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The article analyzes the contribution of women in family farming and delves into the possibility that women have to access land, credit and technology, elements that generate agricultural development and why not, enhancers of the economic autonomy of the producers. The social and production relations present in peasant family agriculture present peculiar contexts in relation to other types of agricultural models, one of them refers to the work of women and the magnitude of their labor contribution in the family establishment, in addition to be the fundamental pillar in the promotion of food security. The economic and social contribution of women in family farming should be made visible and subject to public policies to promote gender equality in the rural context, meaning the generation of channels for the participation of women throughout the development of the chain. value of production, promoting the recognition of women as main actors in the sustainability of the agro-family model and food sovereignty. Regarding the methodology, it is developed from an analysis of quantitative information, for which use was made of the data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock through the Directorate of Agrarian Extension (DEAg) with all the programs that intervene in Family Farming and the National Statistics Institute (DGEEC) with the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the Time Use Survey (EUT), considering for the Household Survey a temporality of 10 years and, for the case of the time use survey corresponding to the year 2016, as well as the National Agricultural Census (CAN) of the year 2008. Among the main results, it can be observed that rural women suffer more strongly from poverty, 23.0% of them are in poverty and 8.7% in extreme poverty, 24% of rural women work As family workers without receiving any salary, when it comes to agricultural exploitation, women are at a greater disadvantage than men, in the stratum of less than one hectare they represent 36% of the producers, while their participation is reduced to 15 % in those with more than 1,000 hectares. 44% of inactive rural women indicate as the main reason to perform housework, which is consistent with the greater burden of unpaid work that they must endure, which means greater problems of insertion into the labor market, greater labor informality and, hence the impossibility of developing a full life, this coupled with the little participation that they have in the productive and financing projects developed by the government and the almost zero access to land ownership. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar la contribución de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar campesina y profundizar en la posibilidad que tienen las mismas, para acceder a la tierra, al crédito y a la tecnología, elementos generadores de desarrollo agrícola y por qué no, potenciadores de la autonomía económica de las productoras. Según (Kempf et al., 2019), las relaciones sociales y de producción presentes en la agricultura familiar campesina presentan contextos peculiares con relación a otros tipos de modelos de agricultura, uno de ellos, se refiere al trabajo de las mujeres y la magnitud de su contribución laboral en el establecimiento familiar, además de ser el pilar fundamental en la promoción de la seguridad alimentaria. La contribución económica y social de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar debe ser visibilizada y sujeta de políticas públicas para fomentar la igualdad de género en el contexto rural, significando esto, la generación de canales de participación de las mujeres en todo el desarrollo de la cadena de valor de la producción, impulsando el reconocimiento de las mujeres como actoras principales en la sostenibilidad del modelo agro-familiar y la soberanía alimentaria. En cuanto a la metodología, esta se desarrolla a partir de un análisis de la información cuantitativa, para lo cual se hizo uso de los datos secundarios proveídos por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a través de la Dirección de Extensión Agraria (DEAg) con todos los programas que intervienen en la Agricultura Familiar y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (DGEEC) con la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) y la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo (EUT), considerando para la Encuesta de Hogares una temporalidad de 10 años y, para el caso de la encuesta de uso del tiempo correspondiente al año 2016, así como el Censo Agropecuario Nacional (CAN) del año 2008. Entre los principales resultados se puede observar que las mujeres rurales padecen más fuertemente la pobreza, el 23,0% de ellas se encuenta en situación de pobreza y el 8,7% en condición de pobreza extrema, el 24% de las mujeres rurales trabaja como trabajadoras familiares sin percibir salario alguno, cuando se trata de explotación agropecuaria las mujeres se encuentran en mayor desventaja que los hombres, en el estrato de menos de una hectárea ellas representan el 36% de los productores, mientras que su participación se reduce al 15% en las de más de 1.000 hectáreas. El 44% de las mujeres inactivas rurales señala como razón principal el realizar labores del hogar, lo que concuerda con la mayor carga de trabajos no remunerados que ellas deben soportar, lo que significa mayores problemas de inserción al mercado laboral, mayor informalidad laboral y por ende la imposibilidad de desarrollar una vida plena, esto aunado a la poca participación que ellas tienen en los proyectos productivos y de financiamiento desarrollados por el gobierno y el casi nulo acceso a la propiedad de la tierra.

Problemstellung: COVID-19 ist nicht nur aufgrund der Folgen der Erkrankung problematisch, sondern auch aufgrund einer ganzen Reihe von Sekundäreffekten. So stellt eine lang andauernde Pandemie eine Dauerbelastung dar, welche sich auf die Psyche des Menschen auswirken kann. Insbesondere Kinder und Jugendliche sind hier auf-grund ihrer besonderen Angewiesenheit auf das häusliche Umfeld besonders vulnerabel. Zeitgleich ist diese Gruppe in bestehenden Krisenplänen bisher nicht oder kaum relevant. Aufgrund der Besonderheit, dass sich Kinder und Jugendliche noch in der Entwicklung befinden und dass, insbesondere für jüngere Kinder, die aktuell seit über einem Jahr bestehende Situation der Pandemie und die damit verbundenen Einschränkungen einen erheblichen Zeitraum darstellt, besteht ebenfalls die Gefahr von kulturellen und sozialen Entwicklungsproblemen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist auch zu beachten, dass Maßnahmen gegen das Virus, welches die Primärgefahr darstellt, ebenfalls negative Auswirkungen auf Kinder und Jugendliche darstellen und somit zu Sekundärgefahren führen können. Weiterhin ist zu bedenken, dass Fehler in der Pandemiebekämpfung, welche sich nachhaltig negativ auf Kinder und Jugendliche auswirken, in der Zukunft in Form von Problematiken im Erwachsenenalter und, bei entsprechend vielen Betroffe-nen, in der gesamten Gesellschaft sichtbar werden. Um dies zu erforschen, werden zunächst die Fragestellungen bearbeitet, welche Sekundärgefahren und Risiken aufgrund von COVID-19 für Kinder und Jugendliche vorliegen, sowie ob die Vor- und Nachteile der Lockdowns die Vorteile für Kinder und Jugendliche überwiegen. Im Anschluss werden Handlungsempfehlungen gegeben, wie die Gesundheit und das Wohlergehen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in künftig ähnlichen Lagen sichergestellt werden können. Angewandte Methoden: Um ein möglichst umfassendes Bild über die Lage von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland zu erhalten, werden Experteninterviews mit Expertinnen und Experten aus unterschiedlichen Fachgebieten und Berufsbereichen durchge-führt. Aufgrund der internationalen Vergleichbarkeit der Problematik werden auch Ex-pertinnen und Experten aus dem internationalen Raum befragt. Dies kann dazu beitragen, Aspekte, welche im nationalen Raum nicht bekannt sind oder nicht als relevant eingeschätzt werden, in diese Arbeit mit einfließen zu lassen. Weiterhin werden Studien und Quellen aus dem nationalen Raum in Form einer Sekundäranalyse betrachtet, um auf die Vor- und Nachteile der Lockdowns Rückschlüsse ziehen zu können. Insbesondere die Unterschiedlichkeit der verschiedenen Studien und Quellen stellte dabei eine große Herausforderung dar. Somit findet eine Anwendung von qualitativen und quanti-tativen Methoden statt, was als Mixed Methods bezeichnet wird. Wichtigste Ergebnisse: Eine eindeutige Aussage über die Sekundärgefahren für Kinder und Jugendliche gestaltet sich als schwierig, da diese Gefahren unter anderem stark durch das häusliche Umfeld geprägt sind. So scheinen Kinder und Jugendliche aus so-zial schwächeren Familien in einem höheren Maße betroffen zu sein als jene, aus sozial stärkeren Familien. Zusätzlich stellt die Pandemie eine Brennglasfunktion für bereits zu-vor bestehende Problematiken dar. Der Vergleich von Vor- und Nachteilen der Lockdowns für Kinder und Jugendliche zeigt die Unterschiedlichkeit bestehender Studien und Quellen auf, wodurch das Ergebnis dieser Fragestellung primär Indizien darstellt. Die Handlungsempfehlungen, welche ebenfalls ein Ziel dieser Arbeit darstellen, bestehen auf den vorherigen Ergebnissen aufbauend aus grundsätzlichen Handlungsempfehlungen, dem Einbezug von Kindern und Jugendliche in Pandemiepläne, der Beteiligung von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Entscheidungen bezüglich Krisensituationen sowie der Nachsorge der aktuellen Pandemie. Anwendungsgebiet und Zielgruppe: Bei dem Anwendungsgebiet handelt es sich zu-nächst um ganz Deutschland, wobei unter Beachtung örtlicher Gegebenheiten auch ein internationaler Anwendungsbezug des Themas besteht. Die Zielgruppe stellen insbesondere Politiker und Entscheider in Behörden dar, welche zuständig für die Formulierung bzw. Fortschreibung von Pandemieplänen und für die Bereitstellung der techni-schen und personellen Ressourcen sind. ; Problem: COVID-19 is not only problematic because of the consequences of the disease, but also due to of a whole series of secondary effects. One of those includes peo-ple's psyche, affected by the long time the pandemic fight forced restrictions on the pop-ulation. Especially noteworthy are children and adolescents by virtue of their dependency on the household environment. Conjointly, this group is not seen as relevant in existing contingency plans and hence often overlooked by those fighting the primary risk. As to the fact that children and adolescents are still mentally developing and, especially for younger children, the current situation of the pandemic and the imposed restrictions may represent a considerable risk for their healthy development. Considering those implica-tions, it should also be noted that measures against the virus can also impact negatively on children's and adolescents' psyche and thus jeopardy cultural and social develop-ment. Furthermore, it must be considered that mistakes in handling the pandemic, which have a lasting negative impact on children and adolescents, will only reflect in the future as problems that may arise in adulthood, with possibly a large number affected. To in-vestigate, the question is posed as to which secondary dangers and risks are present for children and adolescents due to the handling of the pandemic. It is then followed with the inquiry whether the advantages of a lockdown outweigh the risks for children and adolescents. This should lead to recommendations on how to ensure the health and well-being of children and young people in similar situations in the future. Methods used: In order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the situation of children and adolescents in Germany, expert interviews were conducted with experts from vari-ous fields. Due to the international comparability of the problem, experts from other countries will also be interviewed. This can contribute to the inclusion of aspects that are not known on a national level but appear to be relevant to this work. Furthermore, studies and sources from the national area are considered in the form of a secondary analysis to be able to draw conclusions on the advantages and disadvantages of lockdowns. In particular, the diversity of the different studies and sources posed a great challenge. Thus, an application of qualitative and quantitative methods takes place, which is called Mixed Methods. Most important results: It is difficult to make a clear statement about the secondary risks for children and adolescents, as these dangers are strongly influenced by the home environment, among other things. Children and adolescents from economical weaker families seem to be affected to a greater extent than those from economical stronger families. In addition, the pandemic serves as an amplifier for pre-existing problems. The comparison of advantages and disadvantages of lockdowns for children and adolescents shows the diversity of existing studies and sources, so that the result of this question is primarily circumstantial. The recommendations for action, which also represent an ob-jective of this work, consist of basic recommendations for action based on the previous results. This includes children's and adolescents' development in pandemic plans, the participation of children and adolescents in decisions regarding crisis situations as well as the aftercare of the current pandemic. Area of application and target group: The area of application is initially Germany as a whole, although there is also an international application of the topic, taking into account local conditions. The target group is made up of politicians and decision-makers in public authorities in particular, who are responsible for the formulation and updating of pan-demic plans and for the provision of technical and human resources.

