Suchergebnisse

Since the early 1970s, the number of individuals in jails and state and federal prisons has grown exponentially. Today, nearly 2 million people are currently incarcerated in state and federal prisons and local jails. The growth of imprisonment has been borne disproportionately by African-American and Hispanic men from poor communities in urban areas. Rising incarceration should have greatly reduced the crime rate. After all, incapacitated offenders were no longer free to rob, assault, steal, or commit other crimes. However, no large scale reduction in crime was detected until the mid-1990's. The failure of crime rates to decline commensurately with increases in the rate and severity of punishment reveals a paradox of punishment: recent experiments have shown that among persons of color, especially those who are poor or reside in poor neighborhoods, harsher punishment has produced iatrogenic or counterdeterrent effects. Two processes are identified that produced punishment paradoxes or defiance of legal sanctions. First, the long-term and spatially concentrated shift of social and economic resources from informal social controls to formal legal controls, particularly incarceration, weakens localized informal social controls and creates recurring cycles of discontrol. Neighborhood and work contexts offer social status and mete out shame and social opprobria for wrongdoing. However, stable rates of inequality and deprivation in minority communities compromise three dimensions of social control: social capital or regulation, "stakes in conformity" through marriage and work, and participation in political institutions. Second, high rates of punishment produce "stigma saturation" where punishment loses its contingent value that lends credibility to its claims of fairness and proportionality. As the social and cultural distance between the punishers and the punished widens, respect for the legitimacy of punishment suffers. Dissatisfaction with both procedural and distributive justice can motivate legal cynicism and noncompliance, and these processes are intensified in contexts of weak social control and high legal control. As legal control replaces informal social control, the state's role in socialization and the fostering of moral communities diminishes. The devolving of the public sector involvement in socialization further moots the reintegrative functions of punishment. This restructuring and devaluation of government, accompanied by the restructuring and fragmentation of economic activity in poor communities, complicates the achievement of a social consensus on the rationale of punishment in a broader context of social control, and limits the efficacy of informal processes of social regulation.

In recent years the analysis of individual communities in England has shed
increasing light on their economic, social, demographic, cultural and
religious development during the three centuries prior to the Industrial
Revolution. Contemporaneously, and to some extent resulting from
these local studies, there has been a growing interest in the family and
patterns of inheritance. Similarly, among social anthropologists there has
been the development of the concept of 'strategy' with writings on
marriage, fertility, inheritance and migration strategies, although these
may be regarded as components of general family strategies. Whereas in
some writings strategies are shown as being pursued by individuals for
their own purposes, others focused on family strategies, particularly ones
designed to keep a family landholding from being divided. However,
whether these studies of social organization in continental Europe and
Asia can be applied to the English experience remains to be seen. To begin
with they are all concerned with peasant landholding and as such may not
be appropriate to the English experience where the debate on whether a
peasantry even existed was begun by Macfarlane's The origins of English
individualism in 1978.Secondly, there is no universal agreement on what kind of strategies
were being followed, either individualistic or familial. Thirdly, there
remains the question as to whether the strategies were intentional and the
outcome of rational decision-making, or subconscious and rooted in
implicitly accepted and long-established principles. These could have been
that a landholding should remain undivided, that men had primacy over
women in inheritance, that primogeniture would be practised and that
younger brothers would not challenge their eldest brother's inheritance.
A refinement of these approaches has been the view that family strategies
could be very different. Some may have wished to hold on to the family
estate and pass it on to the next generation. Others wanted to enlarge it
and may have needed to do so for familial reasons, and yet more families
may have wanted to create an estate where none yet existed. But in all
cases, it is stated, there were families consciously planning and pursuing
a strategy for the benefit of future generations. Furthermore, it is said
that these strategies could only be pursued by families above the level of
the poor and only became possible in western Europe in the sixteenth
century as a result of changing attitudes and growing individualistic
commercialism.

