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After protracted negotiations and thanks to the comprehension of the Imam El Badr and the Saudi Arabian authorities, the ICRC recently negotiated the release of fifteen Egyptian prisoners who had been interned for several months at Taif in Saudi Arabia. One of them had a fractured leg and another was half paralyzed as a result of a wound.

This dissertation contains four chapters of my research. In chapter 1, I show that higher military spending leads to higher exports of weapons. This is a manifestation of the home market effect - the prediction that countries with higher demand for a differentiated good will be net exporters of that good. The home market effect is specific to monopolistic competition models of international trade, and serves to distinguish empirically between these and comparative advantage-based models. I construct a monopolistic competition model with a military sector and a continuum of civilian industries, and derive empirical implications of the home market effect for arms and ammunition. I then use military expenditure as a measure of demand for military weapons to show that, indeed, countries with higher military spending as a share of GDP export more arms and ammunition relative to homogeneous, cheap-to-ship civilian goods. In my setup, military spending serves to introduce variation in demand across countries. This is an innovation over the typical approach in the literature, whereby consumers in different countries are assumed to have identical preferences, and home market effects stem from differences in goods' characteristics and country size alone. Chapter 2 tests the existence of the home market effect for construction materials, by using public infrastructure spending as a measure of demand. I construct a theoretical model that suggests goods with high transport costs and high differentiation are most likely to display home market effects. I test this prediction empirically for a handful of construction materials that meet the necessary criteria. As expected, I find that the home market effect holds for alloy steel and construction machinery. However, cement and glass display the opposite trade pattern, whereby increased domestic demand leads to reduced exports. I discuss potential explanations for this result. In the next two chapters, I examine the determinants of firm success. In chapter 3 (co-authored with Sarada) we find that new firms with higher network concentration, i.e. wherein initial employees have worked together previously, are on average larger, have higher wages and survive longer. This association increases with the initial size of the newly founded firm. However, we find a negative relationship between network concentration and initial firm growth. Finally, chapter 4 (co-authored with Marc Muendler and James Rauch) gauges the prevalence and performance of firms founded as employee spinoffs relative to other entrants. We find that size at entry is larger for employee spinoffs than for new firms without parents but smaller than for diversification ventures of existing firms. Similarly, survival rates for employee spinoffs are higher than for new firms without parents and comparable to those for diversification ventures of existing firms

Notre recherche consistait à analyser la possibilité d'un fondement normatif en relations internationales permettant une coopération et une stabilité, et pouvant fonder une justice internationale effective.

Notre recherche consistait à analyser la possibilité d'un fondement normatif en relations internationales permettant une coopération et une stabilité, et pouvant fonder une justice internationale effective.

A discussion of the need for international archive cooperation addresses problems related to which documents & how many of them should be preserved; the best way to organize them; key motives for international archive cooperation; & unique aspects of the archives of new states that contain documents of shared histories with their mother countries. The International Council on Archives (ICA), a nongovernmental organization formed in 1948, is responsible for directing archive cooperation by bringing together the national archive administrations of different countries. The ICA's complex structure & their organization of special congresses & roundtable discussions are described. Distinctions between Russian archivists & those in Western countries are pointed out. Special attention is given to problems stemming from archives shipped to Russia after WWII & archive-related conflicts between Russia & Germany. Relations between Russian archivists & those from Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, & Canada are explored, along with hopeful signs of recent archive cooperation between Russia & the countries of China, Vietnam, South Korea, Iran, & Turkey. J. Lindroth

"This book has taken an extremely important and unexplored subject, Islamic international law, which has often been largely presented only within the theological texts. However, this book has made a sincere attempt to present this subject with the much-needed academic rigor in the context of modern international law. The learned authors, through their in-depth research, have identified the following facts and principles. Both systems recognize the doctrine of pacta sunt servanda. Ahd, or pledge, or commitment, which have a huge significance in Islamic law"--

Die Verschleppung junger Frauen in Bordelle galt um 1900 als ein großes soziales Problem. Der weltweite Kampf gegen die "white slavery" (dt. "internationaler Mädchenhandel") beruhte jedoch auf einer Fiktion. Deutsche Kriminologen und angloamerikanische Sozialwissenschaftler haben nachgewiesen, dass die Zwangsprostitution als Form des organisierten Verbrechens in Wirklichkeit nicht existierte. Der Glaube daran wurde jedoch aus politischen Gründen am Leben erhalten: Zum einen eignete sich die Horrorgeschichte vom ausländischen Mädchenhändler zur Mobilisierung von Ressentiments, zum anderen richtete sich die Kampagne zur Rettung unschuldiger Mädchen gegen eine Anerkennung der Prostitution als Profession. Der Autor hat die Biographie des sozialen Problems bis in die Gegenwart hinein nachverfolgt. Ausgangspunkt seiner Fallstudie ist ein Beitrag zu der Berliner Schriftenreihe "Großstadt-Dokumente" aus dem Jahr 1908, der sich mit dem Phänomen des Mädchenhandels auseinandersetzt. ; Around 1900 it was widely considered a great social problem that young women ran the risk of being abducted and sold to brothels. The resulting world-wide campaigns against so-called white slavery (in German internationaler Mädchenhandel), however, was based on mere fiction. German criminologists and anglo-american social scientists have proven that forced prostitution as a form of organized crime per se did not exist. Yet the belief in this myth was kept alive for political reasons. On the one hand, the horror story of the foreign white slave trader was used to mobilize resentment against foreigners. On the other hand, the campaign for the rescue of innocent girls was directed against social movements that demanded the acknowledgment of prostitution as a profession. The author has investigated the biography of the social problem "white slavery trade" up to the present. The starting point of his case study is a contribution to the Berlin series of publications, Grossstadt-Dokumente, from 1908, which dealt with the phenomenon of white slavery trade.

AbstractThis article argues that paternalism is an organizing principle of the international humanitarian order. The international community is increasingly organized to preserve, protect, and promote human life, reflecting an ethics of care and impulse to intervene for the greater good. This mixture of care and control is captured by the concept of paternalism, which Gerald Dworkin famously defined as 'the interference with a person's liberty of action justified by reasons referring exclusively to the welfare, good, happiness, needs, interests or values of the person being coerced'. Paternalism is either present or dormant in many (if not nearly all) interventions that are designed for the betterment of people and the good of humanity. This article has four goals: 1) to reassess and examine the analytical power of this much maligned and misunderstood concept; 2) to consider the dimensions upon which paternalism varies in order to develop the concept's value for empirical analysis; 3) to speculate how and why paternalism's form has moved from 'strong' to 'weak' over the last hundred years; and, 4) to consider whether, why, and when paternalism might be legitimate.

AbstractTwo contemporary streams of thought in international relations offer significant theoretical challenges to the field and to the way it has been organized since the time of Rousseau. New power cycle theories propose that the etiology of war resides in different growth rates among the major powers. Hegemonic wars are a recurrent consequence of the states system. The literature suggests that the patterns of the past are likely to be repeated in future; hence, the only solution to the problem of war is the transcendence of the states system. The second body of literature proposes that growing interdependence is bringing profound structural changes that are already leading to the demise of the nation state and to the transformation of the states system. The essay critically examines these theories and outlines reasons why both are empirically and logically deficient. These bodies of literature also illustrate how even among rigorous quantitative analysts, normative concerns animate research. Finally, the author suggests why the search for a theory or model of international politics is doomed to failure, and why a healthy field will be characterized by intellectual pluralism.