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This article assesses the pro-poor growth effect in China's rural populationsover the period 2007–2018 using the strict pro-poor index proposed byNanak Kakwani. The results show that while China's rural areas did notexperience strictly defined pro-poor growth between 2007–2013, acontemporary pro-poor effect was observed during which Targeted PovertyAlleviation (TPA) policies were implemented. The conclusion is robust inthe dimensions of income and expenditure and non-income well-being.Through a heterogeneity analysis, this article finds differences in pro-poorgrowth among various groups. In particular, poor women, seniors, children,and geographic areas (such as western China) benefited more during thetargeted poverty-alleviation policy period than their counterparts. Finally,we use Kakwani's shared prosperity index to show that China is activelymaking more positive efforts and preparations towards attaining commonlyshared prosperity.

Abstract
This paper discusses, and comprehensively rejects, Geertz' concept of 'involution' as applied to the historical sociology of rural development in Indonesia. Geertz' analysis is outlined, together with the criticisms it has occasioned; the paper then moves to a consideration of central methodological issues in the involution debate. It concludes with a critique of Geertz' use of the concept of Culture as confusing rather than clarifying the issues at stake.

Could a lack of close, meaningful social ties be a public-rather than just a private-problem? In 'Social Poverty', Sarah Halpern-Meekin provides a much-needed window into the nature of social ties among low-income, unmarried parents, highlighting their often-ignored forms of hardship. Drawing on in-depth interviews with thirty-one couples, collected during their participation in a government-sponsored relationship education program called 'Family Expectations', she brings unprecedented attention to the relational and emotional dimensions of socioeconomic disadvantage. Poverty scholars typically focus on the economic use value of social ties-for example, how relationships enable access to job leads, informal loans, or a spare bedroom. However, Halpern-Meekin introduces the important new concept of "social poverty," identifying it not just as a derivative of economic poverty, but as its own condition, which also perpetuates poverty. Through a careful and nuanced analysis of the strengths and limitations of relationship classes, she shines a light on the fundamental place of core socioemotional needs in our lives. Engaging and compassionate, 'Social Poverty' highlights a new direction for policy and poverty research that can enrich our understanding of disadvantaged families around the country

This book uses different methodologies to explore inequality in a number of areas of Israeli society, focusing on Israel's diverse populations and communities. Israel is an interesting case among industrialized countries as the level of inequality is high across a number of measures. The country is extremely divided along ethnic, national, religious, and political lines, producing unique conditions within which the effects of factors such as gender, class, region, age, and education are highly contextualized. Income inequality in Israel is among the highest in the Western world; the poverty rate and income gap between classes are similarly high. The chapters in this volume address different aspects and areas of such inequalities in Israel. Conclusions drawn here expand our knowledge and understanding of the various mechanisms through which inequality is produced and maintained in Israel as well as the role that state policies play in minimizing or increasing the impact of these mechanisms.

This Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) has been developed by the World Bank in cooperation with the Government of Jordan. It aims to integrate environment into development and poverty reduction priorities. The CEA will be a vital instrument for designing Jordans future policies, by integrating the economic policy tools in our decision making processes. As the latest economic crises and its implications have shown, an economic model that is based on consumption alone cannot be sustained; accordingly many countries identified the need to green their economics as the base for sustainable growth and development. Jordans green economic initiative will enhance social integration, economic growth an environmental sustainability within one focused, measured and stable economic plan. Jordan is a small country that is rich in human capital; the green journey will be a twenty years program to retrofit our infrastructure, to become energy, water and resource efficient. The recommendations identified in this document will be the main drivers for the environmental policies in the country. The issue of adequate incentives for better quantity management clearly remains important, but is not addressed in this report. After the national agenda was established, it appears that the reduction of water related subsidies and the creation of incentives for allocating water to higher value added uses are being recognized as necessities that public policies will address in the future.

This article highlights the evolutionary trend of the associations and foundations in Romania in 1997 – 2015 period of time. We know that the NPO's activities come to cover the people's needs which cannot be supported by the state or by the private sector. More precisely, the major roles of the NPO sector are: supporting disadvantaged groups and the social causes, sustaining the role of "watchdog", and promoting the advocacy and public policy expertise. For this reason, we propose an econometric model that will be applied to establish the link between the number of the association and foundations, poverty rate, unemployment rate and the average monthly expenditure per household. We consider that the last three factors are relevant to the country's social economy and, at the same time, they represent the main objectives of the EUROPE 2020 Strategy - a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The study is based on numerical data collected over a period of 12 years from 2003 to 2014. For the econometric model, we use IBM SPSS 22 software, in analyzing the collected data. After processing the data we will find a positive and significant relation between the number of associations and foundations (AF), the average monthly expenditure per household and the poverty rate. At the same time, we will find an insignificant relation between the number of associations and foundations and the unemployment rate.

Economic growth is considered as an important objective for national governments for which entrepreneurial management is required. This paper introduces issue on the business creation by women and the factors which are instrumental in their success including economics, institutions and infrastructural factors have been taken as major factors. The study used both primary and secondary sources. The study used hypotheses testing considering four factors of entrepreneurial facilities such as male and female entrepreneurs, infrastructural and institutional requirements, and economic factor whether helps to enhance growth of entrepreneurial management of the country. Authors' observed that the nature of SME activities is less favorable for women entrepreneur than the men entrepreneur. The authors suggested that the number of women entrepreneurs at rural areas should be increased through establishing community banks at a cheaper rate. In the formal sector, financial organizations are being required for developing proper steps to poverty alleviation, public-private and foreign strategic alliances and implementation procedures are required with special emphasis on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGS) of the country.
Keywords: Bangladesh, economic factor, entrepreneurship, women, infrastructure, institutional. JEL Classifications: L26, O43

[The author analyses] the position that children have in the German welfare state. … With this analysis it is intended to gain information for a social policy which can be useful to improve the justice of resources between the generations. … Due to the fact that the ongoing adultism in welfare state research causes a neglect of child-oriented questions in this research area and because childhood research only rarely deals with welfare state issues [he tries] to illustrate how analyses of children's position in a welfare state can be arranged. … First [he] introduces the basis of [his] analysis. Herein [he] explains how [he] uses the new sociology of childhood as theoretical approach and the UN-Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) as normative background. In the second part [he] develops the analytic frame by introducing the concept of mixed welfare production and the theory of citizenship. As third [he] gives a short insight into the object of analysis: the position of children in the German welfare state, as it is represented in the current state of research in this field. Afterwards [he] presents the findings of this analysis and gives a short conclusion. (DIPF/Orig.)