With high-tempo work, frequent separation and operational commitments, military personnel are at greater risk than most of developing a broad range of mental health concerns. Whether at war or in peacetime, soldiers are trained to be ready for combat. Such conditioning is responsible for teaching soldiers how to override their flight or fight response; to run towards danger when human instinct seeks to run away. So, whether soldiers are engaged in combat or training for readiness, the destabilising impact of overriding innate biological functions can impact on how a soldier recognises and manages stress. Stress is known to contribute to a number of physical and psychological functions that impact on sexual desire and performance, offering sexual functioning as a potential marker for resilience injury and wider mental health concerns. Aims & Objectives Psychological support for intimate relationships is particularly vital for soldiers and their partners and may influence recovery rates from the unique mental demands of the military. This study sought to understand if declining sexual functioning could be an early predictor of problematic stress and maladaptive behaviours. It aimed to define clear at-risk groups for increased stress to help clinicians target assessment for those most susceptible to resilience overwhelm and mental health concerns. Research questions The study focused on 6 main research questions related to stress, sexual functioning, online sexual activity (OSA) and compulsive sexual behaviour (CSB). Results hoped to demonstrate the correlation between stress and sexual function and to define areas of additive stress that may impact on wellbeing. Clinical aims sought to highlight at-risk groups and protective factors to support psychoeducation, assessment protocols and treatment pathways. Method A mixed-methods approach allowed for the collection of quantitative statistical data via a scored and validated survey providing correlation information on the four main variables: stress, sexual functioning, online sexual activity and compulsive sexual behaviours. A qualitative component collected personal statements, observations and remarks to provide context for the statistical results. With equal priority, this created a snapshot of soldier experience in relation to stress and sex which could help the identification of those soldiers at greater risk of psychological distress. The study was primarily underpinned by the theoretical framework of Bancroft and Janssen's Dual Control Model. This model centres on the balance between an individual's inhibitory and excitatory processes in the central nervous system. With particular relevance to this study and soldier behaviour, the Dual Control Model considers how excitation and inhibition are impacted by stress and how individual response may impact on sexual behaviour. Where inhibition is elevated, some may experience difficulties with sexual interaction related to performance anxiety for example and where excitation is increased, individuals may feel less restricted and may be willing to take more sexual risks. Results Results demonstrated a clear link between increased stress and declining sexual function offering psychosexual assessment as a useful diagnostic tool for psychological distress. Through statistical analysis, 7 groups were identified as most at risk of resilience overwhelm and poor stress appraisal with declining sexual functioning. These groups included soldiers who lived alone, those who lived overseas with their partners, Other Ranks aged 26-30 years old, Non-Commissioned Officers aged 26-30 years old, Commissioned Officers aged over 40 years, soldiers that had served between 1-5 years and those personnel who had served over 20 years. Soldiers in more than one of these 7 groups were likely to experience the highest levels of stress and declining sexual functioning, with up to 83% of sexual function variance attributed to stress. Within this study, predictive factors were categorised from personal narratives. At-risk soldiers were identified as either being exposed to greater disconnection or isolation, currently experiencing a life stage transition or within a period of increased occupational demand. Soldiers currently at relationship pressure points such as starting or ending an intimate relationship did not demonstrate a significance correlation between elevated stress and declining sexual function. Over 85% of soldiers admit to using the internet for sexual activity; however, the majority were at levels that were considered to be low risk. Personnel reported preferring to seek out human connection. Increased OSA was not correlated with loss of desire but it was strongly associated with a decline in sexual satisfaction. Compulsive sexual behaviour was not generally problematic. Results demonstrated that soldiers in this study were more likely to have increased sexual inhibition resulting in sexual difficulties rather than elevated excitation leading to risk taking behaviour. There were marked differences between male and female soldiers including the experience of stress, sexual function and online sexual activity, suggesting that psychoeducation and healthcare assessment should be appropriately targeted with the consideration of sex-specific interventions. More research on the psychological and physiological differences between male and female soldiers is urged. Implications for practice Whilst poor sexual functioning can be influenced by many factors, this study has concluded that sexual difficulties are positively correlated with increased stress within the British Army. Therefore, questions on sexual functioning could offer an important measure of physical, cognitive and emotional health. Psychosexual training would enable those clinicians that support at-risk soldiers presenting with stress symptoms to explore sexual functioning and behaviour as part of their patient wellbeing assessment. Soldiers could benefit from greater awareness of how personal agency and control can diminish the harmful effects of stress, whilst leaders should continue to be mindful of their direct impact on soldier wellbeing. Relationships form part of systemic resilience and contribute to soldier wellbeing, happiness and key life decisions. Army policy makers should be aware of the implications of soldier overwhelm and relationship strain in relation to financial, operational and retention decisions

