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The article analyzes the main problems and contradictions in the formation of legal regimes for the regulation of robotics, artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies of our time. The work content shows the unpreparedness of modern legal science and practice to conceptual and legal design, legal and technical development of the regulatory legal acts aimed at the legislative fixation and regulation of the processes of using artificial intelligence and robots in public relations, as well as definition of responsibility and appropriate protection modes of legitimate interests, rights, freedoms in the system of personality - society - state. The subject of this study is the resolution of these problems and contradictions, as well as the identification of directions for the formation of a legal framework for the regulation of modern innovative technologies and digital processes unfolding in the modern society. The authors distinguish and analyze two consecutive stages: 1) development and introduction of necessary changes in the existing branches of Russian law; 2) conceptual-legal and doctrinal-legal formulation of key development priorities, as well as creation of a new integrated branch of law - robotics law, which has an independent subject and method of legal regulation. ; The article analyzes the main problems and contradictions in the formation of legal regimes for the regulation of robotics, artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies of our time. The work content shows the unpreparedness of modern legal science and practice to conceptual and legal design, legal and technical development of the regulatory legal acts aimed at the legislative fixation and regulation of the processes of using artificial intelligence and robots in public relations, as well as definition of responsibility and appropriate protection modes of legitimate interests, rights, freedoms in the system of personality - society - state. The subject of this study is the resolution of these problems and contradictions, as well as the identification of directions for the formation of a legal framework for the regulation of modern innovative technologies and digital processes unfolding in the modern society. The authors distinguish and analyze two consecutive stages: 1) development and introduction of necessary changes in the existing branches of Russian law; 2) conceptual-legal and doctrinal-legal formulation of key development priorities, as well as creation of a new integrated branch of law - robotics law, which has an independent subject and method of legal regulation.

The article presents the attitude of Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro – a key statesman and political writer in the 17th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – toward the principle of necessitas frangit legem. At the beginning, the intellectual sources of his understanding of this principle are discussed. Two groups are referenced: one referring to the Christian legal view on necessitas and the other connected with the question of the reason of state. Then four aspects of Fredro's thought and political activity are analyzed. Firstly, his reference to necessitas treated as the justification of the amendment of the old law. Secondly, various examples of his flexible attitude toward law. All of them express Fredro's opinion on the key role of prudence in the process of applying law. Thirdly, the question of the infringement of law is discussed by referring to his concept of the exception from law and his reaction to Siciński's veto. Fourthly, it is pointed how in the context of the political conflict during the 1660s Fredro adopted a much stricter attitude toward observing the law. In the end, the conclusions state that Fredro's case is a good example of the dilemma of Polish political thought and practice of how to combine effective governance with the respect for constitutional forms. ; Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy stosunku Andrzeja Maksymiliana Fredry, jednego z kluczowych mężów stanu i pisarzy politycznych siedemnastowiecznej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, do zasady necessitas frangit legem. Na początku omówiono źródła intelektualne kształtujące jego rozumienie tej zasady. Wskazano na dwie grupy: związaną ze spojrzeniem chrześcijańskiej myśli prawniczej na necessitas oraz odnoszącą się do kwestii racji stanu. Analizie poddano cztery aspekty myśli i działalności Fredry. Po pierwsze, wskazano na odwołanie do necessitas jako uzasadnienia zmiany starego prawa. Po drugie, przedstawiono różne przykłady elastycznego podejścia do prawa, wyrażające opinię Fredry o kluczowej roli roztropności w procesie stosowania prawa. Po trzecie, omówiono problem naruszenia prawa, odnosząc go do Fredrowskiej koncepcji wyjątku od prawa oraz do jego reakcji na weto Sicińskiego. Po czwarte, wskazano, jak Fredro – w kontekście konfliktu politycznego lat 60. XVII w. – przyjął znacznie bardziej sztywne stanowisko wobec przestrzegania prawa. W konkluzjach stwierdzono, że przypadek Fredry stanowi dobry przykład dylematów dotyczących sposobu połączenia skutecznego rządzenia z poszanowaniem form konstytucyjno-ustrojowych, przed jakim stanęła zarówno myśl polityczna, jak i praktyka Rzeczypospolitej.

