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In the last decades, the American state has radically enlarged the array of policy instruments utilized in today's governance of the poor. Most recently, through a process of outright "seizure," the state now exacts revenue from low-income families, partners, and friends of those individuals who in very large numbers cycle in and out of the nation's courts, jails, and prisons. In an analysis of legislation, judicial cases, policy regulations, blog, chat-line postings, and survey data, we explore this new form of taxation. In doing so, we endeavor to meet two objectives: The first is to document policies which pressure individuals (mostly men) entangled in the court and prison systems to rely on family members and others (mostly women) who serve as the safety net of last resort. Our second objective is to give voice to an argument not yet well explored in the sizeable incarceration literature: that the government is seizing resources from low-income families to help finance the state's own coffers, including the institutions of the carceral state itself. Until now, no form of poverty governance has been depicted as so baldly drawing on family financial support under the pressure of punishment to extract cash resources from the poor. This practice of seizure constitutes the very inversion of welfare for the poor. Instead of serving as a source of support and protection for poor families, the state saps resources from indigent families of loved ones in the criminal justice system in order to fund the state's project of poverty governance.

This study is based on a panel sample of small farm households drawn from eight rural communities in Chile, interviewed in 1968 and 1986. The incidence and intensity of poverty based on primary income increased over this period. Three sets of factors are identified which would induce these changes. The analysis is completed by using cross-sectional data to estimate an income function in 1968 and in 1986. (DSE/DÜI)

In this paper, a real-financial CGE model is employed for Bolivia to simulate the macroeconomic and distributional effects of exchange rate policy in a highly dollarized economy. Overall, dollarization appears to matter more through real than through financial-sector effects. The main macroeconomic result of the simulations is that the potential of nominal devaluation to smooth the adjustment path after a negative shock primarily depends on the absence of wage indexation. Only if nominal wages are constant in the short run, devaluation reduces unemployment and cushions the reduction of real GDP induced by the shock. Financial de-dollarization tends to be contractionary in Bolivia but different degrees of financial dollarization hardly change the real sector effects. As concerns distributional effects, nominal devaluation in no circumstance reduces the poverty effect of the external shock. Even the significant short-run macroeconomic expansion that occurs without wage indexation does not translate into significant poverty alleviation, which is due to the fact that the real value of transfers received by households decreases in this case.

The Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) is a technology that is rapidly being adopted for the poverty reduction strategies in developing countries. Different ICT initiatives including telecenters had remarkable achievement for rural development in recent years. Most of the telecenters are established in urban or semi-urban areas. The telecenter initiatives were started in Bangladesh very recently, and are growing very fast. This emergence led to the motivation of this study and the need to assess the cause behind the obstacles and opportunities. The study was supported by fieldwork during November 2006 to May 2007 on eight different models of telecenters in Bangladesh. A sample of 144 respondents was interviewed from all relevant groups. Three research methods were used for this study: survey interviews, focus group interviews, and an analysis of existing data. The aim of the study was to identify services provided by the telecenters, further the opportunities and cause behind the success or failure of the projects. The study was also intended to examine the issues affecting community uptake and appropriation of ICT services for livelihood development of rural communities, and reasons of lowadoption of ICT to the rural areas. This study was found five centers achieved their success by providing access to information to the rural communities, i.e. Village Information Center, ICT and Resource Centre for the Disabled, Amader Gram Giyan Kendra, Youth Community Multimedia Centre, and Amader Gram Health Center. The rest of centers were struggling for success and sustainability. This study found five centers achieved their success by providing access to information to the ruralcommunities. The major groups (36%) of the telecenter users were in the 20-30 years agegroup, 36% of the users were women, 40% of the respondents knew about the telecenterfrom friends and relatives while none got this information from government sources.40% of the respondents use the telecenters services at least once ...