Few now doubt that successfully managing environmental challenges will be central to public policy in the coming century. Unless the international community can cope with transnational problems such as global warming, destruction of species and tropical rain-forests, depletion of oceanic fish stocks, and increasing water scarcity in arid regions, both domestic and international conflicts may easily arise. The problems of international environmental political economy pose increasingly pressing issues for analysts, policy makers, and citizens. Such concerns helped to motivate the project, "The Political Economy of International Environmental Cooperation," sponsored by the Institute on Global Cooperation and Conflict and generously funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation. The project supported University of California graduate students writing their Ph.D. dissertations on issues of international environmental cooperation. On concluding their dissertation research, the doctoral candidates presented policy papers at a workshop held in Santa Cruz, California. The student-organized workshop brought together these promising young scholars and policy analysts with various senior members of both the academic and international policy community. A key intellectual theme of the project was the (always difficult, always necessary) marriage of theory and policy. However varied the details of international environmental political economy may be, the core problem is always the same: how to induce self-interested, often myopic, decision makers to "do the right thing," or to behave in ways that minimize environmental damage and/or optimize the utilization of natural resources in the presence of external constraints. Addressing such problems is difficult enough within a polity; forging the transnational cooperation needed to cope with environmental issues confronts still greater obstacles. The papers in this policy paper offer an Aristotelian line-up of earth, fire, air, and water issues. The problems of optimal depletion of forests (Bobenrieth), managing global emissions and related global warming problems (Rich), water negotiations in two different regional settings (Carlisle and Williams), and issues of oceanic fisheries (Potter) all receive close, detailed attention. The volume concludes with an evaluation of their work from the perspective of a World Bank professional on the policy-making process. The result shows how the interaction of theory and empirical material can generate results helpful to policy makers. We hope that such close work between theoretically grounded, empirically rich policy analysts and professional decision-makers will become increasingly frequent in the years ahead.

James Grantham Turner (ed.) Sexuality and Gender in Early Modem Europe: Institutions, Texts, ImagesRichard Burt and John Michael Archer (eds) Enclosure Acts: Sexuality, Property, and Culture in Early Modern EnglandRoddey Reid, Families in Jeopardy: Regulating the Social Body in France, 1750–1910Jann Matlock, Scenes of Seduction: Prostitution, Hysteria, and Reading Difference in Nineteenth‐Century FranceJeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550–1800Claire Duchen, Women's Rights and Women's Lives in France, 1944–1968Amanda Anderson, Tainted Souls and Painted Faces: The Rhetoric of Fallenness in Victorian CultureDeborah Epstein Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets: Women, Representation, and the CityAngela Groppi, I Conservatori Delia Virtú. Donne Recluse Nella Roma dei PapiJoanne E. Gates, Elizabeth Robins, 1862–1952: Actress, Novelist, FeministAngela V. John, Elizabeth Robins: Staging a Life, 1862–1952Kenneth A. Lockridge, On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth CenturyChristine Bolt, The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920sIan Tyrrell, Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International PerspectiveAudrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: A Gift or a Struggle?The Blaze of DayNancy A. Hewitt and Suzanne Lebsock (eds) Visible Women: New Essays on American ActivismTeresa Anne Murphy, Ten Hours'Labor: Religion, Reform, and Gender in Early Slew EnglandVirginia Bernhard, Betty Brandon, Elizabeth Fox‐Genovese and Theda Perdue (eds) Southern Women: Histories and IdentitiesCatherine Clinton (ed.) Half Sisters of History: Southern Women and the American PastMelvyn Stokes and Rick Halpern (eds) Race and Class in the American South since 1890Catherine Wessinger (ed.) Women's Leadership in Marginal Religions: Explorations Outside the MainstreamWendy E. Chmielewski, Louis J. Kern and Marlyn Klee Hartzell (eds) Women in Spiritual and Communitarian Societies in the United StatesJean Humez (ed.) Mother's First‐Born Daughters: Early Shaker Writings on Women and ReligionW. Peter Ward, Birth Weight and Economic Growth: Women's Living Standards in the Industrializing WestDavid Cordingly, Life Among the Pirates: Fact vs FictionCatherine Wendy Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry, and Holy War in the Sixteenth‐Century AdriaticB. R. Berg, Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition: English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth‐Century Caribbean (New York University Press, New York and London, 1994; rev. ed. of Sodomy and the Perception of Evil)Carol A. B. Giesen, Coal Miners'Wives: Portraits of EnduranceGillian Thomas, A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica

Dans cet article, l'auteur réexamine de manière détaillée les rapports entre le niveau d'instruction, lâge à la naissance du premier‐né et la descendance finale des femmes au Canada dans les années 1980, compte tenu des changements en matière d'options socio‐professionnelles pour les femmes qui se sont produits au cours de la dernière génération. Les données employées sont tirées de l'Enquête nationale sur la fécondité au Canada de 1984 et concernent les femmes âgées de 35 à 49 ans (n= 2083). Les résultats révèlent une corrélation plus forte entre le niveau d'instruction des femmes et le choix du moment de la première grossesse qu'entre le niveau d'instruction et la descendance finale. De plus, cette influence du niveau d'instruction sur le choix du moment de la première grossesse semble être l'un des grands déterminants de la tendance générale. Cependant, l'étude a permis de dégager une nouvelle tendance démographique importante: même si elles ont moins de 20 ans quand elles donnent naissance à leur premier enfant, les femmes de la plus jeune cohorte (âgées de 35 à 39 ans) ont eu moins de trois enfants au total. Tout laisse prévoir le maintien chez les femmes canadiennes des tendances récentes au mariage tardif, à une progéniture moins nombreuse, à des niveaux d'instruction plus élevés et à une participation accrue à la population active.The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine in some detail the relationship between education, age at first birth and life‐time fertility of women in Canada in the 1980s. This re‐examination is related to the changes that have taken place in the past generation in life course paths for women. The data in this paper are developed from the Canadian National Fertility Survey of 1984, focussing on women 35–49 years of age (N= 2,083). The findings show that it is the timing of first birth rather than the number of children ever born that is more related to educational attainment of women. In addition, it appears to be the effect of education on first birth timing rather than lifetime fertility that is of key importance in the overall pattern. However, an important new demographic trend is observable. Even when there is an early first birth (under the age of 20), the youngest cohort of women (age 35–39) had fewer than three children over the reproductive lifetime. It is likely that the recent trends of later marriage, smaller numbers of children, later age at first birth, and increasing levels of education and labour force activity will continue for women in Canada.

The Yaqui of Mexico were early converts to Christianity in New Spain. Yet they came to be regarded with hostility by the newly emerging Mexican government. Many Yaquis fled Mexico in the early twentieth century and established a settlement in Arizona where they resumed a peaceful existence centered around their ceremonial calendar. Edward Spicer devoted most of his professional career to the study of the Yaquis and came to be regarded as a leading authority on that tribe. At the inception of his forty years of research stands Pascua, a firsthand description of daily village life. ; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, as part of the Humanities Open Book Program funded jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. ; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS -- LIST OF TABLES -- I. PASCUA VILLAGE -- The Setting of the Village -- Yaqui Villages in Arizona -- The Population of Pascua -- Material Culture -- History -- Summary -- II. ECONOMICS -- The Means of Subsistence -- The Level of Subsistence -- The Use of Money -- Property -- Economic Aspects of the Fiesta -- Economic Attitudes -- Summary -- III. KINSHIP -- Kinship Terms -- Kinship Behavior -- Marriage -- The Kinship Groups -- Recent Changes in Kinship Behavior -- Summary -- IV. CEREMONIAL SPONSORSHIP -- Terminology -- The Nature of Ceremonial Sponsorship -- The Nature of the Obligations -- The Padrino Group -- The Ideas Underlying Ceremonial Sponsorship -- How the System Works -- Summary -- V. THE CEREMONIAL SOCIETIES -- The Men's Societies -- The Women's Societies Membership in a Ceremonial Society -- The Obligations of Members -- The Obligations of Societies to Members -- The Composition of the Ceremonial Societies -- Summary -- VI. THE CHURCH AND THE PUEBLO -- The Pueblo -- The Church -- Social Control -- Summary -- VII. THE Pascola DANCERS -- Organization of the Activities of the Pasco/as -- Ceremonies in Which Pasco/as Appear -- The Dancers and Their Dance -- Ritual Functions of the Pasco/as -- The Deer-Dancer -- Native Interpretations -- Attitudes toward the Pasco/as. -- Summary -- VIII. THE CEREMONIAL SYSTEM: EVENTS AND PATTERNS -- The Ceremonial Calendar -- Noncalendrical Ceremonies -- The Elements of the Ritual -- Summary -- IX. THE CEREMONIAL SYSTEM: ANCESTORS AND DEITIES -- The Channels of Tradition -- Death and the Ancestors -- The Virgin Mary -- Jesus: El Senor -- The Animals -- The Element of Burlesque -- Individual Attitudes -- Summary -- X. ORGANIZATION AND CONFLICT -- The Nature of the Social Organization -- The Nature of the Conflict -- XI. CONCLUSION: THE HYPOTHESIS OF FUNCTIONAL INCONSISTENCY -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX. ; This title from the Open Arizona collection is made available by the University of Arizona Press and University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions about this title, please contact the UA Press at https://uapress.arizona.edu/contact.