The article consists of five parts. The first part provides an analysis of the ,,principle of effective judicial protection awd control". The European Court of Justice developed this principle as effective judicial control" or, more broadly, effective judicial protection in its early case law, and has continuously refined and specified it. Court developed the principles of effectiveness (a remedy should not only compensate the victim for a potential loss of or injury to a right, but also deter potential wrongdoers from violating it in the first place) and equivalence (the protection of Community law rights should be equivalent in strength and scope to the protection of similar rights granted under national law). The second part of the article presents a research on cross-border judicial protection with the main attention to the Brussels Convention of 1968 (as amended) and Brussels Regulation 44/2001 specifying its Impact on consumer contracts and employment contracts. Indirect protection via the reference procedure is analysed in the third part of the article. Original objectives of the Community law uniformity are explored, as well as the new function of the reference, procedure - (indirect) individual rights protection is estimated. The author considers the absence of a constitutional complaint in EU law against legislative acts, discusses the limited scope of direct actions under Community law, distinguishes regulations of direct and individual concern. Finally, in the fifth part of the article, new proposals to extend standing in the Draft Constitution of the EU is evaluated. ; Šį straipsnį sudaro penki skyriai. Pirmajame pateikiama teisės į tinkamą teisminę gynybą ir kontrolę analizė. Europos Teisingumo Teismas išplėtojo tinkamą teisminę kontrolę (angl. "effective judicial control") arba, platesniu požiūriu, tinkamą teisminę gynybą pačioje ankstyvojoje ETT bylų praktikoje, o vėliau šią praktiką tikslino ir tobulino. Teismas įtvirtino efektyvumo ir lygiateisiškumo principus. Antroji straipsnio dalis pristato teisės į tinkamą teisminę gynybą tarptautinio bylinėjimosi kontekste klausimus sutelkiant dėmesį į 1968 m. Briuselio konvenciją ir Briuselio reglamentą 44/2001. Bendrijos teisės tikslai tiriami per vienodinimo prizmę. Autorius aptaria konstitucinio skundo, siekiant nustatyti ES teisės aktų prieštaravimą Konstitucijai, būtinumą ES teisėje. Diskutuojami tiesioginių veiksmų pagal Bendrijos teisę ribojimai, atskiriami bendrojo ir individualaus pobūdžio reglamentai. Paskutinėje, penktojoje, straipsnio dalyje autorius pateikia siūlymus, kaip būtų galima išplėsti žmogaus teisės į tinkamą teisminę gynybą užtikrinimą būsimojoje ES konstitucinėje sutartyje.