International audience ; Artículo publicado eThe article analyzes the contribution of women in family farming and delves into the possibility that women have to access land, credit and technology, elements that generate agricultural development and why not, enhancers of the economic autonomy of the producers. The social and production relations present in peasant family agriculture present peculiar contexts in relation to other types of agricultural models, one of them refers to the work of women and the magnitude of their labor contribution in the family establishment, in addition to be the fundamental pillar in the promotion of food security. The economic and social contribution of women in family farming should be made visible and subject to public policies to promote gender equality in the rural context, meaning the generation of channels for the participation of women throughout the development of the chain. value of production, promoting the recognition of women as main actors in the sustainability of the agro-family model and food sovereignty. Regarding the methodology, it is developed from an analysis of quantitative information, for which use was made of the data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock through the Directorate of Agrarian Extension (DEAg) with all the programs that intervene in Family Farming and the National Statistics Institute (DGEEC) with the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the Time Use Survey (EUT), considering for the Household Survey a temporality of 10 years and, for the case of the time use survey corresponding to the year 2016, as well as the National Agricultural Census (CAN) of the year 2008. Among the main results, it can be observed that rural women suffer more strongly from poverty, 23.0% of them are in poverty and 8.7% in extreme poverty, 24% of rural women work As family workers without receiving any salary, when it comes to agricultural exploitation, women are at a greater disadvantage than men, in the stratum of less than one hectare they represent 36% of the producers, while their participation is reduced to 15 % in those with more than 1,000 hectares. 44% of inactive rural women indicate as the main reason to perform housework, which is consistent with the greater burden of unpaid work that they must endure, which means greater problems of insertion into the labor market, greater labor informality and, hence the impossibility of developing a full life, this coupled with the little participation that they have in the productive and financing projects developed by the government and the almost zero access to land ownership ; El artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar la contribución de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar campesina y profundizar en la posibilidad que tienen las mismas, para acceder a la tierra, al crédito y a la tecnología, elementos generadores de desarrollo agrícola y por qué no, potenciadores de la autonomía económica de las productoras. Según (Kempf et al., 2019), las relaciones sociales y de producción presentes en la agricultura familiar campesina presentan contextos peculiares con relación a otros tipos de modelos de agricultura, uno de ellos, se refiere al trabajo de las mujeres y la magnitud de su contribución laboral en el establecimiento familiar, además de ser el pilar fundamental en la promoción de la seguridad alimentaria. La contribución económica y social de las mujeres en la agricultura familiar debe ser visibilizada y sujeta de políticas públicas para fomentar la igualdad de género en el contexto rural, significando esto, la generación de canales de participación de las mujeres en todo el desarrollo de la cadena de valor de la producción, impulsando el reconocimiento de las mujeres como actoras principales en la sostenibilidad del modelo agro-familiar y la soberanía alimentaria. En cuanto a la metodología, esta se desarrolla a partir de un análisis de la información cuantitativa, para lo cual se hizo uso de los datos secundarios proveídos por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a través de la Dirección de Extensión Agraria (DEAg) con todos los programas que intervienen en la Agricultura Familiar y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (DGEEC) con la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) y la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo (EUT), considerando para la Encuesta de Hogares una temporalidad de 10 años y, para el caso de la encuesta de uso del tiempo correspondiente al año 2016, así como el Censo Agropecuario Nacional (CAN) del año 2008. Entre los principales resultados se puede observar que las mujeres rurales padecen más fuertemente la pobreza, el 23,0% de ellas se encuenta en situación de pobreza y el 8,7% en condición de pobreza extrema, el 24% de las mujeres rurales trabaja como trabajadoras familiares sin percibir salario alguno, cuando se trata de explotación agropecuaria las mujeres se encuentran en mayor desventaja que los hombres, en el estrato de menos de una hectárea ellas representan el 36% de los productores, mientras que su participación se reduce al 15% en las de más de 1.000 hectáreas. El 44% de las mujeres inactivas rurales señala como razón principal el realizar labores del hogar, lo que concuerda con la mayor carga de trabajos no remunerados que ellas deben soportar, lo que significa mayores problemas de inserción al mercado laboral, mayor informalidad laboral y por ende la imposibilidad de desarrollar una vida plena, esto aunado a la poca participación que ellas tienen en los proyectos productivos y de financiamiento desarrollados por el gobierno y el casi nulo acceso a la propiedad de la tierra.

[spa] Desde hace dos décadas los destinos de montaña en España, y particularmente sus espacios naturales protegidos, están sumergidos en un proceso de cambios y transformaciones que afectan a su actividad turística y a sus condiciones ambientales. Este proceso supone, entre otras consecuencias, la pérdida de relevancia de la montaña como destino turístico debido, entre otros factores, a la emergencia de nuevos productos no vinculados necesariamente a estos espacios; a la fuerte competencia con destinos de entornos geográficos diferenciados; a la presencia en la montaña de productos con síntomas de agotamiento y destinos específicos con dificultades para su desarrollo; y, debido también, a las recientes exigencias ambientales emanadas desde las esferas política y social. Frente a esta situación se presentan diversos retos para la renovación de la montaña como escenario turístico: el control sobre la masificación turística, el fomento de la desestacionalización, la conservación ambiental, así como el aumento de la competitividad y sostenibilidad sobre sus destinos y productos. Paralelamente a esta situación se ha observado un continuo auge de usos y actividades relacionados con el turismo de naturaleza. En esta irrupción de la actividad turística en espacios naturales destaca el ecoturismo, un segmento que se ha visto apoyado, tanto por la administración pública, como por los requerimientos de los consumidores, los cuales demandan experiencias singulares y con componentes de sostenibilidad. Esta investigación sobre el desarrollo del ecoturismo en destinos de montaña en España (2000-2019) se ha elaborado con el propósito de aportar conocimiento –en el contexto señalado anteriormente– sobre los aspectos clave que estructuran y condicionan su despliegue en los sistemas territoriales de montaña y, en concreto, su análisis, evaluación y prospectiva. De su contenido destaca el estudio de la evolución y repercusión de la planificación y gestión del ecoturismo, tanto a nivel estatal, como en sus áreas de montaña, así como las características y fundamentos ecoturísticos de las empresas y productos que operan en este tipo de destinos. Se ha pretendido comprobar como el ecoturismo, por sus características excepcionales como actividad productiva sostenible, representa un segmento apto e idóneo para la conservación, renovación y dinamización de los destinos de montaña, y como la administración pública y el sector privado han influido en este proceso. Para la consecución de los objetivos definidos se despliega una metodología multimétodo, basada en herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas que han permitido abordar la investigación sobre un doble enfoque territorial, la montaña española como sistema y la montaña a nivel de destino mediante dos casos de estudio. Entre los resultados y conclusiones preliminares cabe destacar en la configuración del ecoturismo en España el papel desempeñado, tanto por la administración pública y determinados actores privados, así como por entidades turísticas y conservacionistas. También, cabe señalar la constatación de determinadas limitaciones y potenciales mejoras para su avance y competitividad como segmento turístico en los espacios naturales de montaña. ; [eng] For two decades, mountain destinations in Spain, and especially its protected natural areas, have been immersed in a process of change and transformations that affect its tourism activities and environmental conditions. This process entails, among other consequences, the loss of relevance of the mountain as a tourist destination due, among other factors, to the emergence of new products that are not necessarily connected to the mountain; the strong competition between destinations in differentiated geographic environments; the presence of products with symptoms of exhaustion on the mountains and specific destinations with difficulties for its development; and also because of recent environmental demands emanating from the political and social spheres. In the face of this situation, a number of challenges arise for the renovation of the mountain as a tourist setting: control over mass tourism, the promotion of seasonal adjustment, environmental conservation, as well as the growing competitiveness and sustainability over destinations and mountain products. In parallel to this situation, there has been a continued rise in uses and activities related to nature tourism. In this eruption of tourist activities in natural areas ecotourism is the one which stands out the most, it's a segment that has been supported both by the public administration and consumers, whose requirements demand singular experiences with important components of sustainability. This investigation about the development of ecotourism in mountain destinations in Spain (2000-2019) has been prepared with the purpose to bring in knowledge –in the context stated previously– about the key aspects that structure and condition its expansion in the mountains' territorial system, and, in particular, its analysis, evaluation and prospective. Its content highlights the study of the evolution and impact of the planning and management of ecotourism, both at state level and in their mountain areas. As well as the characteristics and foundations of ecotourism in companies and products operating in certain mountain destinations. It has been intended to prove how ecotourism, for its exceptional characteristics as a sustainable productive activity, represents an apt and suitable segment for the conservation, renewal and dynamisation of mountain destinations, and how the public administration and the private sector have influenced this process. To achieve the defined aims, a multimethod methodology has been conducted based on qualitative and quantitative tools that have enabled the research to be addressed on a dual territorial approach; the Spanish mountain as a system and the mountain as a destination through two case studies. Preliminary results and conclusions highlight the role played by the public administration and certain private sectors, as well as touristic and conservationist entities, in shaping the ecotourism in Spain. It is also important to note, the confirmation of determined limitations and potential improvements, for its advancement and competitiveness as a touristic segment in mountain natural landscapes.