This Fourth Asian Mayors' Forum and Regional Workshop focused on the exchange of tools and best practices for poverty reduction and social development in urban areas using case studies of participating cities. It was recognized that cities are confronted with new challenges such as rapid urbanization, economic globalization and an information revolution. As a consequence, new urban problems are emerging. The nature of these challenges and problems may vary from city to city, but many basic issues are similar. Local governments, municipalities and civil society are looking for new answers to those challenges and problems. Alone and in partnerships they try new approaches. Some cities have found innovative solutions for their problems and translated them into good practices and procedures. There is an ever growing pool of knowledge about innovative approaches to urban problems. It is obvious that other cities may be able to learn from the experience gained.

Water scarcity is the focus of considerable research emphasizing the vulnerability of communities to physical water supply. Recent approaches to the determination of water scarcity that incorporate social, economic and political factors with physical measures of water availability include the Water Poverty Index (WPI). Through a rigorous analysis that aims to analyze and contrast the results of the WPI with those determined through extensive fieldwork and community consultation, this research aims to fulfil the following core objectives: 1. to determine the impact of scale on water poverty assessments; 2. to test the robustness of the WPI and validate its accuracy as a measurement of water poverty; 3. to assess the ability of the WPI to accurately reflect local perceptions of water poverty. Mexico has an astounding array of water challenges where even areas with a natural abundance of water face difficulties in the provision of water supply. Particularly compelling is the region of Los Altos. Situated within Mexico's most water-rich state, access to water is exceptionally constrained. This contrast of scale was the incentive for selecting the rural communities of Pozuelos and El Mash to examine water poverty in detail. A careful examination of water poverty was first undertaken at the state level. Next, water poverty was assessed in the community through an extensive field study, comprising a thorough assessment of infrastructure, water quality analyses, researcher observations, informal interviews and participatory focus groups. These data provided the basis for calculating the WPI at the community scale. Analyses were then undertaken focusing on statistical correlations using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient informed by researcher observations, regression analyses and community perceptions. As the only indicator to assess the multiple dimensions of water poverty, the WPI, by definition, is the best tool available. However, the issue of scale continues to be challenging whilst predictions of water poverty are complex and marred by subjectivity. A lack of consensus surrounding appropriate variables is problematic and inhibits comparisons across localities. Community perceptions of water poverty at the community level differ from results obtained using the WPI further questioning its reliability. Notwithstanding, the WPI highlights the need for a multi-dimensional approach to the determination of water poverty by demonstrating the lack of relationship between water resources availability and overall water poverty across scales. However, this research has demonstrated the complex nature of the WPI rendering its application in practice quite difficult.

The issue of poverty is of global importance, it has been agreed in all nations as one of the main objectives to fulfill. This paper highlights some key concepts for studying poverty from the perspective of political geography -area of great importance for geographers. The intention is to explain how the concepts of politics, nation-state, public politics-social politics and regional policy lead to a thorough analysis of poverty and its governance. By experiencing different conceptions of poverty and measuring there is the idea of defining governance through a number of possible terms that together can favor the operationalization of poverty. Because of the aforementioned, this article intends to build a conceptual foundation for the study of poverty and its governance. ; El tema de la pobreza es de gran importancia mundial, pactado en todas las Naciones como uno de los principales objetivos a cumplir. Se destaca en este documento algunos conceptos claves para el estudio de la pobreza desde una perspectiva de la geografía política, área de gran importancia para los geógrafos. Se realiza una síntesis bibliográfica de temas que buscan explicar la evaluación de políticas sociales. La intención es explicar cómo los conceptos de política, Estado-Nación, política pública, política social y región llevan a un profundo análisis de la pobreza y gobernanza de esta. Al experimentar distintas concepciones de pobreza y medición de la misma se parte con la idea de definir por medio de la gobernanza una serie de posibles términos que en su conjunto puedan favorecen la operacionalidad de la pobreza. Se han considerado variables definidas por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo como lo son la salud, educación, renta y vivienda, encontrando una descentralización de las política públicas en Costa Rica, país de estudio de caso, el cual se toma como referencia debido a que es referente en temas de salud y economía a nivel centroamericano.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Overview -- Section I: The Impact -- The impact of the world recession on Indonesia and an appropriate policy response: Some lessons for Asia -- Impacts of the economic crisis in East Asia: Findings from qualitative monitoring in five countries -- Social impact of commodity price volatility in Papua New Guinea -- Assessing social outcomes through the Millennium Development Goals -- Section II: Labor and Gender -- The impact of the global economic slowdown on value chain labor markets in Asia -- Global meltdown and informality: An economy-wide analysis for India-Policy research brief -- The social impact of the global recession on Cambodia: How the crisis impacts on poverty -- Women facing the economic crisis-The garment sector in Cambodia -- No cushion to fall back on: The impact of the global recession on women in the informal economy in four Asian countries -- Gender and social protection in Asia: What does the crisis change? -- Section III: Migration and Remittances -- The impact of the global slowdown on the People's Republic of China's rural migrants: Empirical evidence from a 12-city survey -- Urban-rural and rural-urban transmission mechanisms in Indonesia in the crisis -- The global financial crisis and agricultural development: Viet Nam -- Impact of the global recession on international labor migration and remittances: Implications for poverty reduction and development in Nepal, Philippines, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan -- Section IV: Responses -- Global crisis and fiscal space for social protection -- Addressing unemployment and poverty through infrastructure development as a crisis-response strategy -- Fiscal space for social protection policies in Viet Nam -- The global economic crisis: Can Asia grasp the opportunity to strengthen social protection systems?.

