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Abstract: This article is aimed at examining the relation between Islam and politics in Aceh in 16-17 Centuries. In this age, Aceh had reached its golden era not only in aspects of science and knowledge, but also in political affairs. That is why this study was focused on observing the kinds of aspects which had made Islam and state unified in this period. Historically, there were many dynamical political changes in history of Aceh. Through socio-historical approach, the author investigated the phases of political history in Aceh. It can be said that there were many historical evidences in the experience of Aceh when positioning Islam in political arena. This was based not only on the history of Islamic kingdoms (Aceh Darussalam), but also on kitabs (books) produced by Acehnese 'ulama that explained the system of ruling in the goverment. This study could be an example of relation between Islam and state in Southeast; there was no neparation between state and religion. This historical facts ended when the invanders (colonialist) came from Europe to introduce the concept of nation-state. الملخص : يهدف هذا البحث المتواضع إلى القيام ببيان تطور العلاقة بين الإسلام والسياسة في القرنين 17-16 من الميلاد في أتشيه. وكانت أتشيه أنذاك – تاريخيّا - قد بلغت شهرتها في مجالات شتى لا سيما بتقدمها العلمي بالإضافة إلى المجال السياسي. هنا سيحلّل الباحث خلال تناوله لهذه الدراسة الأجواء التى تقوم وراء الارتباط الوثيق بين الإسلام والسياسة في ذلك العهد المتميز. نعم, ثمّة كثير من التغيّرات والتحوّلات للأوضاع السياسية في تاريخ أتشيه حسب ما اطّلع عليه الباحث من كتب التاريخ. انطلاقا من النظرية المعرفية الإجتماعية والتاريخية, يسعى بها الباحث إلي معرفة تلك المراحل العريقة التي شهدها التاريخ ويسير شعب أتشيه على نهجها. والحديث عنها يستند إلى أدلة حاسمة تاريخية تبرهن عند التحقق بمدى تعامل الإسلام بالسياسة. وهذه البراهن كانت واضحة وضوح الشمس في رابعة النهار من خلال اكتشاف الباحث على تاريخ مملكة أتشيه دار السلام، وفي هذا الإطار وجد عند تأمله الدقيق لبعض الكتب المؤلفة من قبل علمائها في هذين القرنين العظيمين تعبر أثناء تعرضهم حول الفكر السياسي وتكاملها وتطابقها بالدين. هذه الدراسة تظهر قوة التفاعل بين الإسلام والسياسة في جنوب شرق آسيا من غير تفرّق ولا تمزّق، حيث لا يعرف شعبها وحكّامها الفصل بين شؤون الدولة وأمور الدين. ولكن مع الأسف الشديد، انتهى هذا الاندماج بعد ظهور الاستعمار الأوروبي ويعرّف علي أبناء المستعمرين نظام دولة وألقى من خلاله جذور حملة فصل الدين عن الدولة. Abstrak: Artikel ini berusaha menjelaskan tentang hubungan Islam dan politik di Aceh pada abad ke 16-17 M. Pada masa tersebut, Aceh mencapai masa kejayaaan tidak hanya dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi juga dalam bidang politik. Karena itu, kajian ini ingin melihat aspek apa saja yang menyebabkan hubungan Islam dan negara dapat menyatu pada masa tersebut. Sejarah historis, ada beberapa perubahan dinamika politik di dalam sejarah Aceh. Melalui pendekatan sosial-sejarah, pengkaji menelaah fase-safe di dalam sejarah politik di Aceh. Dapat dikatakan bahwa ada beberapa bukti sejarah tentang pengalaman Aceh ketika memposisikan Islam dalam kancah politik. Hal ini dibuktikan bukan hanya dari sisi sejarah kerajaan Aceh Darussalam, tetapi juga dari beberapa kitab yang dihasilkan oleh para 'ulama Aceh yang menjelaskan tentang sistem pemerintahan. Kajian ini menjadi salah satu bukti kuat bagaimana praktik Islam dan negara di Asia Tenggara, yaitu tidak ada ada pemisahan antara urusan negara dan agama. Kenyataan sejarah ini berakhir ketika para penjajah dari Eropaa datang memperkenalkan sistem negara-bangsa.