SummaryAlthough women's role in rural economies is increasingly regarded as crucial, in Pakistan little is known about their activities. The paper highlights the different dimensions of economic activities of rural women and describes the attitudinal and environmental factors which influence village women's participation in the rural economy. After a description of the patterning of women's daily and annual activities, their attitudes to education, marriage and family planning is briefly explored. Finally some suggestions for further research are made, principally in relation to the Hymer‐Resnick hypothesis of substitution of manufactured goods for Z goods (domestic manufactures), in terms of increasing women's workload and differentiation of families in term of access to land. It is also suggested that comparative village studies could generate a framework for analysing patterns of distribution, production and participation and relating these to women's attitudes and behaviour.RésuméBienque le rôle de la femme dans les économies rurales soit à désigner comme de plus en plus crucial, on ne sait que peu sur leurs activités au Pakistan. Cet article jctte unc lumière sur les divers dimensions des activités économiques des femmes rurales, et déck, comment la participation des femmes à l'agriculture est influencée par des facteurs, qui sont basés sur leurs attitudes et leur environment. Après une description des activites feminines de la journée et de l'annee, une breve analyse de leur attitude envers l'enseigenment, le mariage et la planification de la famille est donnée. Quelques propositions pour d'autres recherches sont faites à la fin, surtout concernant l'hypothese de Hymer‐Resnick, qui dit, que le produit Z (travail à la maison) est remplacé par le produit fini aux frais d'une charge de travail accrue pour les femmes et que les families sont différenciées par leur accès à la terre. De plus on suggère que des études comparatives pourraient fournir un cadre, pour analyser les modèles de distribution, de production et de participation des villages et qu'on mettrait en relation avec l'attitude et le comportement des femmes.ZusammenfassungObwohl die Rolle der Frau in ländlichen Wirtschaften zunehmend als entscheidend zu bezeichnen ist, ist in Pakistan wenig über ihre Aktivitaten bekannt. Dieser Artikel wirft ein Licht auf die ver‐schiedenen Dimensionen der ökonomischen Tätigkeiten ländlicher Frauen, und beschreibt, wie die Teilnahme der Frauen an der Land‐wirtschaft von Faktoren beeinflußt wird, die auf derer Einstellung und Umgebung beruhen. Nach einer Beschreibung des Ablaufs täglicher und jährlicher Aktivitäten der Frau, wird ihre Einstellung zu Bildung, Ehe und Familienplanung kurz untersucht. Zum Schluß werden noch einige Vorschläge für weitere Forschungen gemacht, hauptsächlich bezüglich der Hymer‐Resnick Hypothese, die besagt, daß Z Ware (Heimarbeit) durch Fertigware ersetzt wird, auf Kosten erhöhter Ar‐beitslast der Frauen, und daß die Familien auf Grund ihres Zuganges zu Land unterschieden werden. Es wird weiters vorgeschlagen, ver‐gleichende Studien könnten ein Gerüst liefern, um Verteilung‐, Produktions‐ und Partizipationsmuster der Dörfer zu analysieren und diese dann in Relation zu der Einstellung und dem Verhalten der Frauen zu setzen.