A pesar de que la pobreza en Colombia se redujo considerablemente en las últimas cuatro décadas, Quibdó es la ciudad capital donde se mantienen los peores indicadores. El presente documento utiliza información cartográfica y espacial para caracterizar la pobreza de las comunas e identificar posibles trampas espaciales de pobreza en la capital chocoana. Los resultados muestran que la zona norte tiene los indicadores de pobreza y violencia más altos en la ciudad. No obstante las grandes inversiones en los últimos cinco años, se registra una persistencia en las condiciones de pobreza en Quibdó. Por ejemplo, el indicador de necesidades básicas insatisfechas continúa por encima del observado en varias ciudades capitales cuatro décadas atrás. Finalmente, el documento propone una opción de inversiones en varios sectores que podría ayudar a cerrar las brechas de pobreza a 2030. ; Besides an overall poverty reduction in Colombia in the last four decades, Quibdó remains as the capital city with the worst indicators. This paper assesses poverty in the communes of the city using spatial information and geographical maps attempting to identify possible spatial poverty traps. The results indicate that the north of the city faces the highest indicators of poverty and violence. Although public investment has increased in the last 5 years, the conditions of poverty persist. For example, the rate of unsatisfied basic needs remain higher than other capital cities four decades ago. To end with, the paper prioritizes investment in several sectors in order to bridge the poverty gap in 2030. ; La pobreza en Quibdó: Norte de carencias Jilmar Robledo-Caicedo Resumen no técnico Enfoque La reducción de la pobreza en Colombia ha sido notoria en las últimas décadas. A pesar de esto, en algunas ciudades la pobreza aumentó por distintos factores. Este documento analiza la evolución de la pobreza en Quibdó y algunos posibles factores asociados en el tiempo. Se utiliza información de comunas y barrios para analizar la incidencia de la pobreza en los sectores de la ciudad. El análisis se realiza principalmente con datos de la encuesta del Sisben para elaborar mapas de pobreza. Usando información complementaria se analizan aspectos adicionales que inciden en cada sector de la ciudad. Basado en estos datos, se identifican posibles trampas de pobreza. Además, se priorizan los sectores en los que se debe focalizar la inversión pública tendiente a reducir la pobreza en 2030 al nivel del promedio de ciudades capitales y se exploran posibles mecanismos de financiación de las inversiones. Contribución El estudio permite describir la pobreza de Quibdó y su distribución espacial. Para esto se utilizaron múltiples indicadores así como el contraste relativo con otras ciudades del país y el promedio nacional. En este se identifican los sectores prioritarios para reducir la pobreza al nivel del promedio de las ciudades capitales. Además, el documento evidencia inequidad espacial entre la calidad y la oferta de infraestructura educativa y la demanda por parte de la población más vulnerable en las comunas. El documento contiene una propuesta de las inversiones adicionales requeridas en sectores prioritarios a pesar de que estas han crecido recientemente. Esta inversión se propone para un período de 12 años, y se calcula para este período posibles fuentes de recursos adicionales, como el aumento del recaudo de recursos propios. FRASE DESTACADA: Se calcula una necesidad de inversión de 305,5 millones de dólares en cobertura de servicios públicos, implementación de la jornada única escolar, construcción de viviendas nuevas y formación de capital social y empleo para cerrar las brechas de pobreza. Resultados Los servicios públicos inadecuados son el mayor determinante de pobreza por necesidades básicas insatisfechas en la ciudad. El sector más afectado es la zona norte, que además, presenta las cifras más altas de violencia. Mientras Quibdó tuvo la mayor tasa de homicidios de Colombia en 2016, cerca de la mitad de estos casos se presentaron en este sector. Desde el análisis espacial, los indicadores de pobreza son mayores en las periferias de la ciudad. La oferta educativa y la calidad disminuyen a medida que se aleja del centro, mientras que el bajo logro educativo y la violencia aumentan en sentido norte y suroriente. De esta manera, la población más pobre enfrenta condiciones que podrían constituir trampas de pobreza. Se calcula una necesidad de inversión de 305,5 millones de dólares en cobertura de servicios públicos, implementación de la jornada única escolar, construcción de viviendas nuevas y formación de capital social y empleo para cerrar las brechas de pobreza.

