covered with earth's richest mantle. By their side stand stately trees with waving boughs and wide spreading branches. Over them the happy children scatter fragrant flowers, while the sun looks down, from the vaulted sky, and smiles. The relatives and friends of the heroes come close to those mounds and shed a loving and parting tear. But even weeping will not make sacred this ground. In his dedicatory speech Abraham Lincoln said, "We cannot hallow this ground, the brave men living and dead who fought here, have hallowed it far above our powers to add or detract." Not only do we revere and honor the meni-of those who sleep here, but we would hold in grateful remembrance every man who has p'-oven a friend and defender of our national faith and honor. Many there are to whom we can point with pride. Men, who, on the bat-tlefield, exhibited the greatest skill, bravery and courage. Those, when duty called, pressed forward into the thickest of the con-flict, that our freedom might be won and our beloved Union preserved. Those, when en-trusted with national honor, had dignity and manhood enough to keep it pure and unsullied. Among the host of such Americans shines, in undimmed splendor and glory, the name of* Ulysses S. Grant. His deeds of courage and bravery, his genuine high statesmanship and Christian character will ever be remembered and held in high esteem by all men who love the land of the free and the home of the brave. In our sister state, only four weeks ago was dedicated to his memory a beautiful and mas-sive memorial. By this act a premium was placed upon the actions of great and good men. This silent witness, as its beauty is reflected in the peaceful waters of the Hudson, is but a slight token of the Nation's gratitude for him. Historians tell us, as a soldier General Grant stood without a peer. To him was entrusted the closing scenes of an awful conflict. In him the nation saw a leader fearless and un-daunted as well as tender and kind. When his forces stormed Fort Donelson with heavy charges, the commander asked for terms. THE COLLEGE MERCURY General Grant replied : "No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I purpose to move immediately upon your works." On the other hand, when Lee was over-powered and the Southern army shattered, it was General Grant who proposed that the soldiers who had horses should retain them. He said, "The men will need them in plowing their fields, when they return to their homes." During the four years of this civil strife he had the confidence and esteem of soldiers and officers. With a unanimity that was never disturbed by an audible voice of dissent, the two million veterans gave to him supremacy over all the other officers under whom they served. The battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and Five Forks have immortalized his name among the greatest generals of the earth. How beautiful thus to see blended in one man true humanity, mingled with pure patriotism and undaunted courage. When our beloved country was yet tremb-ling and groaning from the shock received by the Civil war, news came to General Grant that he had been nominated for President of the United States. In his letter of acceptance he penned the words which are sweetest to those who have seen the horrors and ravages of war: ' 'Let us have peace.'' But this man was opposed to even having peace until he was sure it would be universal and abiding. Later in his official capacity he affirms that he would have "no policy to enforce against the will of the people." His entire adminis-tration is a living testimony that these words came forth from a heart radiant with truth. The character of this great man stands out clear and strong. Those that know him best saw in him a man in the truest sense of the term. Other men might be swerved from the path of duty by the temptations so numerous and strong in public life, by disappointed and coveting office seekers, by streams of immor-ality and waves of infidelity, but General Grant turned these discouragements and sins into stepping stones by which he arose to where his character to-day shines with tin-dimmed luster. When he assumed the functions of the Presi-dential office his highest ambition was to prove a worthy and trusted leader. He had learned through the great and far-reaching lessons taught by Jesus of Nazareth, "he that is greatest among you shall be your servant." He possessed abiding confidence! the honesty and intelligence of his coiuitr men, and always retained his deep holdup their affections. With Washington and Li: coin, Grant has an exalted place in our com try's history. When his monument was dedicated tha were present representatives from all brands of our Government, the resident officials < foreign nations, the Governors of the state and the sovereign people from every sectio of our common country. What a glowii tribute thus to pa}' to one who has reachedti; highest pinnacle of human distinction. Tt story of this man's life is worthy the conten plation of the ages. Now that beautiful memorial, honor of this General, Statesman, and Christian Gentleman, risees majesty before us. May it thus point us a