Historical research on Chilean population has been thwarted for some time by intractable sources and rudimentary methods. Nevertheless, within the past two decades researchers have begun to achieve some successes. Attention has turned from simply ascertaining gross population totals and growth rates to a much wider range of topics. Significant examples include: the relationship between population growth, illegitimacy, vagrancy, and labor supply; the social context of marriage, family formation, and kin ties; the nature, frequency, and intensity of mortality crises; demographic responses to population pressure; the social and economic repercussions of European immigration; and the determinants and consequences of rapid growth and redistribution of population in the twentieth century (Góngora, 1965; Bauer, 1975; Hurtado, 1966; Solberg, 1969; Young, 1974; Sadie, 1969). To study these topics satisfactorily we must both maintain the healthy skepticism of our distant precursors (e.g., Barros Arana, 1880–1900; Palacios, 1904; and Vergara L., 1900) and integrate the demographer's analytical tools with the historian's skill in finding, selecting, and interpreting a whole range of quantitative and qualitative documents. Demographers have demonstrated that even post-1920 data collected by the Chilean Statistical Bureau have substantial and varying degrees of error, notwithstanding the considerable advances in data collection techniques, improvements in the educational levels of the population, and economic inducements to insure the public's cooperation (Somoza and Tacla, 1969; Gutiérrez, 1969). In the not too distant past, civil administrators and priests received crude, if any, instructions, administered several hundred square kilometers of poorly defined territory, and faced an almost insurmountable task of enticing information from a widely dispersed, highly mobile, poor, and uneducated populus. Consequently, historical studies with exclusively demographic ends, using narrowly defined data bases and relying principally on arithmetical or statistical techniques, may prove to be extremely frustrating to carry out and somewhat barren in their findings. Attempts to replicate European studies with Chilean materials, whether simple aggregations of annual totals or tediously reconstructed family life histories, will run a high risk of failure unless researchers incorporate broader questions of social history, exploit an extensive range of documentation, and integrate historical, demographic, and statistical reasoning. While little mathematical sophistication may be necessary—elementary measures may prove the most powerful—a mature, sensitive understanding of the logic of these disciplines, which comes only with considerable study and experience, is essential. The slavish application of demographic formulae and the invention of ill-considered measures are direct pathways to embarrassing nonsense.

Les tendances à long terme du taux de divorce au Canada ainsi que dans les provinces sont examinées dans le cadre des dispositions de la loi canadienne sur le divorce, des changements d'attitude sociale, et de la structure familiale. On suggère en particulier que l'idée « d'accessibilité juridique« est essentielle pour l'analyse du changement du taux de divorce. Cette notion réfere à l'effet qu'a sur le taux de divorce la nature des raisons légales invoquées ainsi que la facilité ou non d'accès à des cours de divorce. Plus précisément, le taux de divorce au Canada avant la réforme légale de 1968 donne une bien pauvre idée du nombre exact de manages brisés, et ceci à cause des exigences légales quant aux motifs de divorce et à cause du manque de cours de divorce dans certaines provinces. De plus, l'existence d'importants obstacles légaux au divorce a encouragé l'institutionalisation de formes d'évasion parmi ceux qui pensaient à divorcer, y compris les divorces migratoires et les procès frauduleux. Toutefois, l'existence de variations importantes et à long terme entre provinces canadiennes dans le taux de divorce fait ressortir le besoin d'analyses plus poussées des variables sociales, culturelles, et démographiques qui semblent être associées aux variations régionales dans le taux de divorce.Long‐term trends in divorce rates in Canada are examined within the framework of Canadian divorce law and of changes in social attitudes and family structure. It is suggested, in particular, that an essential concept in an analysis of the changing incidence of divorce is that of 'legal access,' by which is meant the impact on divorce rates of the nature of the legal grounds for divorce, as well as the impact of the provision, or lack of provision, of divorce court facilities. More specifically, Canadian divorce rates prior to the divorce law reforms of 1968 are shown to have provided a very poor indication of the actual rate of marriage breakdown owing to the stringent nature of the legal grounds of divorce and the lack of divorce court facilities in some provinces. Furthermore, the existence of major legal barriers to divorce fostered patterns of institutionalized evasion amongst those seeking divorces including migratory divorces and fraudulent divorce actions. However, the continued existence of large, and long‐term, variations in divorce rates between the Canadian provinces highlights the need for further analysis of a wide variety of social, cultural, and demographic variables which appear to be associated with the differential regional incidence of divorce in this country.