Defence date: 27 May 2013 ; Examining Board: Professor Martin Scheinin, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Ruth Rubio Marin, European University Institute Professor Micaela Frulli, University of Florence Professor Wouter Vandenhole, UNICEF Chair, University of Antwerp. ; First made available online: 31 August 2021 ; This study is an enquiry into the legal developments aimed at bringing the involvement of children in armed conflict to an end. The issue of children's recruitment into and use by armed groups and forces is addressed from an interdisciplinary legal perspective that combines human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study takes a child rights-based approach to the issue of children in armed conflict and thereby aims to fill some of the current gaps in the international criminal law-discourse, which has not been developed with special regard to children's rights. Part I of the study analyses the evolution of the qualification of the acts of recruiting and using children in armed conflict, from violations of the laws of war to human rights violations and, more recently, international crimes. It describes the growing legal framework surrounding this phenomenon, and places emphasis on a few issues of particular relevance, such as the term 'child soldier' or 'voluntary' versus 'forced' recruitment. It is argued that in order to tackle the problem of children involved in armed conflict, the child must be appropriately defined and taken into account by international law and justice mechanisms. Part II of the study seeks to assess the consequences of the international standard-setting regarding children in armed conflict on international and domestic legal practice. The evolving international case law relative to the crimes of recruiting and using children in armed conflict is analysed, followed by an examination of the tendency to criminalise these acts at national level. In order to illustrate this point, the last chapter of the study focuses on the relevant legal developments of two countries particularly affected by the use of children in armed conflict, namely Colombia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In conclusion, an attempt is made to answer the question as to whether the judicial path is efficient or desirable when addressing the issue of children's involvement in armed conflict.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Forces Larger than China -- China in Global Trade and Investment -- US-China Bilateral Trade Friction -- Overview of Trade Disputes -- Chapter 2 The Revaluation Debate -- Section 301 Petition -- Key Players -- The Legal Case, Part I: GATT Article XV(4) -- The Legal Case, Part 2: IMF Article IV -- Evaluation -- Chapter 3 Textiles and Clothing -- The Brassiere Case -- The End of the MFA -- Sources of China's Comparative Advantage -- Evaluation -- Chapter 4 Intellectual Property Rights -- Accomplishments -- Evaluation -- Chapter 5 The CNOOC Case -- CFIUS Review -- Evaluation of the Case -- Dubai Ports World Case -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Semiconductor Chips and Automobile Parts -- Semiconductor Chips -- Automobile Parts -- Chapter 7 Antidumping Disputes -- Nonmarket Economy Status -- Furniture -- Color Televisions -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Conclusion -- Comparison with Japan -- Lessons from History -- The Bottom Line -- Appendix A Tables -- Appendix B Safeguards and Antidumping Remedies Against Textile and Clothing Imports -- Antidumping Remedies -- Appendix C Short History of US-Japan Trade Frictions -- References -- Index.

Multiple citizenship has been regulated by the laws of the various States with measures of host or rejection as the political perspective and social reality of each country. This calls for a study of comparative law on representative countries of the New Latin American Constitutionalism as a paradigm of national identity and pluralist forms of differentiated and multicultural citizenship, followed by an exegetical analysis to characterize the incidence of this phenomenon in the personal status of Cubans, by implementing proposed amendment to the Civil Code. ; La ciudadanía múltiple ha sido regulada por los ordenamientos jurídicos de los diferentes Estados con medidas de acogida o rechazo según la perspectiva política y la realidad social de cada país. Esta situaciónexige un estudio de derecho comparado en los países representativos del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano como paradigma de identidad nacional pluralista y de formas de ciudadanía diferenciada y multicultural, seguida de un análisis exegético que caracterice laincidencia de tal fenómeno en el estatuto personal de los cubanos, implementando propuesta de modificación al Código Civil vigente.

International law underlying the UN response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait; in particular the illegal use of force, self-defense, and policing the world community.

Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- 1 Phenomenon of Politically Motivated Justice and Its Relevance for the Rule of Law in the Former USSR -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definitions and Classifications of Politically Motivated Trials -- 1.3 Relevant Theories of Constitutional Law -- 1.4 The Phenomenon of 'Twofold Constitutionalism' and Its Legal Orders -- 1.5 Interplay Between Written (Formal) and Unwritten (Informal) Constitutions -- 1.6 Steps to Be Taken to Dismantle the System of 'Twofold Constitutionalism' -- 1.7 Research Methodology -- 1.8 Jurisdictions Chosen for My Research -- 1.9 Overview of Selected Jurisdictions -- 1.9.1 Austria -- 1.9.2 Germany -- 1.9.3 Ukraine -- 1.9.4 Belarus -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Authoritarian Legacy of Twofold Constitutionalism and Its Informal Practices of Politicized Justice in the Former Soviet Republics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Germany -- 3.2.1 The Trial of the Former German President Christian Wulff -- 3.2.2 Latest Proceedings to Ban the National Democratic Party (NPD) in 2017 -- 3.3 Austria -- 3.3.1 The Case of Susanne Winter -- 3.3.2 The Case of Ernst Strasser -- 3.4 Ukraine -- 3.4.1 The Trial of the Former Ukrainian Prime-Minister Yulia Tymoshenko -- 3.4.2 The Trial of the Former Ukrainian Minister of Interior Yuri Lutsenko -- 3.5 Belarus -- 3.5.1 The Trial of Mikalai Statkevich -- 3.5.2 The Trial of Andrei Sannikov -- 3.6 Prima-Facie Criteria to Assess Politically Motivated Justice -- 3.7 The Role of the Council of Europe in Preventing a Relapse into Politicized Justice -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Conclusions -- Index.