The thesis project assumes that the construction of hydropower dams could be a driven force for a harmonious economic development between mountains and plains. The aim would be to link policies for hydropower dam development, and policies for agriculture in mountains, within individual strategies, in relationship with physical and socio-economic constraints. Since 2000's, throughout Southeast Asia, many projects of large hydropower dams are built or being built to meet the strong growth in demand for energy, causing great threats to water management and the environment on the one hand, and imposing important population displacement on the other hand. In these mountainous regions, the erosion process is a major risk for both the filling of reservoirs and agricultural soil productivity. Then major investors, for the lifespan of hydropower dams, and small farmers, for their livelihoods, are equally impacted. The challenge is to reformulate the relationship between planning and management of hydropower dams, and planning and management of agricultural uplands in upstream areas of dams. Although the socio-economic support has been very much improved from the Vietnamese State, displaced and non-displaced farmers are still largely undergoing regional socio-spatial changes on-going. In spite of good government and international intentions, the lack of consultation at local level and the lack of knowledge in hydro-ecology remain major constraints to the success of environmental protection and equity between the concerned populations, two mandatory conditions for sustainability of hydroelectric dam projects. In conclusion, it appears that the successful implantation of a large hydroelectric dam is related to the ability of policymakers to understand the complex interactions between ecological and socio-economic systems. ; La thèse pose l'hypothèse que la construction des barrages hydroélectriques pourrait être un moteur de développement harmonieux entre montagnes et plaines. L'objectif serait de relier politiques de développement des barrages hydroélectriques et politiques agricoles en fonction des stratégies individuelles et des contraintes physiques et socio-économiques. Depuis les années 2000, dans toute l'Asie du Sud-Est, de nombreux projets de grands barrages hydroélectriques sont construits ou en construction pour répondre à la forte croissance de la demande en énergie, entraînant de grandes menaces sur la gestion de l'eau et l'environnement d'une part, et imposant d'importants déplacements de population d'autre part. Dans ces régions de montagne, les processus d'érosion représentent un risque majeur à la fois pour le comblement des lacs de barrage et pour la productivité agricole. Aussi grands investisseurs, pour la durée de vie des barrages hydroélectriques, et petits exploitants, pour leurs moyens de subsistance, se retrouvent également impactés. Le défi est de reformuler la relation entre la planification et la gestion des barrages hydroélectriques, et la planification et la gestion des terres agricoles des zones amont des barrages. Même si l'accompagnement socio-économique a été très largement amélioré de la part de l'Etat vietnamien, les agriculteurs déplacés et non-déplacés sont encore largement à subir les mutations sociospatiales régionales en cours. En effet, malgré des bonnes intentions gouvernementales et internationales, le manque de concertation au niveau local et le manque de connaissance en hydro-écologie restent les contraintes majeures pour le succès de la protection environnementale et l'équité entre les populations concernées, deux conditions obligatoires à la durabilité des projets de barrages hydroélectriques. Pour conclure, il semble que le succès d'implantation d'un grand barrage hydroélectrique soit lié à la capacité des décideurs à comprendre les interactions complexes entre systèmes écologiques et systèmes socio-économiques.

