Suchergebnisse

AbstractBackgroundSome studies suggest that children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) are at elevated risk of obesity. The objective was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity among students attending special education schools in Cantabria, Spain.MethodsCross‐sectional design. A sample of n = 220 students with intellectual disability attending seven special education schools was selected using convenience sampling. Body mass index was classified into four categories according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria: underweight; normal weight; overweight; obesity.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity was 40.9% (95% CI: 34.6–47.5). Obesity was more frequent among females (26.0%) than males (9.8%), with an OR = 3.23 (95% CI: 1.53–6.85). Participants with Down syndrome showed an increased risk of obesity compared to other conditions (p = .005).ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity among children, adolescents and young adults with intellectual disability was remarkably high, with females in general and students of both sexes with Down syndrome at particularly high risk.

Este estudio analiza la capacidad y el poder sobre su patrimonio que se reconocen a la mujer casada. Se investiga, a través de los textos legales, la situación jurídica de la mujer casada, sobre la que han pesado importantes limitaciones, desde el siglo XVIII, pasando por la codificación española, las dos Repúblicas, el siglo XX, la dictadura para acabar en la situación actual. Las normas estudiadas que se tienen en cuenta son la legislación castellana y catalana. Pese a que se ha alcanzado la igualdad formal aún no existe igualdad completa en el ámbito patrimonial. ; This study analyzes the capacity and power over their heritage which is recognized to married women. Are investigated, through the legal texts, the status of married women, about under which that have weighed important limitations, since the XVIII century, through the Spanish codification, the two Republics, the twentieth century, the dictatorship and the current situation. The legislations which are studied are Spanish law and the law Catalan. Despite the fact that has been achieved formal equality does not yet exist complete equality in the field patrimonial

AbstractThis paper aims to show the relevance that institutions governing common-pool resources (CPRs) play in peasant resilience. It outlines nine variables for resilience taken from socio-economic and ecological anthropological theories focusing on subsistence and minimax strategies and used for the comparative historical analysis of African case studies. These include drylands (Morocco, Ghana), semi-arid areas (Sierra Leone, Malawi, Tanzania) and wetlands (Cameroon, Kenya, Zambia). The variables could be found under pre-colonial common property but were no longer operating during colonial and postcolonial institutional change from common to state property and privatisation via land grabbing, leading to commons and resilience grabbing.

ABSTRACTReasons are given for doubting the currently fashionable thesis that economic growth and industrialisation in the case of England derived from establishing secure property rights after 1688. Customary and public rights remained at risk. Ancient arrangements often persisted far into Victorian times. Detailed evidence is presented of survivals and of illiquid features in the land market. Evidence is also given of endemic disputes over enclosure and tithes. Unlike some European countries, England failed to establish a land registry. Limited transactions probably reflected unwillingness to risk litigation. That unsatisfactory property rights did not, however, stifle growth is tribute to the underlying power of the market.

Digital convergence has reshaped a gamut of industry demographics in the 21C, comprised of cloud computing, healthcare, pharmaceutical, consumer supplies, government, defense, manufacturing, entertainment, and even on-line education, among many others. At the center of the web-convergence lies the problem of network bandwidth limitation. Traditionally, research has focused on two major resolution strategies in parallel: data compression to minimize the network traffic (i.e. algorithmic; software) and alternative conduit for data transfer such as wireless (i.e. infrastructural; hardware).Building a network infrastructure is extremely costly. In addition, maintenance and upgrade costs may be prohibitive, given the U.S. consumer demographics. To this end, the emphasis is placed on seeking existing infrastructure which connects business and residential entities.The objective of this research, therefore, is to seek the possibility and feasibility of (digital) data transfers via the extensive water and/or sewer network(s), while minimizing structural modifications to the existing infrastructure. To date, sonar has been proven to be effective. If successful, the value of this intellectual property may be immeasurable.

AbstractThe overall goal of the 2007 State of the Science Symposium on Aging with Developmental Disabilities: Charting Lifespan Trajectories and Supportive Environments for Healthy Community Living (held in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.) was to increase the understanding and definition of how to improve the health, psychosocial well‐being, and community participation of older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The symposium consisted of four main tracks (neurodevelopmental conditions; health care services, health promotion needs, and health literacy; family support and intergenerational caregiving; and environmental barriers and supports to community living). The symposium's participants recommended a greater focus on a research agenda that would serve to increase the knowledge on the lifespan trajectory for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and on identifying methods for developing and assessing effectiveness of practices and policies for individuals with developmental disabilities, their families, and their service providers.