individuals, and as a nation, to a higher splie of living, and clearer and more sublime fellow-ship with the God who rules the destiny rf Nations. erected i: President in siletl STATE POLITICS IN PENNSYLYANIl SENIOR ORATION, BY HORACE E. CLUTE, ') In examining the political situation in Pen sylvania we must feel, first of all, the needo! liberal point of view. If our position be thati patriots, we must consider all sides. It is nea less to say that this is, in its very nature, « a party question but one appealing to the leji imate interest of every loyal citizen of ti "laud of Penn." At a time when so much:: terest is being taken in the political affairs! our own Commonwealth, a broad basis for criticism must seem important. A certain gree of conservatism on the one hand, anda the other, an insistence on a full and da light on every part of our political svstea should characterize our consideration. In a question of this kind, the compart view will be found helpful to the broader bas we have referred to. What conditions at problems are met and settled in other state Nor need our range be confined to this con-try. European systems will be found uioreo less rich in political suggestion, when co: pared with our own. And we can readilyni derstand how a foreigner should be able! take this comparative view better perhaps tb any of us. The question touches us • closely. Professor Bryce, an Englishman eminence, furnishes, in his "American Cd THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 9i The! IS legit- I lb stec rafc bas ; as .ate :oE mi co: yd ile: tkjl ■an |Cc: I mwealth," an excellent illustration of this, onsiders the working and conditions of j"r political institutions in relation both to Hose of his own country and to each other in |e different sections and Commonwealths in ,is country. He says: "The spirit and force fcarty has, in America, been as essential to lie action of the machinery of government as team is to the locomotive engine. His view i briefly this: "in Europe the parties stand for jiiciples, in America they do not;" in the one 1'issues have never been lacking which Sought their respective principles into opera- En:" in the other "the chief practical issues which once divided the parties have been set-fled." In spite of the heated discussion and the definiteness in issue of the last-presidential campaign, we Americans cannot deny that fhere is much truth in his view and particu-larly as applied to State politics. What great principle does the Republican or the Demo-cratic party stand for in State elections? Does the citizen vote on some State issue or because R: wants his party to get the spoil? Bryce aptly says: "Bringing men up to the polls is like passing a stone roller over stones newly laid on a road." As the angularities in the stones are pressed out so individuality is merged into party. We fear this is what has happened very largely in Pennsylvania. Yet if asked to analyze the present political condition, we should say that it is perhaps nearer a transition, a revolution, from the existing order of things, than a solid-fying in them; recent indications seem to point in that direction. Prominent among these we might mention the withdrawal from power of a. U. S. Senator whose sway has extended for a number of years; though a candidate put forward by a boss took his place it was not without comparatively formidable opposition and the absence of the impliciteness with which many former behests were obeyed; and it is believed by some that if brought up now this candidate could not be elected. It is prob-ably true, as some one suggests, that the pres-ent legislature —the House at least—is more its own than in some former sessions. Citizens Reform Leagues and Associations, though aim-g more especially at municipal reform, show a marked tendency, not always appearing on e surface, to wipe out political corruption. The recent formation of Business Men's Leagues throughout the State, whatever news-papers may say about the aims of the leaders Jf the movement, shows a rebellion on the part 'fa very substantial proportion of our citizen-ship against the existing order of things. The recent exposure, on the part of contractors and others in possession of the facts, the waste of the people's money in "padded" bills, appro-priations, &c, may also be added to the gen-eral indications. We may think that a great hue and cry is raised about the corruption and degradation of Pennsylvania politics, and that the real con-dition is exaggerated. Perhaps the way to get anything like an accurate idea, is to investigate along the line of just what a real reform would mean, how many points it must touch, and how fundamental it must be, to cope with the enormousness of the task. It is not an overstatement to say that the system of bossism has in this State received flattering encouragement. (It is a continuation of the medieval "sale of indulgences" and we need a Luther to expose it!) It is the people we ought to censure, to censure the boss is a waste of breath. Yet we would not say this without two words, one as to the boss, the other from the side of the people. To one who says to us : "We