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Explaining legislative decision making in the European Union / Robert Thomson and Madeleine O. Hosli -- Research design : measuring actors' positions, saliences and capabilities / Robert Thomson and Frans N. Stokman -- Testing procedural models of EU legislative decision-making / Bernard Steunenberg and Torsten J. Selck -- Institutional realism and bargaining models / Christopher H. Achen -- Compromise, exchange and challenge in the European Union / Javier Arregui, Frans N. Stokman and Robert Thomson -- Nash versus Schelling? : the importance of constraints in legislative bargaining / Stefanie Bailer and Gerald Schneider -- A cooperative approach to decision-making in the European Union / Vincent Boekhoorn, Adrian M.A. Van Deemen and Madeleine O. Hosli -- A procedural exchange model of EU legislative politics / Thomas König and Sven Oliver Proksch -- Beyond informal compromise : testing conditional formal procedures of EU decision-making / Mika Widgrén and Antti Pajala -- Evaluating political decision-making models / Christopher H. Achen -- Evidence with insight : what models contribute to EU research / Gerald Schneider, Bernard Steunenberg and Mika Widgrén -- Appendix I : selection of commission proposals -- Appendix II : comparison of expert judgements with each other and with information from Council documentation / Robert Thomson -- References -- Index.

The paper deals with the complexities concerning social policy in the Accession Treaty and, in particular with the Appendix XII (Title 13) referring to the social policy and employment policy Author indicates rather general or strictly technical regulations concerning both issues. He indicates, however, that – regardless to formal statuses – equally important are political declarations concerning such issues as work safety, equal opportunities of employment, social dialogue, etc.

EU foreign policy once existed in the form of the European Political Cooperation with only a limited political leverage and symbolic institutional underpinnings. In recent years rapid changes have occurred, including an expanding institutional apparatus, increased responsibility and growing demand for action.This book examines new approaches to the EU's foreign policy that address its rapidly changing character, presenting the newest theoretical perspectives and dealing with novel empirical developments. Rather than simply considering structural variations and changes in the agency of the EU

Climate change isone ofthe most pressing challenges ofour time and several policies trying tomitigate this negative phenomenon have been implemented. The reduction ofGHG emissions along with the improvement inenergy efficiency and the increase inthe share ofenergy consumption from renewable sources also constitute the Euro-pean Union policy priority. Inthis context, the aim ofthis article isto explore factors that affect changes inCO2 emissions inthe four EU member states that form the Visegrad Group, during the period 1993-2016. The analysis was conducted using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method and the Kaya iden-tity, which enables the factors contributing most tothe CO2 emissions changes tobe identified. Italso allows the results tobe discussed inrelation tothe European Union's climate policy.According tothe decomposition analysis results, energy intensity and economic growth measured interms ofGDP per capita were the main factors driving chang-es inCO2 emissions across all countries considered. The emissions decrease result-ed mainly from animprovement inenergy efficiency and toalesser extent from the change inthe energy mix towards renewables.

A key feature of federal systems is the representation of subnational units by territorial representatives in policymaking at the federal level. How do such arrangements influence the linkage between public opinion and policy outputs? I argue that policymaking under territorial representation should be systematically skewed toward opinion in those states where citizens care about a policy issue and have a uniform view on it. This claim is tested using a novel data set of policy change in the European Union (EU), covering 211 policy issues and 6,506 observations of opinion-policy dyads. Results show that measures weighting opinion across member states by how much national citizens care about an issue are better predictors of policy change than EU-wide mean opinion. Moreover, congruence between state-level opinion and EU-level policy becomes more likely, the more salient and clear-cut opinion in a member state is. These findings refine our understanding of the opinion-policy linkage under territorial representation.

This article examines the internal decision-making process in the European Union when the EU participates in international environmental negotiations. More particularly, the practical functioning of the relation between the member states and the EU negotiator (i.e. the Commission, the Presidency or a lead country), representing the member states externally, is examined. Starting from principal—agent theory and based on empirical research on eight EU decision-making processes with regard to international environmental negotiations, the article argues, first, that control by the member states on the EU negotiator takes place most manifestly during the course of the international negotiations, and, second, that these ad locum control mechanisms perform not only a control function, but also a cooperation function.

1. Introduction -- 2. Europeanization -- 3. Maltese political development and the question of 'Europe' -- 4. The road to 'Europe' -- 5. Malta as a member of the EU -- 6. Malta's integration into the Customs Union -- 7. EU membership and the Maltese agricultural sector -- 8. An assessment of Malta's Europeanization experience.

Implications for the effectiveness of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the proposed admission of Malta, which adheres to principles of neutrality and non-alignment. Also discusses the possibility of bringing the EU into disputes concerning maritime delimitation in the Central Mediterranean.

Foreign Policy Association D.C. - Foreign Policy in the Coming Campaign