Social movement scholars are increasingly interested in Internet activism but have struggled to find robust methods for identifying cases, particularly representative samples of online protest content, given that no population list exists. This article reviews early approaches to this problem, focusing on three recent case sampling designs that attempt to address this problem. The first approach purposively samples from an organizationally based sampling frame. The second approach randomly samples from a SMO-based sampling frame. The third approach mimics user routines to identify populations of 'reachable' websites on a given topic, which are then randomly sampled. For each approach, I examine the sampling frame and sampling method to understand how cases were selected, outline the assumptions built into the overall sampling design, and discuss an exemplary research project employing each design. Comparisons of findings from these exemplar studies indicate that sampling designs are extremely consequential. I close by recommending best practices. Adapted from the source document.

Islamic law is an integral part of national law, the results of the NU LBM Fatwa are part of Islamic Law which is fatwaed to answer religious, economic, social, legal, political and other aspects, of course the results of the fatwa are very influential on the development of national law, because First, the results of the NU LBM fatwa are very dynamic in accordance with the conditions and the surrounding environment which are part of the dynamics of national and state life that cannot be separated from the basic foundations of the Quran and Hadith. Second, because of the capacity and quality of knowledge of the Ulama and NU intellectuals who took part in the implementation of Istinbath Hukum by LBM NU.

Abstract. The law of tort serves two main functions: compensation of damage and prevention of damage. During the period of industrialisation in the nineteenth century the law aimed to secure the greatest possible freedom of action for economic operators and required proof of fault. Modern laws recognise the dangers inherent in many economic activities and have increasingly objectivised the notion of fault. In addition, the special risks that attach to certain forms of activity have led to strict liability for harm arising from such activity. Czech law takes a modem approach, and indeed includes a general presumption of fault once it has been shown that damage has resulted from the infringement of a legal duty. The onus is on the tortfeasor to prove that all reasonable care has been taken. Czech law also includes a very general liability for damage caused in the course of business and a num ber of special liabilities. The relationship between the different approaches to liability is not entirely clear. Although other European states are increasing the scope of their laws on strict liability, few national laws are as wide ranging as the Czech law.
Developments at the European level are limited. Greater harmonisation of rules would increase transparency for the consumer. Such legislation and proposals for legislation as exist demonstrate the same trends as are apparent at national level. These trends include: imputation of fault either because of objective ncglect of reasonable care or because of the assumption of an unusual risk; a presumption of unlawfulness where harm to person or property occur; the need for personal capacity to bear responsibility; vicarious liability of employers; recognition of the possibility of contributory negligence.
This convergence of thought is not evident in relation to the law of unjust enrichment, and there are no moves to harmonise the law at the European level. Czech law includes a general principle that enrichment unjustly acquired must be restored. This covers acquisition of both property and other benefits.

One of the earliest mitigations of the horrors of war, particularly in
its incidence upon private individuals, was the custom of sparing the
inhabitants of a surrendered city in their persons and property, instead of
subjecting them to the rapine and pillage which usually followed a capture
by storm. Even the Mosaic Code made this exception in the midst of its
barbarities, although the doomed cities of Canaan were excluded from the
benefits of the exception. Both the general savagery and the one humane
departure from it are well exemplified by verses ten to sixteen of the
twentieth chapter of Deuteronomy:

10.
When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then
proclaim peace unto it.


11.
And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open
unto thee,,then it shall be, that all the people that is found
therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve
thee.


12.
And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war
against thee, then thou shalt besiege it.


13.
And when the Lord thy God hath delivered it into thine
hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the
sword;


14.
But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all
that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take
unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies,
which the Lord thy God hath given thee.


15.
Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far
off from thee, which are not of the cities of these
nations.


16.
But of the cities of these people, which the Lord thy God
doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing
that breatheth.

The SITIE2020 Symposium: Innovating the Built Environment was offered entirely online, through the Zoom platform. Each of six (6) symposium sessions, outlined below, were offered in a continuous Zoom session with breaks throughout the day, allowing our audience to select those sessions of greatest interest to them. Students enrolled in Professor Smirniotopoulos's Summer Institute course—Innovating the Built Environment: How the Law Responds to Disruptive Change—participated all day.