need men of executive ability, bosses if you please," it is sufficient to reply simply by distinguishing the term "leader and boss;" by the former is suggested the idea of one who by natural selection or otherwise leads a new movement, by the latter the foreman of a gang of foreign laborers out in some Western railway cut; the arguments of the one are listened to; the orders of the other are mechanically obeyed. Why do the people endure it? Well, first of all, they have arrayed against them a machine, and to resist its clock-like movement is 110 easy matter. You will perhaps meet one class of persons who speak of "necessary evils." We deny their existence ! There is no reason under the sun, save the weakness of men, why our Commonwealth should not be a perfect Utopia! Eltwood Pomeroy, in the April Arena, char-acterizes another class." "I know of men," he says, "honest, honorable, capable, who have refused to vote for over a quarter of a century. They say it is no use." As cit-izens, however, we must remember that the use of that silent weapon, the ballot, is not only a privilege but a duty. Let us be sure that there are thousands in Pennsylvania who have not in their heart of hearts bowed the knee to the Baal of bossism. Perhaps no bet-ter counsel can be given to the true citizen than the words of the poet: "Be noble and the nobleness that lies In others, sleeping but never dead, Will rise in majesty to greet thine own." ADVERTISEMENTS. Classical Course for the Degree of A. B. II. Scientific Course for the Degree of B. S. III. Post-Graduate Course fcr the Degree of Ph. D. IV. Special Course in all Departments. V. Elective Studies in Junior and Senior Years. VI. New Testament Greek and Hebrew in English Bible Departinj Observatory, Laboratories and new Gymnasium. Four large buildings. All b heated with steam from central plant. Libraries, 25,000 volumes. Fine Museum. Expi low. Department of Hygiene and Physical Culture in charge of an experienced physid Accessible by frequent railroad trains. Location, on BATTLEFIELD of Gettysburg;" pleasant and healthy. PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT, in separate buildings, for I and young men preparing for business or college, under special care of the principal andtl assistants, residing with students in the building. For full particulars, apply for catalog^ HARVEY w. MCKNIGHT, D. D., LL. D., ?m\ F@ras]?(]w*iiiiia (MUtege, Gettysburg
Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is a major environmental concern that requires immediate attention. The large volumes of CDW produced and its associated environmental effects have led to explore new alternatives addressing this problem in more sustainable ways. In this context, the Circular Economy (CE) paradigm emerged as an innovative solution for creating more sustainable production and consumption patterns, fostering economic growth, and providing environmental protection and social welfare. At the global level, the concept of CE has gained increasing interest from government bodies, business organizations and academics. This has resulted in multiple political agendas including CE as a core driver, as well as an emerging trend of research exploring its concept and applications. However, because of the novelty and dynamism of the concept, research developments on practical applications and quantitative assessments are at an early stage. The main aim of this study was to propose an approach to integrate the CE concept in the construction and demolition sector, as well as providing the basis for evaluating the environmental and economic effects of circularity strategies and to monitor their implementation. For this purpose, an integrative framework of strategies for CE adoption in the CDW sector is proposed. This together with a methodological proposal to evaluate and compare the environmental and economic performance of different circularity alternatives incorporating multi-criteria decision analysis. In addition, this work proposes a system of indicators for measuring CE features for CDW products. The proposed framework identifies 14 influential strategies for the circularity of the CDW sector and describes their interaction throughout its lifecycle stages. The methodological proposal incorporates the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology to assess the environmental dimension., while the economic criteria adopt a complex cost method. The multicriteria VIKOR method was used to perform the multi-criteria analysis. The methodology is applied to evaluate the use of concrete waste in high-grade applications, specifically the production of structural and non-structural concrete mixes in the region of Catalonia, Spain. The indicators framework incorporates a systematic approach considering the most relevant factors and parameters for successful measurement of CE interventions. It consists of 22 measures within the three dimensions of environment, economic and innovation/materials. Preconstruction strategies are highlighted as the most influential in the circularity of the sector. CE strategies presented better environmental and economic performance; however, results