This article analyses whether Official Development Assistance (ODA) is linked to multidimensional poverty indicators in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sustainable Development Indictors and the principles stated by the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation. Focused on three western Sub-Saharan Africa and least developing countries such as Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, this article uses Error Correction Vector Model to estimate if ODA and economic growth are cointegrated and a sectoral and spatial analysis to check if ODA are linked to Multidimensional Poverty Indicators in the sample countries. Despite the 2014 Ebola outbreak, the three countries have achieved noticeable good results in poverty alleviation. Results shows a certain macro-micro paradox because, despite a common trend between aid and growth identified at the macro level, we cannot find any sign of ODA contributions to the multidimensional poverty indicators when the micro level analysis is carried out. Our results may serve to increase the level of implementation of the ownership principle for effective development co-operation and achieve a significant improvement of several goals and targets included on the 2030 Agenda.

Evidence indicates that trade costs are a much more substantial barrier to trade than tariffs are, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper decomposes trade costs into: (i) trade facilitation, (ii) non-tariff barriers, and (iii) the costs of business services. The paper assesses the poverty and shared prosperity impacts of deep integration to reduce these three types of trade costs in: (i) the East African Customs Union–Common Market of East and Southern Africa–South African Development Community "Tripartite" Free Trade Area; (ii) within the East African Customs Union; and (iii) unilaterally by the East African Customs Union. The analysis employs an innovative, multi-region computable general equilibrium model to estimate the changes in the macroeconomic variables that impact poverty and shared prosperity. The model estimates are used in the Global Income Distribution Dynamics microsimulation model to obtain assessments of the changes in the poverty headcount and shared prosperity for each of the simulations for the six African regions or countries. The paper finds that these reforms are pro-poor. There are significant reductions in the poverty headcount and the percentage of the population living in poverty for all six of the African regions from deep integration in the Tripartite Free Trade Area or comparable unilateral reforms by the East African Customs Union. Further, the incomes of the bottom 40 percent of the populations noticeably increase in all countries or regions that are engaged in the trade reforms. The reason for the poor share in prosperity is the fact that the reforms increase unskilled wages faster than the rewards of other factors of production, as the reforms tend to favor agriculture. Despite the uniform increases in income for the poorest 40 percent, there are some cases where the share of income captured by the poorest 40 percent of the population decreases. The estimated gains vary considerably across countries and reforms. Thus, countries would have an interest in negotiating for different reforms in different agreements.

AbstractIn order to analyze the interdependent vicious circles of social exclusion and spatial relegation, this article will discuss the findings of fieldwork in the inner-city neighborhood of Tarlabaşı, İstanbul. The introductory section revolves around the concepts of poverty and exclusion, followed by a brief historical background of this locality. The core of the article is devoted to an analysis of different dimensions of exclusion—namely, economic, social, political, spatial and discursive dimensions. In the neighborhood of Tarlabaşı, it is possible to trace the signs of a transformation leading to the creation of a new type of urban poverty based on exclusion. This inner-city area, a territory of urban relegation par excellence, illustrates that informal activities no longer suffice to integrate socially; that the neighborhood is increasingly becoming polarized along lines of class, religion and ethnicity; that inner-city slums are no longer transitory places for rural-to-urban migrants, but perpetual spaces of relegation; and that the conflict-induced migrant Kurds are the primary candidates to become Turkey's "underclass."

This paper presents a human cartographic approach to the analysis of the impact of austerity and the economic crisis across Europe's regions. First, the paper reflects on past insights and debates on the analysis and mapping of poverty and wealth and of the effects of austerity in particular. It then presents and discusses a wide range of cartograms and maps (including the subjects of unemployment and poverty as well as related themes such as educational attainment and migration). These images highlight social and spatial inequalities and also illustrate that the most severe social divides within Europe are more often within states rather than between them. To that end the paper also argues the case for a co-ordination of urban, regional, national and European policies and EU spending to ameliorate the impacts of austerity and to enhance social and territorial cohesion. Finally, the paper highlights the increasingly important role of geographers and of the field of Regional Studies in so many recent debates about the future of the European project and of the possibility of a Europe of cities and regions rather than a Europe of nation-states.

The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has emerged as the leading sustainability certification system to tackle socio-environmental issues associated with the oil palm industry. To date, the effectiveness of RSPO certification for achieving its socioeconomic objectives remains uncertain. We evaluate the impact of certification on village-level well-being across Indonesia by applying counterfactual analysis to multi-dimensional government poverty data. We compare poverty across 36,311 villages between 2000 and 2018, tracking changes from before oil palm plantations were first established to several years after plantations were certified. Certification was associated with reduced poverty in villages with primarily market-based livelihoods, but not with those in which subsistence livelihoods were dominant before switching to oil palm. We highlight the importance of baseline village livelihood systems in shaping local impacts of agricultural certification, and assert that oil palm certification in certain village contexts may require additional resources to ensure socioeconomic objectives are realised.