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Sumerians were the first People in history to invent the cuneiform script, which made the reporting of their achievements possible. Therefore, this had marked the beginning of written history. Moreover, their experience as pioneers in practicing large-scale irrigation is detailed in this paper, which also describes the intricate canal networks systems they had constructed together with the engineering works related to them. The land was flat and the two rivers had built themselves to higher levels than the surrounding lands by the continuous silting process, so gravity irrigation became possible and the people took the opportunity to construct these networks and establish their communities here. Description of the political and social developments, which led to the establishment of the city-states, is also given together with a list of the most prominent ones, and their locations are shown on a map indicating the heartland of Samaria in southern part of Iraq; close to the Persian Gulf. Wars between some city-states over water rights are detailed with their results in excavation of new canals, which are described here. A vivid description of the irrigation canals and the hydraulic structures that were needed and built are also presented which show that the Sumerians were versed in hydraulic principles, while in illustrating their methods of land preparation, seeding, irrigation and harvesting indicates they were skillful farmers. Moreover, the tools and implements invented for field operations such as those for water control, land preparation, seeding and harvesting, which are fully described, show that they were also inventors.The type of crops produced are given special attention and the abundance of yield they obtained was outlined indicating that surpluses had encouraged trading with other parts outside Samaria and so new commercial relations were developed. The economic aspects of this civilization such as wages and loans for farmers, work specialization and the appearance of new professions to meet cultivation requirements were described. The social hierarchy on which social relations and organization of work was based are presented especially those related to the agricultural and irrigation works which are given their share of explanation and discussion. Flood protection works needed for better safety from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers recurrent floods were routine practices of the Sumerians to protect themselves and their lands from the grave dangers of these floods. Therefore, they excelled in them, while canals maintenance by constant dredging of the silt brought down by the two rivers every year was a constant concern. The Sumerians over long period had accepted within them some other people namely, the Akkadians who intermingled with them, lived in their cities, and even mixed with them in marriages. This explains how a smooth transition of power had resulted in the rise of the Akkadians King Sargon, after he had started as a high-ranking official at the court of (Ur- Zababa) the last Sumerian king and replaced him to mark the start of the Semitic Akkadian domination, which lasted almost 200 years to 2150 BC. Sargon managed afterwards to unite all the city-states and establish the first empire in the world extending well beyond Sumeria, so it was said that his influence was felt from Egypt in the west to India in the east.Finally, this paper presents briefly the various theories behind the decline of the Sumerian- Akkadians power and the reasons for passing this to the new rising city of Babylon, which took over this civilization to establish its own. ; Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-04-24 (marisr)

Introduction. The article examines the nature and essence of patriotism and friendship of peoples, their crucial role for the life of the Russian Federation. Over the past decades, radical changes have taken place in the political system of Russia, its social and ethnic structure, and a heterogeneous ethno-confessional society has been formed. The author shows that patriotism and friendship of peoples are the most important determinants, specific properties necessary for the integration of our multinational federation ensuring order and stability in the country, its sustainable and dynamic development, the gradual formation of new supra-ethnic and supra-confessional values, and general cultural identity.

Methods. The combination of applying methods and approaches is the key to studying the theory and practice of patriotism, recognizing its procedural nature, unity and opposition in the activities of the state and society, the interests of the government, political parties and social groups. The use of the polyparadigmatic methodology in studying the nature and essence of patriotism, in particular, the activity and civilizational approaches, the synergetic method, dialectic categories made it possible to determine the complexity and continuity of the formation of patriotism and patriotic work, to reveal dynamism and conflict, general and special features in them.

Analysis. Studying the real state of Russian society points to the weakness of systemic activities of patriotic education, preserving and strengthening the unity and friendship between nations. The lack of a common goal problematizes the search for a common patriotic idea, new foundations for Russian civilization, the common existence of nations, the construction of a welfare state and a harmonious society.

Results. The article reveals inadequacy of the declared ideas of patriotism and friendship of peoples to the policy and practice of implementing neoliberal values and the priority of individualism. The author shows that the process of further fragmentation and stratification, alienation and separation of people according to racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, confessional, generational, professional and other characteristics continues in society. The transition of already atomized individuals from the ethnic mentality and national behavioral stereotypes to a single patriotic goal – the all-Russian identity – is formal. Today, the activity on the formation of patriotism and patriotic attitudes of consciousness does not affect the deep, essential foundations of society, is of a festival and manipulative nature, and in many respects concerns only the military sphere, tourism and sports. The notes mentioned create significant difficulties in understanding the idea of the common welfare, genuine and false in patriotism, the definition of objective interests of the state, authority and society, social groups and individual elites. Modern globalization inevitably involves taking into account the national interests of Russia, the search for optimal forms of interconnection of civilizational and universal principles.

