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The Republic of Moldova (www.moldova.md) is a sovereign, independent state, situated in southeastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine. The form of government of the country is the Republic. Governed by the rule of law, the Republic of Moldova is a democratic state in which the dignity of people, their rights and freedoms, the free development of human personality, justice and political pluralism represent supreme values, guaranteed by the Constitution's Article 1.

Religious actors are unique in international governance due to the theological context in which they operate. This book demonstrates that while their role and actions may be distinct, they rely on international law to add legitimacy to their actions, and are bound by international legal rules and norms in the same way as other actors.

Constitutional conventions are rules of political practice accepted as binding by those concerned in the working of the constitution. This peculiar category of constitutional rules occupies an important position in the constitutional systems of many states, including the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Whereas in the United Kingdom much scholarly attention has been paid to conventions, the study of conventions in the Netherlands is still in its infancy. One of the questions that features prominently in the academic and judicial debate in the UK is whether conventions, despite not being legal rules, can be enforced by the courts. This question has hitherto not been discussed in the Netherlands. The objective of this article is to look at the legal relevance, or irrelevance, of constitutional conventions in both jurisdictions and to find explanations for the observed differences and similarities in this regard. First, this paper analyses the legal relevance of constitutional conventions before courts in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands respectively. Second, this paper compares the two jurisdictions with regard to this matter and tries to find constitutional explanations for the observed differences and similarities. In analysing this issue, the article attempts to provide an example of how comparative legal research in the area of constitutional law can foster the development of constitutional concepts.

Perceptions of an issue, problem, or policy might differ depending on the organizational context in which one is located. The importance of perception has been a concern for students of international relations, political institutions, organizational theory, and public policy, but less so for scholars of urban politics. This study contributes to the understanding of how organizational and community context influences perceptions by examining the perceptions of interest group leaders and police related to law enforcement activity on hate crime with survey data from each group in a sample of the 250 largest American cities. The author presents a basic theoretical framework for understanding how perceptions may differ depending on organizational and community context. He then tests for differences in perceptions using both simple and more advanced statistical methods, controlling for community context. The results suggest organizational and community context influence perceptions of law enforcement activity. The implications of the findings for urban politics and democratic political systems more generally are discussed.

The purpose of this article is to identify the specifics of mediation procedures, review them as extrajudicial method of conflict resolution. As the methodological basis of the research we use the synergistic, phenomenological and dialectical analysis techniques to examine the main aspects of the mediation as well as identify its principal features. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that in Russia it is necessary to take into account the international experience of mediation, legislation to support the mediation process and in some cases give it forceful character, to develop cooperation with the courts and notaries with the mediators. ; peer-reviewed

A legal treatise on how the law explains retrenchment of workers. ; Retrenchments belong to the class of termination of employment commonly described as "economic dismissals". This class is distinct in that on the one hand workers lose their jobs without any fault (such as misconduct) or other reason (such as through the operation of the contract of employment) attributable to them, while on the other, the employer may be compelled by unavoidable economic considerations to terminate the services of some workers. Rycroft and Jordan have expressed this distinctiveness in the following words: Workforce reduction or retrenchment, because of recession, technological change, unionisation, disinvestment, transfer of the business or decentralisation has become a major issue of law and social policy. For the retrenched worker at a time of rising unemployment, the loss of a job frequently means "disappearance into the large mass of the unemployed". For the employer at a time of recession, to retrench is often the only way to ensure economic survival.1 It is also important to emphasize that while a retrenchment is merely one of the forms of termination of employment, its social, economic and political ramifications tend to be of a greater scale than other forms of termination of employment. Accordingly, it is not surprising that many countries have specific and sometimes elaborate legal provisions on retrenchment.

The evolution of trademark law, from the time of the earliest trademark laws till today, is characterized by a continuous effort by courts and legal literature to extend the civil protection provided to trademarks. These efforts resulted in supplementing the legal concept of ?likelihood of confusion? with the concepts of ?likelihood of association?, ?unfair resemblance? and ?dilution?. This conceptual expansion is readily explained by the increasing significance of the advertising and informational functions of the trademark which is evident in contemporary economy; it is also explained by the inadequacy of the concept of "likelihood of confusion" and the "indication of origin" function to provide sufficient legal protection to trademarks.

Kent Greenwalt's second volume on aspects of legal interpretation analyzes statutory and common law interpretation, suggesting that multiple factors are important for each, and that the relation between them influences both. The book argues against any simple "textualism," claiming that even reader understanding of statutes depends partly on perceived intent. In respect to common law interpretation, use of reasoning by analogy is defended and any simple dichotomy of "holding" and "dictum" is resisted.

Better lawyers, better justice : introducing clinical legal education in Maldives / Marium Jabyn and Rogena Sterling -- Chinese clinical legal education : globalizing and localizing / Cecily E. Baskir, Ma Liqun and Li Ao -- Clinical education in South Korean law schools : challenges and hopes / Helen Haekyong Kang and Kyung Sin Park -- Clinical education in Taiwanese law schools / Thomas Chih-hsiung Chen -- Clinical legal education in Israel / Yael Efron -- Clinical legal education in Palestine : a clinical case under military occupation / Mutaz M. Qafisheh -- Clinical legal education in Singapore / Rathna N. Koman and Helena Whalen-Bridge -- Clinical legal education in Thailand : a pedagogy whose time has come / Panarairat Srichaiyarat, Lisa Radtke Bliss and Withoon Taloodkum -- Empowering the underprivileged : the social Justice mission for clinical legal education in India / Shuvro Prosun Sarker -- Legal clinical education in Japan : a work in progress / Matthew J. Wilson -- Legal clinics in Turkey / Julian Lonbay and Musa Toprak -- Pathways to social transformation through clinic : developing a "social justice" culture in Hong Kong / Luke Marsh and Michael Ramsden