are conditioned by the particular context of the study. Transportation and landfilling are identified as the most conditioning parameters affecting both environmental and economic performance. ; Los residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) son un grave problema medio ambiental que requiere atención inmediata. Los grandes volúmenes de RCD producidos y sus efectos ambientales han llevado a buscar nuevas alternativas para resolver esta problemática de forma más sostenible. En ese contexto, la Economía Circular (EC) ha emergido como una solución innovadora para crear patrones de producción y consumo más sostenibles, fomentar el crecimiento económico, asegurar la protección medio ambiental y la protección social. A nivel global, el concepto de la EC ha ganado interés entre organismos gubernamentales, sector empresarial y académicos. Ello ha resultado en la incorporación de la EC como eje conductor en múltiples agendas políticas y con una tendencia emergente en la investigación de su concepto y aplicaciones. Sin embargo, la investigación de las potenciales aplicaciones y su evaluación se encuentran en una fase temprana de desarrollo debido a la novedad y dinamismo del concepto. El objeto principal de este estudio fue el de desarrollar una propuesta de integración del concepto de EC en el sector de la construcción y la demolición, así como proveer las bases para evaluar los efectos económicos y ambientales de estrategias de circularidad y monitorear su implementación. Para ello, se propone un marco integrativo de estrategias para la adopción de la EC en el sector de los RCD, además de una propuesta metodológica para evaluar y comparar el desempeño económico y ambiental de diferentes alternativas de circularidad incorporando análisis de decisión multi-criterio. Asimismo, este trabajo propone un sistema de indicadores para medir características de circularidad de los RCD. El sistema propuesto identifica 14 estrategias de influencia para la circularidad del sector de los RCD, describiendo su interacción a lo largo de sus etapas de ciclo de vida. La propuesta metodológica de evaluación incorpora la metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para el criterio ambiental, y el análisis de costes complejos para el criterio económico. Mientras que para el desarrollo del análisis multi-criterio fue utilizado el método VIKOR. La metodología es aplicada en la evaluación del uso de residuos de concreto en aplicaciones de alto grado, específicamente en la producción de hormigón estructural y no estructural en la región de Cataluña, España. El marco de indicadores incorpora un enfoque sistémico que considera los factores y parámetros más relevantes para la adecuada medición de estrategias de EC. Este consiste en 22 medidas contenidas en tres grupos o dimensiones: ambiental, económica y de innovación/materiales. Las estrategias durante la etapa pre-constructiva son identificadas como las más influyentes en la circularidad del sector. Resultados de la evaluación muestran un mejor desempeño económico y ambiental de las alternativas de EC, sin embargo, éstos son condicionados por el contexto específico de la zona de estudio. En particular, el transporte y el vertido son identificados como los parámetros más condicionantes tanto para el aspecto ambiental, como el económico. ; Els residus de construcció i demolició (RCD) són un greu problema mediambiental que requereix atenció immediata. Els grans volums de RCD produïts i els seus efectes ambientals han conduit a buscar noves alternatives per resoldre aquesta problemàtica en formes més sostenibles. En aquest context, l'Economia Circular (EC) ha emergit com una solució innovadora per a crear patrons de producció i de consum més sostenibles, impulsar el creixement econòmic, assegurar la protecció del medi ambient i la protecció social. A nivell global, el concepte de l'EC ha guanyat l'interès d'organismes governamentals, del sector empresarial i d'acadèmics. Això ha resultat en la incorporació de l'EC com eix conductor en múltiples agendes polítiques i amb una tendència emergent en la investigació del seu concepte i aplicacions. No obstant això, la investigació de les potencials aplicacions i la seva avaluació es troben en fase primerenca de desenvolupament degut a la novetat i dinamisme del concepte. L'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi va ser el desenvolupar una proposta d'integració de l'EC en el sector de la construcció i la demolició, així com proporcionar les bases per avaluar els efectes econòmics i ambientals d'estratègies de circularitat i monitoritzar la seva implementació. Per això, es proposa un marc integratiu d'estratègies per a l'adopció de l'EC en el sector dels RCD. A més, d'una proposta metodològica per avaluar i comparar el rendiment econòmic i ambiental de diferents alternatives de circularitat incorporant un anàlisi de decisió multi-criteri. Seguidament, aquest treball proposa un sistema d'indicadors per mesurar característiques de circularitat dels RCD. Aquest sistema identifica 14 estratègies d'influència per la circularitat del sector dels RCD, descrivint la seva interacció al llarg de les