La educación sexual, junto con la distribución gratuita de anticonceptivos y de la píldora del 'día después', el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, la fecundación asistida, la autodeterminación de la identidad sexual, la eutanasia y la despenalización del aborto, conforman uno de los 'núcleos sensibles' que cristalizan pujas y negociaciones entre el Estado, la dirigencia política y las instituciones religiosas a la hora de definir los fundamentos regulatorios de las políticas públicas en esos tópicos. El trabajo focaliza la mirada en las controversias semánticas entabladas por el Ministerio de Educación de la República Argentina y la Conferencia Episcopal, una vez aprobada la Ley Nacional de Educación Sexual Integral en 2006. El análisis de contenido de las principales publicaciones sobre educación sexual divulgadas por ambas instituciones, permitirá identificar los elementos de continuidad y de ruptura entre las tramas discursivas políticas y religiosas, así como las disputas por la construcción del discurso social legitimado. El abordaje propuesto habilita una entrada privilegiada para comprender las lógicas que se activan en la definición de determinadas políticas públicas y legislaciones, contemplando tanto las estrategias de influencia de las instituciones religiosas en el diseño e implementación de las mismas, como los niveles de receptividad de las demandas de contenido religioso por parte de los 'decisores' políticos. ; Sex education, along with free distribution of contraceptives and the pill 'day after', gay marriage, self-determination of sexual identity, euthanasia and decriminalization of abortion, integrate a 'sensitive cores' that crystallize bids and negotiations between the State, political leaders and religious institutions. They compete for defining the public policy on those topics. The paper focuses on semantic disputes between the Ministry of Education of Argentina and the Episcopal Conference, once approved the National Law of Sex Education in 2006. The content analysis of the main publications on sex education reported by both institutions, will identify the elements of continuity and rupture among the political and religious discursive frames. The proposed approach enables a privileged entrance to understand the current mechanisms activated in the definition of certain public policy and legislation, looking at the strategies of influence of religious institutions in the design and implementation of them, as well as the responsiveness of politicians to religious requests. ; Fil: Esquivel, Juan Cruz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Information on total family expenditures for health care in 1980 is presented in this report. Total expenditures are the total amounts billed (either actual or imputed) to families whether these amounts are paid out-of-pocket by the family, paid by private health insurance or a public health care coverage program, or remain unpaid. The data discussed here were gathered in the national household sample of the National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey (NMCUES). In this sample, information was collected on health problems, health care received, expenditures for care, health insurance, and related topics throughout calendar year 1980 from approximately 6,800 families in the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. The survey excluded all individuals who were in institutions or in the military. This report also entirely excludes families with military heads, even if they had some civilian members. For this report, a family was initially defined as (1) two or more persons living together who were related by either blood, marriage, adoption, or a formal foster care relationship or (2) a single person living outside such relationships. Because data on these families were collected across an entire year, the important concept of "longitudinal family" was developed. This concept was necessary to deal with the fact that the composition of a family could change over time and that families could come into existence and go out of existence over time. As the data are based on this dynamic concept of families, all measures of expenditures for care are calculated in annual rates. Family data are important for understanding the health care system because decisions to seek and use health care are usually family decisions, health care is usually paid for out of family resources, and family distributions for health-related variables differ from the distributions found for individuals. This report deals with total expenditures for health care as reported by a sample of consumers of health care. These types of data are limited by the knowledge the respondent has as to the amount of the total bill. For various reasons, which are discussed in detail in the text, the respondent often doesn't know the amount of the total bill. Therefore, the statistics in this report should be regarded as having more limitations than the statistics in two previous family reports: "Family Use of Health Care: United States, 1980" (Dicker and Sun-shine, 1987) and "Family Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Health Care: United States, 1980" (Sunshine and Dicker, 1987). ; By Jonathan H. Sunshine and Marvin Dicker. ; "September 1987." ; Bibliography: p. 30-31.

The Jewish pop of GB is less than 1% & the non-Caucasoid pop is about 1/4% of the (total - sum) pop. This survey examines res undertaken in: (1) racial att's - A 1951 investigation employing a random sample of the (total - sum) pop indicates that some degree of color antipathy is widespread, but M. P. Banton criticized the method of scaling employed; he holds that there is little stereotyping of colored people. J. H. Robb confirmed a number of hyp's suggested by earlier US studies: (a) that anti-semitism is positively r'd with fears about one's ability to control the environment, pessimism in respect to the self & to the collectivity, a high level of anti-authoritarianism in central persons & tendencies toward isolation. (2) Colored communities - there is a tendency for colored immigrants in GB to settle in certain localities. A pioneer study was conducted in 1941-42 by K. L. Little who concluded that it is only the experience of color discrimination which is responsible for developing group consciousness among this diverse pop. Banton reported problems with employment, inter-racial marriage & the adjustment of the colored immigrant. A factor assisting in the adjustment process is membership in associations of fellow countrymen. (3) Colored colonial workers - A. H. Richmond in a study of West Indian Negroes who came to GB between 1941 & 1943 discovered that the relations between these immigrants & their employers are best when the number of West Indians is small, their skill comparable with that of the (mean - average) British worker & there is no minority of badly adjusted West Indians to spoil their reputation. (4) Colonial students - there are about 10,000 S's studying in GB who have came from 47 dependent territories of the Commonwealth, most of non-European origin. Those from Africa & the West Indies are the most likely to be disturbed by their prejudicial reception. Action in the colonial territories before the student's departure is recommended & the need stressed for better information concerning conditions in GB & improved educ. (5) Jewish pop - has been studied less from a sociol'al point of view & more from a soc history perspective. There are undercurrents of anti-semitism but little discrimination. H. Newstatter found a much higher % of selfemployed M's & professional workers as compared to the (total - sum) pop. In conclusion it appears that immigrants, as the Jewish & Moslems, who have not sought complete assimilation make the most successful adjustment. B. J. Keeley.