Until the mid-19th century, the Middle Volga and Trans-Volga region could be considered as a frontier of the Russian state. It was a specific border between Europe and Asia, an imperial periphery facing the southeast, the nomadic steppe world. Until the mid-18th century, the administrative system in the Middle Volga had primarily fulfilled military and fortification tasks. The permanent process of mass colonization was the most important feature of the region's history between the mid-17th century and the early 20th century; it was facilitated owing to a large amount of vacant land and favorable market conditions. Mass migration caused establishment of Russian farms and landownership in the region and a gradual replacement of nomadic pastoralism. By the mid-19th century, the policies of the Russian Empire in the Trans-Volga region had lost their military and foreign-policy functions, and the administrative system had been brought into line with the all-imperial standards. The region began to turn into an "inner periphery" of Russia which combined some features of the border region and those of the inlands of the Empire. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the Trans-Volga region acquired the status of the "Russian breadbasket", one of the main centers of grain production and supply of bread to the national and international markets. Construction of railways and the development of the Volga river shipping lines contributed to the intensive influx of people to the region, and to the plowing and cultivation of the virgin steppe lands. The main feature of the region's population was its ethnic and religious diversity, as well as historically conditioned interaction of the peoples of "forests and steppes". By the beginning of the 20th century, the "inner periphery" had acquired its recognizable historical and cultural image and become motherland for its diverse population. ; Авторский коллектив исходит из концепции, согласно которой вплоть до середины XIX в. средневолжский регион может быть охарактеризован как один из фронтиров Российского государства – специфическое пограничье Европы и Азии, окраинная территория, обращенная на юго-восток, к кочевому степному миру. До середины XVIII в. система управления в Среднем Поволжье выполняла прежде всего военные и фортификационные задачи. Важнейшей особенностью региона был процесс его массовой колонизации, осуществлявшейся с середины XVII и до самого начала ХХ в., чему способствовали наличие здесь значительного фонда свободных земель и благоприятная рыночная конъюнктура. Результатом переселенческого движения стало укоренение на основной территории региона русского крестьянского хозяйства и помещичьего землевладения, постепенное вытеснение кочевого скотоводства. К середине XIX в., когда имперская политика в Заволжье утратила военные и внешнеполитические функции, а система управления была унифицирована по общероссийскому образцу, средневолжский регион из фронтира вдоль юго-восточной границы начал превращаться в своеобразную «внутреннюю окраину» России, обладавшую чертами пограничья и одновременно внутренних территорий империи. В пореформенный период Заволжье обрело статус «российской житницы», одного из основных центров товарного зернового производства, поставщиков хлеба на внутренний и внешний рынки. Строительство железных дорог, развитие волжского пароходства способствовали интенсивному притоку населения, стремительной распашке степных земель. На рубеже XIX–ХХ вв. регион стал транзитным узлом, через который шло массовое переселение крестьян из центральных губерний России и Украины в Сибирь. Особенностью сельского населения региона, его отличием от других «внутренних районов» России являлась этноконфессиональная неоднородность и активное взаимовлияние народов «леса и степи», что имело глубокие исторические корни. К началу ХХ в. «внутренняя окраина» превратилась в особое историко-культурное пространство со своим узнаваемым обликом, в «общую родину» для своего многоликого населения.

Мета. Підписання угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом вимагає від першої всебічного розвитку по всіх напрямках та відповідності високим європейським стандартам. Одним з важливих напрямків є розвиток транспортної системи країни, як в цілому, так і по окремих видах транспорту. Вигідне географічне положення України, її позиція як держави-транзитера між сходом та заходом та бурхливий роз-виток контейнерних перевезень вимагає відповідних заходів для утримання досягнутих позицій на ринку контейнерних перевезень та подальшого збільшення вантажопотоків. Метою статті є аналіз стану системи контейнерних перевезень, визначення перспектив її подальшого розвитку, встановлення проблемних ділянок та пропозиція шляхів щодо їх усунення. Викладення основного матеріалу. Обсяг контейнерних перевезень по всьому світу протягом останніх десятирічь демонструє стійку тенденцію до зростання, на яку незначним чином вплинули навіть такі події як світова фінансова криза 2008 року. В останні п'ять років це зростання відбувається здебільшого за рахунок активного розвитку економіки Китаю та інших країн Південно-Східної Азії, а також через виробничий аутсорсінг до цього ж регіону. У зв'язку з цим багато країн приділяють підвищену увагу побудові надійних транспортних мостів між сходом та заходом, зокрема й розвитку контейнерної транспортної системи. Україна займає одну з передових позицій по обробці контейнерного вантажопотоку у Чорноморському регіоні, однак через ряд причин в останні роки обсяги його зменшуються. Для виправлення цієї ситуації необхідно удосконалення всього спектру операцій з організації руху контейнерного потоку, що в свою чергу вимагає проведення досліджень з виявлення проблемних