etapes de cicle de vida. La proposta metodològica d'avaluació incorpora la metodologia d'Anàlisis de Cicle de Vida (ACV) per al criteri ambiental, i l'anàlisi de costos complexos per al criteri econòmic. Mentre que per al desenvolupament de l'anàlisi multi-criteri s'ha utilitzat el mètode VIKOR. La metodologia s'aplica en l'avaluació del ús de residus de formigó en aplicacions d'alt grau, específicament en la producció de formigó estructural i no estructural en la regió de Catalunya, Espanya. El marc d'indicadors incorpora un enfocament sistèmic que considera els factors i paràmetres mes rellevants per a l'adequada mesura d'estratègies d'EC. Aquest consisteix en 22 mesures agrupades en 3 grups o dimensions: ambiental, econòmica i d'innovació/materials. S'identifica que les estratègies de l'etapa pre-constructiva són les més influents en la circularitat del sector. Els resultats de l'avaluació demostren que les alternatives d'EC presenten millor rendiment econòmic i ambiental, però, aquests són influenciats per les condicions particulars de la zona d'estudi. Particularment, el transport i abocament són identificats com els paràmetres més condicionants tan per el criteri ambiental, com per l'econòmic. ; Postprint (published version)
[spa] El presente trabajo de investigación, presentado como Tesis Doctoral, bajo el título de "Las acciones de indemnización por infracción de las normas de competencia. Especial consideración a la Directiva 2014/104/CE", centra su atención en el complejo análisis de la tutela sustantiva y procesal del Derecho de la competencia, con especial referencia a los problemas teóricos y prácticos que se plantean, tanto en sede administrativa como jurisdiccional, en orden al ejercicio de las acciones civiles de reparación de los daños y perjuicios que pudieren derivar de los ilícitos antitrust. Tras analizar la conceptualización de la competencia y del Derecho de la competencia, así como su triple dimensión constitucional (institucional, subjetiva y social), se enfrenta la compleja traslación del public enforcement y del private enforcement al ámbito propio del Derecho Procesal. Desde la óptica de la dependencia recíproca entre el Derecho Mercantil y el Derecho Procesal se examinan tanto la regulación antitrust del ordenamiento jurídico estadounidense (rule of reason, per se rule y quick look rule; la persecución de los ilícitos antitrust a cargo de la Antitrust Division; los leniency programs; la interposición de las antitrust damages actions; la legitimación y la construcción de la antitrust injury; la indirect purchaser rule; la passing-on defense; los trebles damages; la institución del discovery; las class actions; y las motions to dismiss y motions to summary judgement); como aquella otra que es propia, por influencia de la Directiva 2014/104/UE, de un largo proceso de armonización, positiva y de mínimos, de las normas de los diferentes Estados miembros de la Unión Europea relativas al Derecho de la competencia, tanto en su vertiente sustantiva como procesal. Finalmente, desde la perspectiva de la transposición a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico de la Directiva europea de daños, que ha tenido lugar mediante el Real Decreto-ley 9/2017, así como teniendo también presente que no es factible optar por una traslación automática de las soluciones del sistema antitrust norteamericano al ámbito europeo, en especial por lo que hace referencia a aquellos Estados de influencia de civil law; se incorporan, fruto de un amplio y comparado análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial, relevantes conclusiones acerca, entre otras materias, de su ámbito de aplicación (objetivo, subjetivo y temporal); el derecho al pleno resarcimiento; el régimen de responsabilidad conjunta y solidaria; el plazo para el ejercicio de las acciones de daños; los efectos de las resoluciones de las autoridades administrativas y los órganos jurisdiccionales competentes; la cuantificación de los daños y perjuicios; el nuevo concepto de cártel; las soluciones extrajudiciales en el ámbito del resarcimiento de daños; el régimen de sobrecostes (passing-on); la competencia judicial; la legitimación colectiva y las acciones de clase; las diligencias preliminares; las modalidades de follow-on y stand-alone; la acumulación de acciones; la intervención de terceros; la carga de la prueba; el acceso a las fuentes de prueba; y la coordinación entre procesos judiciales. ; [cat] El present treball d'investigació, presentat com a Tesi Doctoral, amb el títol "Les accions d'indemnització per infracció de les normes de competència. Especial consideració a la Directiva 2014/104/CE", centra la seva atenció a la complexa anàlisi de la tutela substantiva i processal del Dret de la competència, amb especial referència als problemes teòrics i pràctics que es plantegen, tant en seu administrativa com jurisdiccional, vers l'exercici de les accions civils de reparació dels danys i perjudicis que poden derivar-se dels il·lícits antitrust. Un cop analitzada la conceptualització de la competència i del Dret de la competència, així com la seva triple dimensió constitucional (institucional, subjectiva i