The bulk of the Polynesians have scattered themselves on healthy tropical islands in the so-called Polynesian-triangle with corners at Hawaii, New Zealand, & Easter Island. At the time of their first contact with the whites they numbered about 1,000,000. Now they total less than one half that number, but are on the increase. They are under the sovereignty of Chile, France, New Zealand, GB & the US. Racially & culturally they have a continuity with South-East Asia, but nevertheless have a considerable ethnic & linguistic diversity, a result of isolational development. Contact with the West brought about considerable change (on birth & death rates, the latter being subject to wide fluctuations). By the early 20th cent, death rates tended to drop below birth rates; but the various locations vary from being centers of increasing, decreasing, or stationary pop's. Some groups, as the Samoans, are among the fastest growing pop's of today. Other rapidly increasing groups include the Polynesians of New Zealand & Hawaii. In some areas over-pop problems are beginning to appear. Paradoxically, the tropical Polynesian territories have less white & Asian residents than in the 1890's. Acculturation seems to be occurring at a low gear except for the port centers & their environs. Before WWII admin'tors in these islands tended to concern themselves largely with keeping order, providing med services & educ, & fostering commercial exports. The South Pacific Commission, established in 1947-48 by the 6 gov's with territories in the area, concerns itself with econ & soc development. Some 40 projects have been conducted each yr by the Commission which co-ordinates many of its activities with FAO, WHO, & UNESCO. Hawaii, in which about 33% of the marriages is interracial, represents one of the most extreme cases of acculturation. Compared to the 136,000 Maori in New Zealand, there were in 1955 about 2 million Europeans. Relationships between the 2 has been marked by an unusual degree of tolerance & respect. Maori soc org has remained relatively intact, a sharp contrast to the Hawaiian situation. Whether the future calls for assimilation or the preservation of Maori culture is debated both by Europeans & Maori. Broadly speaking, what is said about the Maori might be applied to the future of all Polynesia. A general assessment of present knowledge of Polynesian groups as well as general res needs & opportunities is available in the author's Social Anthropology in Polynesia. B. J. Keeley-.

Book reviewed in this article:Criminal Justice and Social Reconstruction. By Hermann Mannheim. (The International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction. Kegan PaulThe Trial of Jones and Hulten. Edited with a Foreword by C. E.YOUNG OFFENDERS: The Juvenile Courts. Their Work and Problems. By F. T. Giles.YOUNG OFFENDERS: Juvenile Delinquency and the Law. By A. E. Jones.YOUNG OFFENDERS: Juvenile Delinquency and the School. By William C. Kvaraceus.YOUNG OFFENDERS: Juvenile Delinquency in New Zealand. By Eileen Phillip.YOUNG OFFENDERS: Forty‐four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home‐Life. By John BowlbyPRISON: U.S.A. and NEW ZEALAND: U.S.A. Federal Prisons 1945. A Report of the Work of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.PRISON: U.S.A. and NEW ZEALAND: In Prison. By Ormond Burton.PRISON: U.S.A. and NEW ZEALAND: A Parson in Prison. By Melville HarcourtPRISON: U.S.A. and NEW ZEALAND: Release. By Starr Daily.THE LAW: Clarke Hall and Morrison. Law Relating to Children and Young Persons. Second (Cumulative) Supplement to Second Edition by A. C. L. Morrison, C.B.E., assisted by L. G. Banwell.THE LAW: Evidence and Procedure in Magistrates' Courts. By William Shaw, M.A., formerly Clerk to the Justices for the City of Manchester. Foreword by Sir Edward Marlay Samson, K.B.E., K.C., Stipendiary Magistrate of Swansea: Vice‐President of the Magistrates' Association.THE LAW: Criminal Days. Recollections and Reflections of Travers Humphreys.THE LAW: A Guide to Legal Aid to the Poor. By Ernst J. Cohn, Ph.D., of Lincolns Inn, Barrister‐at‐Law, and Robert Egerton, M.A., LL.M., Solicitor of the Supreme Court.THE DEATH PENALTY: Society Takes Revenge. By Theodora Calvert, J.P., with introduction by Margery Fry. National News‐Letter Report.MISCELLANEOUS: Modern Marriage. By Edward F. Griffith.MISCELLANEOUS: Health and Social Welfare. Advisory Editor, Lord Horder, G.C.V.O., B.Sc., F.R.C.P.MISCELLANEOUS: Studies in African Native Law. Julius Lewin.