After several years of population growth, urbanization, rapid economic and growing depletion of natural resources, China's environmental related challenges are nearing a tipping point. Following the ideal of creating an ecological civilization, China is on its way to greening socio-economic development. In fact, the ecological civilization is the primary conceptual key used by the People's Republic of China capable of providing a coherent framework for adjustments to socio-economic development in the 21st century to allow people to live in health within the eco-environmental boundaries of the Earth during the current geological era of the Anthropocene. After delineating the features of the ecological civilization, this paper aims to analyze the legal regime of contaminated lands in China as outlined by the 2018 Soil Contamination Law in the light of making a stable and prosperous ecological civilization. Besides that, this paper examines the statutory definition of soil contamination under the law describing the environmental legislative frameworks.

The crisis state of the modern capitalist, global, 'liquid', neoliberal, etc. society (i.e. modern civilization) can be expressed in various aspects: economic, geopolitical, ecological, social-class, etc. However, all these aspects are only external manifestations, phenomena of a more fundamental problem — the crisis of human essence or, more specifically, its alienated nature. There are various approaches to understanding the human and its essence in modern philosophical literature. In this article, the author considers one of the versions of the Marxist representation of this subject, according to which the essence of the human is manifested in the mode of its existence, i.e. self-development through the transformation of all forms of matter. This method of the human's production of its own life can be expressed in the form of a hierarchical structure of its essential attributes or forces. Such a plan of human essence is an abstract scheme that is modified in accordance with the concrete historical conditions of human existence, filling it with new content each time. Since the emergence of private property, classes and the state, the model of social development has been such that society as a whole develops due to the degradation of its individual members. This reaches its climax today, when the alienation of human from its generic essence, from its actual mode of existence turns it into a partial and one-dimensional. This process is understood by the authors as a crisis one since, apparently, it reveals a certain limit beyond which there takes place either the transition to a new model, where the development of each is a condition for the development of all, or — stagnation and destruction of the entire system.

W.H. Auden once proposed that the extent of civilization could be judged by a dual standard: both “the the degree of diversity attained and the degree of unity retained.” I don’t fully agree, but at least to me, the idea captures something important. Here’s how Auden put it in his introductory editor’s essay for The … Continue reading Auden on Civilization: “The Degree of Diversity Attained and the Degree of Unity Retained”
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"The examination of four great civilizations that existed before Columbus's arrival in North America offers evidence of sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds"--Provided by publisher

"A political scientist and an urban architect explore China's odyssey to become an ecological civilization and transform its massive urbanization process into hundreds of eco-cities. The resulting From Eco-Cities to Sustainable City-Regions is the first book-length study combining analysis of politics and power, urban design and planning issues derived from the co-authors' interdisciplinary research and political science and architectural area specialties. Begun in 1986, little-known policy actions have taken shape in the building of 285 eco-cities--and growing. Wh at are the driving forces of these innovative developments? How is China going about seeing to converting its teeming urban areas into replicable and showcase cities? Can these new policy initiatives overcome the damage done to its air, waterways, and land, while significantly reducing public health dangers to its inhabitants? In searching for means for the People's Republic of China to take the next step from eco-cities to sustainable city-regions, the co-authors assess the potential success of China's present course and offer key recommendations for Chinese political leaders, urban planners, and citizen stakeholders to make the transition to a sustainable future for its people and the rest of the world. The primary market for this book will be English-speaking eco-researchers, Asian studies scholars and teachers, eco- and urban architects, environmental and urban policy professionals, and advanced undergraduates in Environmental and Sustainability Studies or Sciences programs. The interdisciplinary reach and critical framework of analysis will appeal to a wide variety of scholars interested in Chinese ecological developments and seeking a critical assessment of its potential"--

This article examines available narratives and modes of representation concerning "civilization" and "savagery" in the early Meiji proto-colonial discursive sphere. It focuses on a major event in the 1874 Taiwan Expedition: Japan's capture and attempted assimilation of an orphaned aboriginal girl. Through an analysis of Japanese newspaper reports, woodblock prints, illustrated books, and commercial photography, this article argues that alongside the well-characterized "rhetoric of aboriginal savagery" that exaggerated the otherness of Taiwanese indigenes, there developed a synergistic "rhetoric of aboriginal civilization" that emphasized the indigenes' capacity for transformation. This mode of representation stressed not the aboriginals' alterity but rather their latent affinity to Japan. According the aboriginal a measure of temporality, the rhetoric of aboriginal civilization formed an indispensable counterpart to the rhetoric of aboriginal savagery: one that affirmed the campaign's "civilizing" component by demonstrating its viability.