Non-state armed groups are the main threats to states' national security in the 21st century, to defend against which, states require useful methods. Recently, use of children by these groups, especially in the Middle East, has turned into one of the most important discussable issues that need to be evaluated in the context of the law of armed conflict. This study aims to discuss legal regime of the military use of children in armed conflict. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the use of child soldiers by the Syrian-Iraqi Salafi-Jihadist Group in its combat operations. In this respect, initially, the legal definition of child soldiers and the role of them in armed conflicts will be discussed. Based on this, different forms of the child soldiers' involvement in armed conflicts and the international criminal responsibility for their war crimes will be examined as an applicable law in the context of international criminal law.

Starting from the secular fact of an increasing government´s share, a retrospective on Adolph Wagner´s writings seems worthwhile. A leading German economist of the Bismarck era, he first formulated the famous 'law of increasing state activity' for industrializing nations. After analyzing his way of making his case, a couple of flaws inherent to the theoretical interpretations and empirical verifications of his law are discussed. Basically, these flaws are attributable to the neglect of three important factors in Wagner's rationale, namely that his law was destined for industrializing rather than industrialized nations and the growing importance of public enterprises and of the prevention principle instead of repressive actions of the state in case of violation of rules. On the other hand, very modern interpretations of Wagner suggesting that he had the growing excess burden of taxation in mind when discussing the limits of government's share do not seem justified.

Locating the beginning of the modern state-church debate at the end of the Protestant Reformation, the article (1) briefly traces the development of Pufendorf's theory of the church as a collegium under state law & the opposing doctrine of the Catholic Church as a societas perfecta independent of the state; (2) surveys the state-church relationship in Germany, Switzerland, & France; & (3) summarizes the development in Swedish law toward greater freedom of religion up to the most recent reforms, decoupling the (Lutheran) Church of Sweden from the state machinery (while retaining ultimate state control). Noting that, apart from the Church of Sweden, religious groups may only, now as previously, organize themselves in private-law associations, it concludes that the recent reform has preserved the traditional Swedish structure along majoritarian lines by endorsing Pufendorf's theory, thus in a sense further pursuing the Protestant Reformation in Sweden. 84 References. Adapted from the source document.

Nearly all U.S. law schools include an Advanced Legal Research course as an elective course for second and third-year students. The justification for the course is obvious, and proponents of advanced courses have succeeded easily in convincing law school curriculum committees to approve chem. Most Advanced Legal Research courses also use "real-world figures" (guest speakers) ro supplement and enhance the instruction provided by the professors of the courses.3 The experiences and current positions of rhe "real-world" speakers are diverse, including librarians, attorneys, publisher/vendor representatives, and government officials. This article discusses the reasons for using real-world figures in Advanced Legal Research courses, who some of those real-world figures are, and the advantages and disadvantages of outside speakers in the classroom. It also includes, where appropriate, illuscrarions from the use of realworld figures in the Advanced Legal Research course at the University of Alabama School of Law.

Examines corporate compliance, regulation by the administration, and enforcement of the criminal law; Sept.-Nov. 1999.