Nowadays, family businesses, the predominant form of business worldwide, face an increasingly changing environment boosted by megatrends such as globalization, digitalization, artificial intelligence, climate change and sustainability. Along with this, are factors that play at a firm level such as stricter rules concerning transparency and compliance or the increasing importance of Corporate Social Responsibil- ity (CSR). Therefore, new strategies and organizational changes are necessary to allow for greater adaptation to the new context. This special issue provides insights on these questions from a variety of perspectives.
The work of Hernández-Linares and López-Fernán- dez expands the current thinking on this process of adaptation by exploring the combined effects of three strategic orientations (entrepreneurial, learning, and market orientations) on the family firm ́s performance. The authors provide interesting contributions in terms of highlighting the importance of strategic orientations for value creation in enterprise organizations. They also provide empirical evidence that the family char- acter of the firm determines the relationship between strategic orientations and business performance, and offer some results on the effect of market orientation on firm performance in family firms versus non-family firms.
Those differences in strategies are further ana- lysed within the setting of the business dimension in which financial and economic decisions are made. The contribution by Terrón-Ibáñez, Gómez-Miranda and Rodríguez-Ariza, discusses the influence of that di- mension in their performance, comparing family and non-family firms. This interesting analysis of financial performance provides useful results. The study showsthat, unlike non-family firms, there is an inverted U- shaped relationship between the size of family SMEs and the value of certain economic–financial indicators, such as the return on assets, operating margin and employee productivity. This means that although the increase in the dimension of the family organizations is positively related to its performance, there are lim- its from which the value of certain economic–financial indicators can be negatively affected.
The next paper contributes to the discussion of the family business's role in the private health sector. Reyes-Santías, Rivo-López and Villanueva-Villar, set out to identify the historical evolution of the family business in this sector, attempting to determine the variation and its contribution to the private health sector during the 1995-2010 period. The findings of this discussion provide family firms with an almost 60% survival level in this sector. Along with this, the au- thors provide some guidelines for future research con- cerning this higher degree of survival, why family firms are leading the concentration process taking place in the sector, as well as their strategies for super-spe- cialization in the services offered especially by family businesses in healthcare. The effect of family ownership and the character- istics of the board of directors on the implementation level of Enterprise Risk Management is an important topic. The article by Otero-González, Rodríguez-Gil, Durán-Santomil and Tamayo-Herrera certainly adds to the discussion. In particular, their research shows that family businesses are less interested in implementing ERM, except when shareholders have greater control of the company and when professional investors are present in the company. Besides, the importance of a board of directors' characteristics of in terms of risk taking is confirmed by observing that larger boards en- courage risk managers to be hired.
The paper by Lorenzo-Gómez looks at the barriers to change that are specific to the characteristics of family business, considering both the barriers that af- fect the perception of the need to undertake changes and the availability of resources to face those chang- es, and the barriers to implementing these changes within already consolidated organizations, where new routines are created to replace the existing ones. Thefindings suggest that the factors affecting these barri- ers include the generation at the head of the family business; the influence of interest groups, particularly in terms of the duality between the company and the family; and the participation level of professionals from outside the family.
The final contribution by Aragon-Amonarriz and Iturrioz-Landart offers an interesting discussion on how family-responsible ownership practices enhance social responsibility in small and medium family firms. Their results reveal the positive relationships between the elements of family-responsible ownership in terms of succession management, financial resource allocation, professionalism and social responsibility, and ultimate- ly with the socially responsible behaviour of family SMEs.
The challenges surrounding family business owners and the nuances around strategic and organizational decision making are together an area ripe for future research. The editors look forward to seeing future de- velopments on these topics that pay special attention to the influence of family characteristics and dynamics on the strategic and organizational change of family firms, and that draw on both quantitative and quali- tative research methodologies for the wider develop- ment of the field.


Acknowledgements.
The papers published in this
issue were presented at the "II Workshop of Family
Business: Strategic and Organizational Change" at Ourense, Galicia, Spain, June, 13-14, 2019. The conference was organized by GEN group research (http://
infogen.webs.uvigo.es/) and the Chair of Family Business of the University of Vigo, and was sponsored by
the AGEF (Galician Family Business Association), Inditex Group, IEF (Spanish Family Firm Institute), and
with ECOBAS group as collaborator. Thanks for their invaluable support. We are also very thankful of all other participants at the conference.

Katiuska Cabrera Suárez, University of Las Palmas
Elena Rivo-López, co-director of the Chair of Family Business, University of Vigo
Santiago Lago-Peñas, co-director of the Chair of Family Business, University of Vigo

In the present investigation the economic factors of the Ecuadorian banana sector were evaluated; with the objective of knowing the problem that arises in several aspects: the use of local resources, the management of working capital, the responsible marketing managed by companies in the banana sector, innovation, local communication and the economy that they generate the same; The methodology used in this research has a quantitative approach, the scope of which is descriptive and explanatory, given that the causes of the phenomenon are identified. The research modality is bibliographic and field, through the first one theories are theoretically based, while the second one supports the survey, whose items were addressed to 110 administrators or managers of banana companies located in the coastal part of Ecuador. The value of 0.932 of the Conbrach Alpha confirms the reliability; the analysis of the index of Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett, according to the decision rule for its result of 0.840 its factor level is high. In the results it was obtained that the factor of the local resources is the most influential in the measurement of the economic results generating investments. Keywords: Economic Factors, Results measurement, Banana Sector, Working capital. References [1]Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Cambio climático y la sostenibilidad del banano en el Ecuador, Roma: FAO,2015. [2]S. Barrezueta y J. Chabla, «Características sociales y económicas de la producción de cacao en la provincia El Oro, Ecuador,» Revista la Técnica, pp. 25 - 34, 2017. [3]Revista Ekos, «Una mirada al sector bananero ecuatoriano, » 28 Septiembre 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ekosnegocios.com/negocios/verArticulo-Contenido.aspx?idArt=9653. [Last Access: Octuber 20, 2019] [4]Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, "Informe sobre el sector bananero ecuatoriano," Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, Quito, 2017. [5]E. Ledesma, «Los 5 desafios del sector bananero en 2019,» 28 Diciembre 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.vistazo.com/seccion/enfoque/los-5-desafios-del-sector-bananero-en-2019.[Last Access: November 10, 2019] [6]W. Ramon, «El banano ecuatoriano enfrenta problemas,» El Comercio, 28 mayo 2015. [7]Y. Antelo y D. Alfonso, «Análisis de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial basado en un modelo de Lógica Difusa Compensatoria,» Ingeniería Industrial, pp. 58-69, 2014. [8]R. P. L. Andrade, «Acuerdo comercial entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea,» Revista Espacios, 2017. [9]E. Aziz, Evaluacion de impacto y directrices de politica, Roma : Organizacion de las Naciones Unidad para la Alimentacion y la Agricultura , 2015. [10]B. O. B. Burgos, F. R. López y R. C. Benítez, «Las Pequeñas y medianas empresas, las fincas familiares, las universidades y la gestión del desarrollo en el contexto ecuatoriano,» Revista Científica Agroecosistemas, vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 150-159, 2017. ; En la presente investigación se evaluó los factores económicos del sector bananero ecuatoriano; con el objetivo de conocer la problemática que se presenta en varios aspectos: el uso de los recursos locales, la gestión del capital de trabajo, el marketing responsable que manejan las empresas en el sectorbananero, la innovación, la comunicación local y la economía que generan las misma; la metodología utilizada en esta investigación tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, cuyo alcance es descriptivo y explicativo, dado que se identifican las causas del fenómeno. La modalidad de la investigación es bibliográfica y decampo, a través de la primera se fundamenta teóricamente las variables, mientras que con la segunda se sustenta la encuesta, cuyos ítems se dirigió a 110 administradores o gerentes de empresas bananeras ubicadas en la parte costera de Ecuador. El valor de 0,932 del Alfa de Conbrach confirma la confiabilidad;el análisis del índice de Káiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) y Bartlett, conforme la regla de decisión por su resultado del 0,840 su nivel factorial es alto. En los resultados se obtuvo que el factor de los recursos locales es el más influyente en la medición de los resultados económicos generando inversiones. Palabras Clave: Factores Económicos, Medición de resultados, Sector Bananero, Capital de trabajo. Referencias [1]Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Cambio climático y la sostenibilidad del banano en el Ecuador, Roma: FAO,2015. [2]S. Barrezueta y J. Chabla, «Características sociales y económicas de la producción de cacao en la provincia El Oro, Ecuador,» Revista la Técnica, pp. 25 - 34, 2017. [3]Revista Ekos, «Una mirada al sector bananero ecuatoriano, » 28 Septiembre 2017. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.ekosnegocios.com/negocios/verArticulo-Contenido.aspx?idArt=9653. [Último acceso: 20 de octubre, 2019] [4]Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, "Informe sobre el sector bananero ecuatoriano," Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, Quito, 2017. [5]E. Ledesma, «Los 5 desafios del sector bananero en 2019,» 28 Diciembre 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.vistazo.com/seccion/enfoque/los-5-desafios-del-sector-bananero-en-2019. [Último acceso: 10 de noviembre, 2019] [6]W. Ramon, «El banano ecuatoriano enfrenta problemas,» El Comercio, 28 mayo 2015. [7]Y. Antelo y D. Alfonso, «Análisis de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial basado en un modelo de Lógica Difusa Compensatoria,» Ingeniería Industrial, pp. 58-69, 2014. [8]R. P. L. Andrade, «Acuerdo comercial entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea,» Revista Espacios, 2017. [9]E. Aziz, Evaluacion de impacto y directrices de politica, Roma : Organizacion de las Naciones Unidad para la Alimentacion y la Agricultura , 2015. [10]B. O. B. Burgos, F. R. López y R. C. Benítez, «Las Pequeñas y medianas empresas, las fincas familiares, las universidades y la gestión del desarrollo en el contexto ecuatoriano,» Revista Científica Agroecosistemas, vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 150-159, 2017.