Abstract
The dominant perspectives on International Relations (IR) focus on the rise of the Western civilization and the global expansion of the European Westphalian system as their starting point. This leads to a narrow Eurocentric understanding of IR that obscures the role and contribution of other civilizations to the evolution of world order. However, during the last 5000 years, many civilizations have risen, fallen, and survived. This essay focuses on five world orders that made their mark before the "rise of the West" or the advent of European colonialism around roughly the 16th century AD: Near Eastern, Indian, Chinese, Islamic, and Indian Oceanic. A study of classical civilizations and world orders can help IR scholars to more fully engage history and reshape the study of IR theories and concepts in several ways. It helps us to understand, and if necessary, challenge, the dominance of certain key ideas that claim to be universal and have been taken for granted as such. Moreover, studying IR from a historical–civilizational perspective opens the door to understanding both material and ideational relationships among states and societies. It also encourages a shift in IR thinking from the conventional state-centric category of the "international system" to the broader framing of world order.

A7 重磅:世界首个真数字器件开创4D数字电路和d4数字时代 New civilization: First True Dynamic Digital Device Initiating True Digital Circuits and d4 Times Legislator of Mathematics The first true dynamic digital device initiating the true digital circuits and d4 times. Heretofore, all the electronic devices and circuits are not the true digital ones but basing on the analogous circuit. Now the new dds end the fake of digital circuits. We will develop the unlimited charging technologies for military and civil. New technology, new civilization. All the reporters and investors contact me by email: puipowfri@gmail.com. Thank you. 人类经历蒸气动力文明、电气文明、半导体文明、信息文明,但它们都是模拟的、至多是伪数字的;现在,我们要经由人类第一个真数字器件进入真正的数字文明,一个IC取代一个30多吨的ENIAC将再次发生,一包香烟大小的真数字计算机取代Summit(148.6PFlops)和Sierra将再次发生,因为DDS(真动态数字信号)支持无限叠加和无限运算而令功率降低可忽略不计的水平,人类将进入真正的超大型运算时代。与此同时,人们将享受无限充电的动态数字充电技术,从而最大限度节约能源;使用无极性辐射的智能手机和通讯设备而远离电磁干扰,等等,美好的生活随之展开。 迄今为止,人类的数字电路、数字通讯、数字信息处理、AI等都是通过模拟电路实现的,自然不可能是真正的数字层面,也就是说,人类从未进入真正的数字时代,今天,纯数字的数字起源令全世界首次进入真正的数字时代,遵循傅里叶逆变换(Fourier inversion)等的以属于虚数的波动(振动)为前提的动态数字信号及其处理,从而构成真数字(动态数字)波动(振动、波振)原则。台积电的半导体技术再厉害也都只是属于模拟层面,用一个指甲的真数字电路取代一台超模拟伪数字的超级大电脑只有在无限叠加运算的纯数字电路时代才有可能实现。 复数空间中的真数字信号(全显数字)、全相干空间的无形数字(隐性数字)信号(负压数字)、负阻(十字)空间中的半隐性数字信号(负阻数字)、根(天线)空间中的开放性标准化数字信号(无障碍表达于不同介质中之负温度数字)、(真)数字四大金刚,统称为四层真数字技术(系统),从而构成(真)数字四大金刚原则,由此而来,人类将要进入四大数字时代:全显真数字时代、准化数字时代、半隐性数字时代、隐性数字时代。 二层单极晶体管(基极二极管UJT)为全人类有史以来第一个数字电子器件,让人们从此开启四大数字时代:全显真数字时代(d1)、准化数字时代(d2)、半隐性数字时代(d3)、隐性数字时代(d4),统称为4d时代,从而构成真数字(纯数字)4d原则,真正的数字电路、数字通讯、数字信息处理、AI等随之扬帆起航。 模拟先于数字非数字原则、数字通讯、全世界首次进入数字时代、负阻连续性定理、负阻相位原则 我们以一个单极晶体管(基极二极管UJT)T、射极电容C、射极电阻Re、基极电阻Rb1和Rb2、电源E(电动势等于ε=U)作一个简单的负阻回路L,单极晶体管T的两基极的电阻分别为rb1和rb2,rbb=rb1+rb2,单极晶体管T上的两基极之间的电压为Ubb、rb1的电压为Ub1、rb2的电压为Ub2、i为基极电流、u=Ubb为单极晶体管上两基极之间的压降、r为单极晶体管上两基极之间的动态电阻、Δμ为与负阻rbb上电压增量Δu对应的补偿电压、Δw为rbb上的电压总增量、E为负阻rbb上的电场强度、E'为负阻rbb上电场强度E的补偿电场强度、E''为负阻rbb上总电场强度、dℓ为电场强度E或E'的分布长度(先假设ℓ为直线段)、t为时间、Δu为单极晶体管T上的双基极总电压增量、Δi为单极晶体管T上的双基极电流增量,我们于是有如下方程: ε=Ub1+Ubb+Ub2=i(Rb1+Rb2+rbb) du/di=dUbb/di=-r dUbb=du=-rdi ……(Eq.UJT01) dμ=dw+du=dw-rdi=0 ……(Eq.UJT02) u=∫E·dℓ ⇒ du=E·dℓ=d(E·ℓ) w=∫E'·dℓ ⇒ ...