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: Youth Astray. Report on the Treatment of Young Offenders published by the Conservative Party Committee on Policy and Political Education. (Conservative Central Office, 24, Old Queen Street, S.W.1.)REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: The Care of Homeless Children. By Helen Donington.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: Training in Child Welfare. Second Report of the Group Committee of the National Council for Maternity and Child Welfare.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: Common Sense in the Nursery. Mrs. Sydney Frankenburg.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: The Psychoanalysis of a Delinquent. By Ethel Perry.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: Correctional Recreation.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: Women—Today and Tomorrow.REVIEWS OF REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS: A Brief Study of Re‐educational Factors in a Progressive Boarding School for Delinquent Children and Adolescents. By Otto L. Shaw.

v.40. Honoré de Balzac; a memoir, comp. and written by Katharine Prescott Wormeley.--v.41. Personal opinions. ; v.35-39. Philosophical studies: v. 35. Catherine de' Medici.--v.36. Juana. Adieu. A drama on the seashore. The red inn. The recruit. El verdugo. The elixir of life. The hated son. Maître Cornélius.--v.37. The magic skin.--v. 38. Louis Lambert. Facino Cane. Gambara. Melmoth absolved.--v. 39. Seraphita. Jesus Christ in Flanders. The exiles.-- ; v.31-33. Scenes from country life: v. 31. The country doctor.--v.32. The village rector.--v.33. Sons of the soil.--v. 34. The alkahest, or The house of Claës. The hidden masterpiece.-- ; v.28-30. Scenes from political life. v. 28. An historical mystery. An episode under the terror.--v.29. The brotherhood of consolation. Z. Marcas.--v.30. The deputy of Arcis.-- ; v.27. Scenes from military life: The Chouans. A passion in the desert.-- ; v. 18-26. Scenes from Parisian life: v. 18. Lucien de Rubempré.--v. 19. The last incarnation of Vautrin. Nucingen and co.: bankers. Pierre Grassou.--v. 20. Ferragus, chief of the Dévorants. The duchesse de Langeais.--v. 21. Rise and fall of César Birotteau.--v. 22. Bureaucracy.--v. 23. The lesser bourgeoisie.--v. 24. Gobseck. The secrets of the princess de Cadignan. Unconscious comedians. Another study of woman. Comedies played gratis.--v. 25-26. The poor relations: v. 25. Cousin Bette.--v. 26. Cousin Pons.-- ; v. 10-17. Scenes from provincial life: v. 10. Eugénie Grandet.--v. 11. The two brothers.--v. 12. The lily of the valley.--v. 13. Ursula.--v. 14. Pierrette. The vicar of Tours.--v. 15. The gallery of antiquities. An old maid. The illustrious Gaudissart.--v. 16. Lost illusions.--v. 17. A great man of the provinces in Paris.-- ; v. 1-9. Scenes from private life: v. 1. Père Goriot.--v. 2. Fame and sorrow. Colonel Chabert. The atheist's mass. La Grande Bretèche. The purse. La grenadière.--v. 3 Modeste Mignon.--v. 4. Albert Savarus. Paz. Madame Firmiani.--v. 5. Memoirs of two young married women.--v. 6. The marriage contract. A double life. The peace of a home.--v. 7. A daughter of Eve. A commission in lunacy. The rural ball.--v. 8. A start in life. Vendetta. Study of a woman. The message.--v. 9. Béatrix.-- ; Mode of access: Internet.