Practice shows that a number of countries rich in natural resources have failed to achieve sustainable economic development and a high level of welfare for the population. Researchers note that the availability of natural resources is often combined in countries with corruption, public opposition and the weakness of political institutions. The economies of countries that build on the export of natural resources are too dependent on world prices for these resources. The subject of the article is the problems of poverty and political instability of Kyrgyzstan as a country dependent on gold exports. The goal is to identify the main factors that lead to Kyrgyzstan's economic backwardness, poverty and political instability in the presence of active resource exports. Objectives: to study the availability of gold and other natural resources in Kyrgyzstan, to analyze the country's exports, to consider the level of living of the population, to identify the main problems of Kyrgyzstan development and to consider the prospects of overcoming them. General scientific methods are used: system analysis – to determine the peculiarities of the economy of Kyrgyzstan, the historical method – to demonstrate political instability in the country, statistical method – to demonstrate quantitative indicators. The following results were obtained:based on the study, the main factors leading to economic and political problems of Kyrgyzstan were identified. Conclusions: on a number of grounds, the country can be attributed to countries with a «resource curse»; in the gold mining industry mostly foreign companies are present, they are involved in social projects,but every fifth person in the country lives below the poverty line and therefore a significant proportion of the population are migrant workers abroad; there is constant political instability in the country and each new government is trying to make the most of the country's gold reserves; the country will be able to get rid of the resource curse by implementing a number of recommendations for such countries, and especially by investing revenues from gold exports to in financial, physical and human capital; positive for solving the economic problems of Kyrgyzstan is its participation in the Eurasian Economic Union. ; Практика показывает, что ряд стран, богатых природными ресурсами, не смогли достичь устойчивого экономического развития и высокого уровня благосостояния для населения. Исследователи отмечают, что наличие природных ресурсов часто сочетается в странах с коррупцией, общественными противостояниями и слабостью политических институтов. Экономика стран, которая строится на экспорте природных ресурсов, слишком зависит от мировых цен на эти ресурсы. Предметом исследования в статье являются проблемы бедности и нестабильности Кыргызстана как страны, зависимой от экспорта золота. Цель заключается в определении основных факторов, приводящих к экономической отсталости Кыргызстана, бедности его населения и политической нестабильности при наличии активного ресурсного экспорта. Задачи: исследовать обеспеченность Кыргызстана золотом и другими природными ресурсами, проанализировать экспорт страны, рассмотрю уровень жизни населения, определить основные проблемы развития Кыргызстана и рассмотреть перспективы их преодоления. Используются общенаучные методы: системный анализ – для определения особенностей экономики Кыргызстана, исторический метод – для демонстрации политической нестабильности в стране, статистический метод – для демонстрации количественных показателей. Получены следующие результаты: на основе проведенного исследования выявлены основные факторы, приводящие к экономическим и политическим проблемам Кыргызстана. Выводы: по ряду признаков страну можно отнести к странам с «ресурсным проклятием»; в золотодобывающей промышленности в основном присутствуют иностранные компании, которые участвуют в социальных проектах, однако каждый пятый человек в стране проживает за чертой бедности и поэтому значительная часть населения являются трудовыми мигрантами за рубежом; в стране постоянно присутствует политическая нестабильность и каждая новая власть пытается максимально использовать золотой запас страны; избавиться от ресурсного проклятия страна сможет путем выполнения ряда рекомендаций для таких стран, особенно путем направления доходов от экспорта золота на инвестиции в финансовый, физический и человеческий капитал; положительным для решения экономических проблем Кыргызстана является его участие в Евразийском экономическом союзе. ; Практика доводить, що ряд країн, багатих на природні ресурси, не змогли досягти стійкого економічного розвитку і високого рівня добробуту для населення. Дослідники відзначають, що наявність природних ресурсів часто поєднується в країнах із корупцією, громадськими протистояннями та слабкістю політичних інститутів. Економіка країн, яка будується на експорті природних ресурсів, занадто залежить від світових цін на ці ресурси. Предметом дослідження в статті є проблеми бідності та політичної нестабільності Киргизстану як країни залежної від експорту золота. Мета полягає у визначенні основних факторів, що призводять до економічної відсталості Киргизстану, бідності його населення та політичної нестабільності при наявності активного ресурсного експорту. Завдання: дослідити забезпеченість Киргизстану золотом та іншими природними ресурсами, проаналізувати експорт країни, розглянути рівень життя населення, визначити основні проблеми розвитку Киргизстану та розглянути перспективи їх подолання. Використовуються загальнонаукові методи: системний аналіз – для визначення особливостей економіки Киргизстану, історичний метод – для демонстрації політичної нестабільності в країні, статистичний метод – для демонстрації кількісних показників. Отримано такі результати: на основі проведеного дослідження виявлено основні фактори, що призводять до економічних та політичних проблем Киргизстану. Висновки: за рядом ознак країну можна віднести до країн із «ресурсним прокляттям»; у золотовидобувній промисловості здебільшого присутні іноземні компанії, які беруть участь у соціальних проектах, однак кожна п'ята людина в країні проживає за межею бідності і тому значна частка населення є трудовими мігрантами за кордоном; в країні постійно присутня політична нестабільність і кожна нова влада намагається максимально використати золоті запаси країни; позбутися ресурсного прокляття країна зможе шляхом виконання ряду рекомендацій для таких країн, а особливо шляхом спрямування доходів від експорту золота на інвестиції у фінансовий, фізичний та людський капітал; позитивним для вирішення економічних проблем Киргизстану є його участь в Євразійському економічному союзі.

Abstrak Program Bantuan Stimulan Perumahan Swadaya ( BSPS ) ini berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum Dan Perumahan Rakyat No. 14 Tahun 2011 adalah program fasilitasi pemerintah dengan memberikan sejumlah dana untuk pembangunan atau perbaikan rumah tidak layak huni dengan dana yang bersumber dari Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan evaluasi Program Bantuan Stimulan Perumahan Swadaya (BSPS) Di Keluraha Tamanan Kecamatan Tulungagung Kabupaten Tulungagung.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualiutatif.Subyek penelitian ini terdiri dari Staf Bappeda Kabupaten Tulungagung,Staf Dinas PU BMCK Kabupaten Tulungagung, Staf Kelurahan Tamanan dan kelompok sasaran penerima bantuan BSPS Di Kelurahan Tamanan.Teknik pengumpulan data terdiri dari observasi,wawancara dan dokumentasi.Analisis data yang digunakan berupa pengumpulan data, reduksi data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan program BSPS di Kelurahan Tamanan dari enam indikator model evaluasi menurut William N Dunn yaitu: 1) efektivitas, belum dikatakan efektif karena selama pelaksanaan terdapat kendala terkait penyaluran bantuan dan juga karena masih banyaknya masyarakat miskin yang belum menerima bantuan karena keterbatasan kuota. 2) efisiensi, sudah terpenuhi untuk bantuan bahan material dengan sumber dana yang jelas berasal dari APBN tetapi untuk biaya tukang belum memenuhi sehingga hal ini dapat menghambat ketercapaian program dan juga terkait kerjasama antar sumber daya manusia yang turut serta dalam proses pembangunan. 3) kecukupan, belum maksimal karena keterbatasan dana yang dimiliki oleh kelompok sasaran mengingat bantuan yang didapat dari pemerintah berupa bahan material 4) perataan,untuk besaran bantuan disalurkan merata sesuai degan kebutuhan .Akan tetapi masih terdapat masalah dalam proses bangunan dan juga masih banyaknya masyarakat miskin yang belum menerima bantuan karena syarat yang diberikan pemerintah.5) responsivitas, dengan adanya program bsps ini masyarakat merasa sangat terbantu dan juga dapat meningkatkan rasa solidaritas antar tetangga dan saudara disekitar kelompok sasaran. Serta respon positif yang ditunjukkan oleh penerima bantuan. 6) ketepatan, ketidaktepatan sasaran yang terjadi karena adanya penolakan oleh kelompok sasaran karena keterbatasan dana . Dapat disimpulkan bahwa program Bantuan Stimulan Perumahan Swadaya (BSPS) di Kelurahan Tamanan masih terdapat kendala, maka saran peneliti adalah : 1) Meninjau kembali syarat dan ketentuan calon penerima bantuan khususnya terkait status kepemilikan tanah. 2) Persyaratan untuk penerima bantuan yang sekiranya memberatkan atau menyulitkan seharusnya dihilangkan.3)Bantuan yang diberikan hendaknya tidak hanya meliputi bahan bangunan saja melainkan juga meliputi biaya tenaga kerja sesuai dengan kebutuhan.4)Desain rumah seluruh penerima bantuan disamakan agar tidak terjadi kekurangan dan dapat mencukupi kriteria rumah sehat.5)Diperlukan adanya pengawasan dari pelaksana mulai dari proses sosialisasi program hingga proses pelaksanaan agar tidak terjadi kesalahan atau miskomunikasi antara pihak pelaksana dan pihak penerima bantuan. Kata Kunci : Evaluasi, Program Stimulan Perumahan Abstact The Self-Help Housing Stimulation Program (BSPS) is based on Minister of Public Works and Peoples Housing Regulation no. 14 Year 2011 is a government facilitation program by providing some funds for the construction or repair of uninhabitable homes with funds sourced from the State Revenue Budget. This study aims to describe the evaluation of the Self-Helping Housing Stimulus Program (BSPS) in Tamanan Village Tulungagung District Tulungagung District.The research type used is descriptive with quantitative approach. The subject of this research consisted of staff of Bappeda of Tulungagung Regency, staff of PU BMCK Office of Tulungagung Regency, Tamanan Village Staff and beneficiary group of BSPS in Tamanan Village. Data collecting technique consisted of observation, interview and documentation . Data analysis used in the form of data collection, data reduction and conclusion.The results of the study show that the program of BSPS in Tamanan Urban Village from six indicators of evaluation model according to William N Dunn are: 1) effectiveness, not yet effective because during implementation there are constraints related to the distribution of aid and also because there are still many poor people who have not received assistance due to quota limitations. 2) efficiency, has been fulfilled for material assistance with funding source which obviously comes from APBN but for the expense of artisans have not fulfilled so that this can hinder the achievement of program and also related cooperation between human resources participating in development process. 3) sufficiency, not maximal due to limited funds owned by the target group considering assistance obtained from the government in the form of materials 4) leveling, for the amount of aid distributed evenly in accordance with the needs. But there are still problems in the building process and also the many poor people who have not received assistance due to government requirements.5) responsiveness, with the existence of this bsps program, the community feels very helpful and can also increase the sense of solidarity between neighbors and relatives around the target group. As well as the positive response shown by the beneficiaries. 6) the accuracy, inaccuracy of targets that occur due to the rejection by the target group due to limited funds.It can be concluded that the Self-Helping Housing Stimulation Program (BSPS) program in Tamanan Village is still constrained, so the researchers suggestion is: 1) Reviewing the terms and conditions of potential beneficiaries especially related to land ownership status. 2) Requirements for recipients of assistance in the case of incriminating or complicating should be omitted.3) Assistance should not only cover building materials but also cover labor costs as required.4) The design of the houses of all beneficiaries is equated to avoid shortages and sufficient criteria for a healthy house.5) There is a need for supervision from the implementer from the program socialization process until the implementation process in order to avoid errors or miscommunication between the implementing parties and the beneficiaries. Keywords: Evaluation, Housing Stimulant Program