Comments on Alberto Alesina & Edward Glaesers recent book Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Two points need clarification: 1) this is not a book about specially designed government policies to alleviate poverty; & 2) Alesina & Glaesers empirical analysis is directed at explaining why European governments spend more on social transfers than the US government does. Alesina & Glaesers account of American exceptionalism is schematically illustrated. The questions regarding first causes & the use of paired comparison or Large-N comparative analyses are addressed. The author concludes that Alesina & Glaesers book represents an advance on recent quantitative analyses of OECD patterns of social spending but that a framework is needed that orders additional variables & yields specific propositions about how they matter. Tables, Figures, References. E. Sanchez

Fish is highly perishable and need to be processed immediately they are caught but the processors lack the capital and other necessities to carry out their processing activities. The study examined the role of community based organizations on poverty status of fish processors in Kogi State Nigeria. Data was collected with the aid of structured questionnaires and interview schedules from 192 randomly selected respondents in the study area and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that fish processing is a female dominated business in the study area and average household size was 4. Analysis of poverty status indicated that almost 40.0% of fish processors were below the poverty line using ₦383 per dollar official exchange rate. Provision of improved processing equipment, training on processing and gaining higher social status are some of the benefits derived by members of CBOs. Some of the constraints faced by the respondents were inadequate capital (86.5%), unavailability of loan (68.8%) and high cost of transportation (41.7%). Based on the findings, it was recommended that CBOs should be supported and strengthened financially by government and nongovernmental organizations to empower women.

Objective. How do we explain variations across nations in the incidence of political corruption? Recent theoretical work locates the causes for corruption in a combination of institutional conditions: monopoly power, little accountability, & wide discretion. This focus on the form of political institutions clarifies the microscale causes of political corruption, but it leaves unanswered questions about the macroscale causes of corruption. Methods. This article addresses these questions about the macroscale through an analysis of perceived levels of corruption across nations. Results. Our work identifies poverty, large populations, & small public sectors as contextual causes of corruption. Historically based differences in political cultures across broad geographical regions also affect the perceived incidence of corruption in nations. Conclusion. Further research should attempt to link micro- & macroscale causes together in a single, multiscalar model of corruption. 2 Tables, 52 References. Adapted from the source document.