social), s'afronta la complexa translació del public enforcement i del private enforcement a l'àmbit propi del Dret Processal. Des de l'òptica de la dependència recíproca entre el Dret Mercantil i el Dret Processal s'examinen tant la regulació antitrust de l'ordenament jurídic estatunidenc (rule of reason, per se rule i quick look rule; la persecució dels il·lícits antitrust a càrrec de l'Antitrust Division; els leniency programs; la interposició de les antitrust damages actions; la legitimació i la construcció de l'antitrust injury; la indirect purchaser rule; la passing-on defense; els trebles damages; la institució del discovery; les class actions; i les motions to dismiss i motions to summary judgement); com aquella altra que és pròpia, per influència de la Directiva 2014/104/UE, d'un llarg procés d'harmonització, positiva i de mínims, de les normes dels diferents Estats membres de la Unió Europea relatives al Dret de la competència, tant a la seva vessant substantiva com processal. Finalment, des de la perspectiva de la transposició al nostre ordenament jurídic de la Directiva europea de danys, que ha tingut lloc mitjançant el Reial Decret- llei 9/2017, així com també tenint molt present que no és factible optar per una translació automàtica de les solucions del sistema antitrust nord-americà a l'àmbit europeu, en especial quant a aquells Estats d'influència de civil law; s'incorporen, fruit d'una anàlisi doctrinal i jurisprudencial comparada, rellevants conclusions, sobre entre d'altres temes, el seu àmbit d'aplicació (objectiu, subjectiu i temporal); el dret al ple rescabalament; el règim de responsabilitat conjunta i solidària; el termini per a l'exercici de les accions de danys; els efectes de les resolucions de les autoritats administratives i els òrgans jurisdiccionals competents; la quantificació dels danys i perjudicis; el nou concepte de càrtel; les solucions extrajudicials a l'àmbit del rescabalament de danys; el règim de sobre-costos (passing-on); la competència judicial; la legitimació col·lectiva i les accions de classe; les diligències preliminars; les modalitats follow-on i stand-alone; l'acumulació d'accions; la intervenció de tercers; la càrrega de la prova; l'accés a les fonts de prova; i la coordinació entre processos judicials. ; [eng] The present research work, presented as a Doctoral Thesis, under the title "Damages actions for infringements of competition rules. Special consideration to the Directive 2014/104/CE", focuses its attention on the complex analysis of the substantive and procedural protection of Competition Law, with special reference to the theoretical and practical problems that arise, both in the administrative and judicial sphere, with regard to the exercise of civil actions for compensation of damages that may arise from antitrust offences. After analysing the conceptualization of competition and Competition Law, as well as its triple constitutional dimension (institutional, subjective and social), the complex translation of public enforcement and private enforcement to the field of procedural law is faced. From the perspective of the mutual dependence between Business Law and Procedural Law, both the antitrust regulations of the US legal system are examined (rule of reason, per se rule and quick look rule; the prosecution of antitrust offences by the Antitrust Division; leniency programs; the filing of antitrust damages actions; the standing and construction of antitrust injury; the indirect purchaser rule; passing-on defence; treble damages; the institution of discovery; class actions; and motions to dismiss and motions to summary judgement); as well as that which is proper, due to the influence of Directive 2014/104/EU, of a long process of positive and minimal harmonization of the rules of the different Member States of the European Union regarding Competition law, both in its substantive and procedural aspects. Finally, from the perspective of the transposition into our legal system of the European Directive on Damages, which has taken place through Royal Decree- Law 9/2017, as well as bearing in mind that it is not feasible to opt for an automatic transfer of the solutions of the US antitrust system to the European sphere, especially in reference to those States of civil law influence; relevant conclusions about, among other matters, its scope of application (objective, subjective and temporary); the right to full compensation are incorporated as a result of a broad and comparative doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis; the regime of joint and several liability; the time limit for the exercise of actions for damages; the effects of the resolutions of the competent administrative authorities and courts; the quantification of damages; the new concept of cartel; the out-of-court remedies in the field of compensation for damages; the regime of overcharges (passing-on); jurisdiction; collective legitimation and class actions; preliminary proceedings; follow-on and stand-alone modalities; consolidation of actions; intervention of third parties; burden of proof; disclosure of evidence; and coordination between legal proceedings.