This article presents the tendencies of the social development in Ukraine as a socio-territorial system. The demographic trends and tendencies of internal migration in Ukraine are considered from the perspective of the center-peripheral approach. The concept of the peripherization in Ukraine as well as the centralization of human resources is disclosed. As a result of the analysis of these outstanding trends, it was established that the center acts as an exploiter of regional human resources that at the same time creates additional risks of the regional development. The authors determine basic social mechanisms of regions peripherization. These include mainly the demographic degradation of the regions, what is reflected in the population reduction as a consequence of the negative natural population growth and migration which is concentrated around the center (Kyiv) and the semiperiphery (industrial regions). It is revealed that the internal migration movement manifests itself in two main forms: educational migration and labor migration. The educational migration in Ukraine is aimed at a small number of university centers, where the largest is the city of Kyiv. Therefore, despite the negative balance of the educational migration rates in most oblasts, Kyiv accumulates the largest amount of university entrants. It was also established that educational migration has not only quantitative but also a qualitative dimension. This is how the center primarily concentrates the most successful students. All listed causes a significant imbalance in the distribution of the intellectual potential of the country in favor for the center and increases its competitiveness regarding to the regions. The maintenance and the reproduction of this situation is also supported by the system of the scholarships distribution in Ukrainian Institutions of Higher Education.The similar migration trends are also observed in the labor sphere, what creates additional risks for the economic development of the regions. The tendencies for concentration of the national labor and intellectual potential in the center are denoted by the human resources centralization concept where this type of resources becomes the main interest, exploited by the center. As a consequence, we get the transformation of regions into the internal periphery of Ukraine. This process occurs unequally, depending on the basic competitive position of the region and its integration into the general socio-territorial structure. This is especially relevant for areas that are in or close to the military conflict zone. According to the main results of the research, there were outlined the following vectors for scientific elaboration: designing the criteria to escribe territories to the zones of the semi-periphery and periphery; further in-depth studying of peripherization mechanisms; defining ways to overcome the imbalances in the development of Ukraine as a socio-territorial integrity. ; В статье с позиций центр-периферийного подхода рассмотрены демографические и миграционные тенденции в Украине. Раскрыто содержание таких феноменов, как периферизация регионов и централизация человеческих ресурсов. Выяснено, что центр выступает в роли эксплуататора человеческих ресурсов регионов, создавая дополнительные риски в их развитии. Определены основные социальные механизмы периферизации регионов, а именно: демографическая деградация регионов и миграция, которая сосредоточивается в центре. Выяснено, что внутреннее миграционное движение проявляется в двух основных формах: образовательной и трудовой миграции. Образовательная миграция имеет не только количественное, но и качественное измерение. Так, центр концентрирует наибольшее количество абитуриентов, в том числе самых успешных, что создает значительный дисбаланс в распределении интеллектуального потенциала страны и обусловливает возникновение дополнительных рисков его воспроизведения. Сохранение и воспроизводство такой ситуации поддерживается и системой распределения бюджетных мест в украинских заведениях высшего образования. Подобные миграционные направления наблюдаются и в трудовой сфере. Тенденции концентрации трудового и интеллектуального потенциала страны в центре обозначены понятием централизации человеческих ресурсов. Следствием этого процесса является превращение регионов на внутреннюю периферию Украины. Сама же периферия, как показывает анализ, выступает в роли донора человеческих ресурсов. Этот процесс происходит неравномерно, в зависимости от «стартовых» конкурентных позиций региона и его интеграции в социально-территориальную структуру. По результатам исследования определены основные направления дальнейших научных исследований, а именно: определение критериев отнесения территорий к зонам полупериферии и периферии, дальнейшее изучение механизмов периферизации, изучение способов преодоления дисбалансов развития Украины как социально-территориальной целостности, изучение зарубежного опыта развития территорий. ; У статті з позицій центр-периферійного підходу розглянуто демографічні та міграційні тенденції в Україні. Розкрито зміст таких феноменів, як периферизація регіонів та централізація людських ресурсів. З'ясовано, що центр виступає в ролі експлуататора людських ресурсів регіонів, створюючи додаткові ризики в їх розвитку. Визначено основні соціальні механізми периферизації регіонів, а саме: демографічна деградація регіонів та міграція, що зосереджується в центрі. З'ясовано, що внутрішній міграційний рух виявляє себе у двох основних формах: освітній та трудовій міграції. Освітня міграція має не тільки кількісний, але й якісний вимір. Так, центр концентрує найбільшу кількість абітурієнтів, в тому числі найуспішніших, що створює значний дисбаланс у розподілі інтелектуального потенціалу країни та зумовлює виникнення додаткових ризиків його відтворення. Збереження та відтворення такої ситуації підтримується й системою розподілу бюджетних місць в українських закладах вищої освіти. Подібні міграційні напрями спостерігаються і у трудовій сфері. Тенденції концентрації трудового та інтелектуального потенціалу країни в центрі позначено поняттям централізації людських ресурсів. Наслідком цього процесу є перетворення регіонів на внутрішню периферію України. Сама ж периферія, як показує аналіз, виступає в ролі донора людських ресурсів. Цей процес відбувається нерівномірно, в залежності від "стартових" конкурентних позицій регіону та його інтеграції у соціально-територіальну структуру. За результатами дослідження визначено основні напрями подальших наукових розвідок, а саме: визначення критеріїв віднесення територій до зон напівпериферії та периферії, подальше вивчення механізмів периферизації, вивчення способів подолання дисбалансів розвитку України як соціально-територіальної цілісності, вивчення зарубіжного досвіду розвитку територій.

This study aimed to examine the effect of dividend policy proxy by Dividend Payout Ratio as a moderation of financial performance proxy by Debt to Equty Ratio, Free Cash Flow and Price to Book Value as well as inflation as a control variable for stock returns. The research method used was quantitative study using SPSS 20 assistance, the population in this study were agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period between 2013 and 2017. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique with the criteria of continually having financial statements from 2013 to 2017. The results show that inflation and Debt to Equty Ratio have a negative influence on stock returns. Whereas Free Cash Flow and Price to Book Value have a positive influence on stock returns. Other results show that dividend policy does not moderate inflation and Debt to Equty Ratio to stock returns. In this case dividend policy applies as a potential moderation variable. Whereas Free Cash Flow and Price to Book Value have an influence on stock returns through dividend policy, in this case the policy dividend applies as a pure moderation variables. Recommendations for this study are expected to further add other variables that are thought to influence stock returns to be the object of research both internal and external factors. Examining returns in other business sectors that are still rarely studied. Increase the time period of the study because it will better know how the effect occur if the study is conducted in a longer period. Keywords : Financial Performance, Stock Return, Dividend PolicyDAFTAR PUSTAKAAndiantyo, Prakosa., Sihombing, Pardomuan, dan Kusumastuti Yani, S. (2018). Pergerakan Indeks Harga Saham Sektor Pertanian Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Buku 2 : "Hukum, Politik, Manajemen, Ekonomi, Akuntansi, Konseling, Desain dan Seni Rupa. ISSN (P) : 2460 – 8696. ISSN (E) : 2540 – 7589.Agus, Sartono.(2014).Manajemen Keuangan:Teori dan Aplikasi. 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Purpose: to analyze the situation of the external control of municipal accounts in the state of Pará in relation to timeliness of information and its relation to the democratic process in the sense of accountability. Methodology: The research was developed with the support of the stakeholder theory, classified as exploratory, descriptive of quantitative approach. An exploratory investigation supported the investigated subject, starting from the cataloging of the 144 municipalities that form the state of Pará, with consolidated accounts. Using the empirical-analytical method, a longitudinal database of nine consecutive years was formed from 2008 to 2016. The data were collected on the website of the Court of Accounts of the Municipalities of the State of Pará (TCM / PA). The variable of analysis was the time spent by the court to render decisions on municipal accounts. Results: The findings revealed that the 146 municipalities delivered a total of 2,330 accounts in the period from 2008 to 2016, and only 600 cases were appreciated. Between the protocol date and the TCM / PA decision presented a median of four and a maximum of eight years. Contributions of the Study: The research contributes to the dissemination of information on the timeliness of assessments of municipal public accounts by the courts of accounts. For information to have utility to users it should be timely. The fact that the control of the courts of accounts happens a posteori, timing becomes relevant because it deals with information necessary to democracy. According to Melo, Pereira and Figueiredo (2009), government institutions with the purpose to control the acts of public power have attracted, in the last decades, a greater attention of society. Pinho and Sacramento (2009), investigating accountability in Brazil, demonstrate that society has participated more actively in the control of government actions in the last 20 years. ; Objetivo: analizar la situación del control externo de las cuentas municipales, en el estado de Pará, en relación a la tempestividad de la información y su relación con el proceso democrático en el sentido de la accountability. Metodología: La investigación fue desarrollada con soporte de la teoría de los stakeholders, clasificada como exploratoria, descriptiva de abordaje cuantitativo. Una investigación exploratoria soportó el asunto investigado, partiendo de la catalogación de los 144 municipios que forman el estado de Pará, con prestaciones de cuentas consolidadas. Con el método empírico-analítico se formó un banco de datos longitudinal de nueve años consecutivos de 2008 a 2016. Los datos fueron recolectados en el sitio electrónico del Tribunal de Cuentas de los Municipios del Estado de Pará (TCM / PA). La variable de análisis fue el tiempo empleado por el tribunal para dictar decisiones sobre las cuentas municipales. Resultados: Los hallazgos revelaron que los ciento cuarenta y cuatro municipios entregaron el total de 2.330 cuentas en el período de 2008 a 2016 y sólo 600 procesos fueron apreciados. Entre la fecha de protocolo y la decisión del TCM / PA presentó mediana de cuatro y, máximo de ocho años. Contribuciones del Estudio: La investigación contribuye a la diseminación de información sobre la evaluación de las cuentas públicas municipales por los tribunales de cuentas. Para que la información tenga utilidad a los usuarios deberá ser temprana. El hecho del control de los tribunales de cuentas ocurrir a la postem, la tempestividad gana relevancia por tratar de informaciones necesarias a la democracia. Conforme a Melo, Pereira y Figueiredo (2009) las instituciones gubernamentales de control de los actos del poder público han atraído en las últimas décadas una mayor atención de la sociedad. Pino y Sacramento (2009) investigando accountability en Brasil demuestran que la sociedad, en los últimos 20 años, ha participado más activamente en el control de las acciones gubernamentales. ; Objetivo: analisar a situação do controle externo das contas municipais, no estado do Pará, em relação a tempestividade da informação e sua relação com o processo democrático no sentido da accountability. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com suporte da teoria dos stakeholders, classificada como exploratória, descritiva de abordagem quantitativa. Uma investigação exploratória suportou o assunto investigado, partindo da catalogação dos 144 municípios que formam o estado do Pará, com prestações de contas consolidadas. Usando o método empírico- analítico formou-se um banco de dados longitudinal de nove anos consecutivos de 2008 a 2016. Os dados foram coletados no sítio eletrônico do Tribunal de Contas dos Municipios do Estado do Pará (TCM/PA). A variável de análise foi o tempo gasto pelo tribunal para proferir decisões sobre as contas municipais. Resultados: Os achados revelaram que os cento e quarenta e quatro municípios entregaram o total de 2.330 contas, no período de 2008 a 2016 e, apenas 600 processos foram apreciados. Entre a data de protocolo e a decisão do TCM/PA apresentou mediana de quatro e, máximo de oito anos. Contribuições do Estudo: A pesquisa contribui para disseminação de informações sobre tempestividade das apreciações das contas públicas municipais pelos tribunais de contas. Para a informação possuir utilidade, aos usuários, deverá ser tempestiva. O fato do controle dos tribunais de contas acontecer a posteori, a tempestividade ganha relevância por tratar de informações necessárias a democracia. Conforme Melo, Pereira e Figueiredo (2009) as instituições governamentais de controle dos atos do poder público têm atraído, nas últimas décadas, uma maior atenção da sociedade. Pinho e Sacramento (2009) investigando accountability no Brasil demonstram que a sociedade, nos últimos 20 anos, tem participado mais ativamente do controle das ações governamentais.

The Republic of Belarus is a state that, through its location between the Russian Federation (RF) and the members states of the European Union (EU) and NATO, plays an important role in the security system in the region. On the one hand, through a number of dependencies it is closely related to the Kremlin authorities, on the other hand it tries to balance the influence of the larger neighbor through some steps towards closer cooperation with the West. Therefore, a closer look at the importance of Belarus in the European security system seems to be extremely vital, especially considering the current international situation – the annexation of Crimea and the conflict in eastern Ukraine, as well as the system of sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of these events. The abovementioned examples clearly indicate the direction of actions of the Russian authorities, which are increasingly defending their own interests in the post-Soviet area. All those decisive actions, that were undertaken in order to prevent even the threat of losing influence, must certainly be important for Belarusian security policy.The purpose of this article is to define the role and place of the Republic of Belarus in the global security system. The study was conducted on the basis of Barry Buzan's theory, which links issues of national and international security, while paying attention to a number of interdependencies resulting from the globalization process. Therefore, both the internal determinants of the Belarusian security policy and international issues were analyzed, including the role of state and non-state actors, having a direct impact on shaping the global security system. The applied research method is a method of system analysis in its macro approach, which allows the presentation of the global security system as a series of separate, but closely related elements, additionally supported by a quantitative method in relation to the security system's conditions.As a result of the conducted research, the significance of the Republic of Belarus in the global security system was considered high, mainly due to the geopolitical location of that specific country. Following thesis was formulated on the basis of a number of factors, the most important of which are: 1) the remain of Belarus in the Russian sphere of influence, for which the Moscow authorities are not afraid to pay with numerous crises in the international arena (the case of Ukraine); 2) a high level of integration of both countries in the field of security policy; 3) the key significance of the government's rhetoric and political decisions in Minsk, relevant not only to the policy making of this particular country, but also to security in Europe. At this stage, however, it is difficult to talk about the Belarusian will to integrate with Western structures, because this step would, first of all, require significant internal changes, for which the regime of Alexander Lukashenko is not ready. In connection with the above, it is likely that Belarus will remain in alliance with the Russian Federation and that cooperation between the two countries will further tighten.Key words: Republic of Belarus; Russian Federation; NATO; Ukraine; security; armament. ; Republika Białorusi to państwo, które poprzez swoje położenie pomiędzy Federacją Rosyjską (FR) a państwami-członkami Unii Europejskiej (UE) i NATO, odgrywa istotną rolę w systemie bezpieczeństwa w regionie. Z jednej strony jest powiązane szeregiem zależności z władzami na Kremlu, z drugiej stara się równoważyć wpływy większego sąsiada kolejnymi ukłonami w stronę Zachodu. W związku z tym, bliższe przyjrzenie się znaczeniu Białorusi w europejskim systemie bezpieczeństwa wydaje się niezwykle istotne, szczególnie jeśli weźmiemy pod uwagę obecną sytuację międzynarodową – aneksję Krymu oraz konflikt na wschodzie Ukrainy, a także system sankcji nałożonych na FR w skutek niniejszych wydarzeń. Przytoczone przykłady jasno wskazują na kierunek działań rosyjskich władz, coraz silniej broniących własnych interesów na obszarze postradzieckim. Interwencje tego typu nie mogą pozostać bez wpływu na politykę bezpieczeństwa Białorusi.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie roli i miejsca Republiki Białorusi w systemie bezpieczeństwa światowego. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało w oparciu o teorię Barrego Buzana, która wiąże ze sobą kwestie bezpieczeństwa narodowego i międzynarodowego, zwracając jednocześnie uwagę na szereg współzależności, wynikających z procesu globalizacji. Analizie poddano więc zarówno wewnętrzne uwarunkowania białoruskiej polityki bezpieczeństwa, jak też kwestie międzynarodowe, w tym rolę aktorów państwowych oraz niepaństwowych, mających bezpośrednie przełożenie na kształtowanie systemu bezpieczeństwa światowego. Zastosowaną metodą badawczą jest metoda analizy systemowej w jej ujęciu makro, pozwalająca na przedstawienie systemu bezpieczeństwa światowego jako szeregu oddzielnych, acz ściśle powiązanych ze sobą elementów, dodatkowo wsparta metodą ilościową w odniesieniu do uwarunkowań systemu bezpieczeństwa.W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań znaczenie Republiki Białorusi w systemie bezpieczeństwa światowego uznane zostało za istotne, głównie ze względu na położenie geopolityczne tego państwa. Niniejsza teza sformułowana została w oparciu o szereg czynników, z których najważniejsze to: 1) pozostawanie Białorusi w rosyjskiej strefie wpływów, której utrzymania władze w Moskwie nie boją się okupić licznymi kryzysami na arenie międzynarodowej (przypadek Ukrainy); 2) wysoki poziom integracji obu tych państw w zakresie polityki bezpieczeństwa; 3) kluczowe znaczenie retoryki i decyzji politycznych władz w Mińsku, mogących znaleźć przełożenie nie tylko na kształtowanie polityki tego konkretnego państwa, ale również na kształt bezpieczeństwa w Europie. Na obecnym etapie trudno jednak mówić o chęci integracji Białorusi ze strukturami zachodnimi, gdyż krok ten wymagałby przede wszystkim znaczących zmian wewnętrznych, na które reżim Aleksandra Łukaszenki nie jest gotów. W związku z powyższym prawdopodobne jest pozostanie Białorusi w aliansie z Federacją Rosyjską i dalsze zacieśnianie współpracy między oboma państwami.Słowa kluczowe: Republika Białorusi; Federacja Rosyjska; NATO; Ukraina; bezpieczeństwo; uzbrojenie.

Problem setting. Customs control plays an important role in shaping the customs system of the country. The system of relationship in the field of customs control is designed to ensure the economic security and national interests of the Ukrainian state. Customs control is a tool designed to minimize negative trends and phenomena, as well as their implications in this area. Therefore, a clear understanding of the essence and features of customs control is an important factor in ensuring the law and order at the customs border of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis. In research of the features of customs control involved a significant number of scientists who consider this multidimensional issue from different positions. In particular, it is worth mentioning such scientists as Berezhnyuk I., Bilukha M., Gupanova Yu., Yershov A., Kalinesku T., Krysovatyy A., Martynyuk V., Mykytenko T., Naumenko V., Pashko P. and others. Their works are devoted to the general problems of the organization of carrying out of customs control, the management of customs activities in Ukraine, the role of customs in the system of government bodies. However, the dynamic changes that take place in Ukrainian society determine the need for a deep and unified understanding of the essence of customs control in accordance with current realities, which determines the need for further scientific research in this direction.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of the article is to analyze the approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of control and customs control, the disclosure of the features and characteristics of carrying out customs control in the modern conditions.Paper main body. In modern scientific literature "control" is interpreted as a multi-faceted concept. It is considered from the standpoint of the systematic observation and verification of a particular object's life-sustaining activity in order to determine its deviation from the parameters defined in advance. The peculiarity of control in this case is characterized by the fact that management subjects verify the conformity of execution the object of management of the tasks and instructions given to him.In the article, the control is considered as a comparison of the planned indicators of the operation of the object with the real indicators of its activities and the adoption on this basis of appropriate management decisions in order to ensure the implementation of the goals and tasks of control activities, aimed at achieving relevant results. Based on this, the control will allow you to influence controlled objects and to detect quantitative and qualitative deviations from those standards, norms and rules that correspond to the optimal functioning of the object.Customs control occupies an important place in the system of types of control, since its carrying out involves the realization of a number of verification actions that are related to the crossing of goods through the customs border of the state.It serves the content of customs procedures, is carried out solely by the customs authorities and along with customs clearance, payment of customs duties and the procedure for customs operations is the total set of components of the customs system of Ukraine.In the article is defined that customs control is a set of means, measures, actions and operations of specialized power bodies aimed at preventing an offense in the area of crossing of goods and vehicles through the state customs border and to prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences caused by non-compliance with the customs legislation. Customs control is carried out in accordance with following: customs bodies carry out control and verification measures in the form of customs control; customs control promotes effective regulation of foreign economic activity, detecting and preventing offenses in the sphere of crossing of goods and vehicles through the customs border.Based on international standards, customs control has the following features: control procedures should be limited to the minimum number of operations necessary to ensure compliance with customs legislation; the use of an effective risk management system in the process of customs control; the maximum expedient use of information technologies and electronic communication means.Customs control is realized by the customs control bodies, thus ensuring the function of verifying the legality of the movement of goods and vehicles through the customs border. In the process of control customs procedures, not only checks the goods involved in the process of foreign economic transactions, but also provides for the reduction of the level of customs fraud, aimed at the realization of smuggling operations.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. So, based on the fact that customs control is part of the general system of carrying out control actions, is important understanding of the essence of control, which is considered as a comparison of the planned indicators of the operation of the object with the real indicators of its activities and the adoption of appropriate management decisions on this basis. Customs control occupies an important place in the system of control types and represents a set of means, measures, actions and operations of specialized power bodies aimed at preventing an offense in the area of crossing of goods and vehicles through the state customs border and to prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences caused by non-compliance with the customs legislation. The realization of customs operations in the field of customs control is an important task of the state. ; Розглянуто сутність та особливості здійснення митного контролю. Здійснено оцінку підходів науковців до розуміння сутності контролю та митного контролю. Досліджено особливості здійснення митного контролю в сучасних умовах та його ознаки. Проаналізовано основні елементи митного контролю та їх взаємозв'язок.

Problem setting. Customs control plays an important role in shaping the customs system of the country. The system of relationship in the field of customs control is designed to ensure the economic security and national interests of the Ukrainian state. Customs control is a tool designed to minimize negative trends and phenomena, as well as their implications in this area. Therefore, a clear understanding of the essence and features of customs control is an important factor in ensuring the law and order at the customs border of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis. In research of the features of customs control involved a significant number of scientists who consider this multidimensional issue from different positions. In particular, it is worth mentioning such scientists as Berezhnyuk I., Bilukha M., Gupanova Yu., Yershov A., Kalinesku T., Krysovatyy A., Martynyuk V., Mykytenko T., Naumenko V., Pashko P. and others. Their works are devoted to the general problems of the organization of carrying out of customs control, the management of customs activities in Ukraine, the role of customs in the system of government bodies. However, the dynamic changes that take place in Ukrainian society determine the need for a deep and unified understanding of the essence of customs control in accordance with current realities, which determines the need for further scientific research in this direction.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of the article is to analyze the approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of control and customs control, the disclosure of the features and characteristics of carrying out customs control in the modern conditions.Paper main body. In modern scientific literature "control" is interpreted as a multi-faceted concept. It is considered from the standpoint of the systematic observation and verification of a particular object's life-sustaining activity in order to determine its deviation from the parameters defined in advance. The peculiarity of control in this case is characterized by the fact that management subjects verify the conformity of execution the object of management of the tasks and instructions given to him.In the article, the control is considered as a comparison of the planned indicators of the operation of the object with the real indicators of its activities and the adoption on this basis of appropriate management decisions in order to ensure the implementation of the goals and tasks of control activities, aimed at achieving relevant results. Based on this, the control will allow you to influence controlled objects and to detect quantitative and qualitative deviations from those standards, norms and rules that correspond to the optimal functioning of the object.Customs control occupies an important place in the system of types of control, since its carrying out involves the realization of a number of verification actions that are related to the crossing of goods through the customs border of the state.It serves the content of customs procedures, is carried out solely by the customs authorities and along with customs clearance, payment of customs duties and the procedure for customs operations is the total set of components of the customs system of Ukraine.In the article is defined that customs control is a set of means, measures, actions and operations of specialized power bodies aimed at preventing an offense in the area of crossing of goods and vehicles through the state customs border and to prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences caused by non-compliance with the customs legislation. Customs control is carried out in accordance with following: customs bodies carry out control and verification measures in the form of customs control; customs control promotes effective regulation of foreign economic activity, detecting and preventing offenses in the sphere of crossing of goods and vehicles through the customs border.Based on international standards, customs control has the following features: control procedures should be limited to the minimum number of operations necessary to ensure compliance with customs legislation; the use of an effective risk management system in the process of customs control; the maximum expedient use of information technologies and electronic communication means.Customs control is realized by the customs control bodies, thus ensuring the function of verifying the legality of the movement of goods and vehicles through the customs border. In the process of control customs procedures, not only checks the goods involved in the process of foreign economic transactions, but also provides for the reduction of the level of customs fraud, aimed at the realization of smuggling operations.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. So, based on the fact that customs control is part of the general system of carrying out control actions, is important understanding of the essence of control, which is considered as a comparison of the planned indicators of the operation of the object with the real indicators of its activities and the adoption of appropriate management decisions on this basis. Customs control occupies an important place in the system of control types and represents a set of means, measures, actions and operations of specialized power bodies aimed at preventing an offense in the area of crossing of goods and vehicles through the state customs border and to prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences caused by non-compliance with the customs legislation. The realization of customs operations in the field of customs control is an important task of the state. ; Розглянуто сутність та особливості здійснення митного контролю. Здійснено оцінку підходів науковців до розуміння сутності контролю та митного контролю. Досліджено особливості здійснення митного контролю в сучасних умовах та його ознаки. Проаналізовано основні елементи митного контролю та їх взаємозв'язок.