питань та розробки шляхів їх вирішення. При цьому підвищену увагу слід приділяти розвитку залізничних контейнерних перевезень, які, як свідчить передовий європейський досвід, мають багато переваг перед автомобільними та здатні значно підвищити конкурентоспроможність України на ринку контейнерних перевезень. ; Goal. The signing of an association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union requires that the first comprehensive development in all fields and meet the high European standards. One important area is the develop-ment of the transport system of the country as a whole and for individual modes of transport. The favorable geo-graphical position of Ukraine, its position as a transit country between east and west, and the rapid development of container transport requires appropriate measures to keep the achieved position in the container shipping market and further increases in freight flows. The aim of the article is the analysis of the container transport system, determine the prospects for further development, the establishment of problem areas and suggest ways to address them. State-ment of the basic material. The volume of container traffic around the world in recent decades shows a stable growth trend, which slightly affected even such events as the global financial crisis of 2008. In the past five years, this growth is mainly due to the active development of the economies of China and other countries in Southeast Asia, as well as because of the outsourcing of production in the same region. In this regard, many countries are in-creasingly focusing on building a reliable transport bridge between East and West, including the development of container transport system. Ukraine is one of the leading positions in the processing of container traffic in the Black Sea region, but for various reasons in recent years the volume of its decline. To remedy this situation it is necessary improvement of the whole spectrum of operations, the organization of container traffic flow, which in turn requires research to identify issues and develop solutions. At the same time attention should be paid to the development of railway container transportation, which, as the best European experience, have many advantages over the road and can significantly improve the competitiveness of Ukraine in the container market.

MB and MR were funded by a grant from the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation, BC by the Rufford Foundation. North American and Mexican species assessments were funded by the Regina Bauer Frankenberg Foundation for Animal Welfare. Species assessments under the Global Reptile Assessment (GRA) initiative are supported by: Moore Family Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), and European Commission. Additional acknowledgements are included in the online supplementary material. The assessment workshop for Mexican reptiles was kindly hosted by Ricardo Ayala and the station personnel of the Estacion de Biologia Chamela, Institut de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Workshop and logistical organisation of the Philippines assessments was provided by the Conservation International Philippines Office, in particular Ruth Grace Rose Ambal, Melizar V. Duya and Oliver Coroza. Workshop and logistical organisation for the European Reptile and Amphibian Assessments was provided by Doga Dernegi, in particular Ozge Balkiz and Ozgur Koc. Workshop and logistical organisation for assessments of sea snakes and homalopsids was provided by the International Sea Turtle Symposium and Dr. Colin Limpus (Australian Government Environmental Protection Agency). Special thanks to Jenny Chapman (EPA) and Chloe Schaub le (ISTS). Thank you also to Dr. Gordon Guymer (Chief Botanist Director of Herbarium) for accommodating us at the Herbarium in the Brisbane Botanical Gardens, and Mark Read and Kirsten Dobbs (Great Barrier Reef Marine Parks Association) and Dave Pollard and Brad Warren (Ocean Watch Australia) for institutional support. Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Conservation International Madagascar and the Darwin Initiative contributed to funding the costs of the Madagascar reptile workshop. ; Effective and targeted conservation action requires detailed information about species, their distribution, systematics and ecology as well as the distribution of threat processes which affect them. Knowledge of reptilian diversity remains surprisingly disparate, and innovative means of gaining rapid insight into the status of reptiles are needed in order to highlight urgent conservation cases and inform environmental policy with appropriate biodiversity information in a timely manner. We present the first ever global analysis of extinction risk in reptiles, based on a random representative sample of 1500 species (16% of all currently known species). To our knowledge, our results provide the first analysis of the global conservation status and distribution patterns of reptiles and the threats affecting them, highlighting conservation priorities and knowledge gaps which need to be addressed urgently to ensure the continued survival of the world's reptiles. Nearly one in five reptilian species are threatened with extinction, with another one in five species classed as Data Deficient. The proportion of threatened reptile species is highest in freshwater environments, tropical regions and on oceanic islands, while data deficiency was highest in tropical areas, such as Central Africa and Southeast Asia, and among fossorial reptiles. Our results emphasise the need for research attention to be focussed on tropical areas which are experiencing the most dramatic rates of habitat loss, on fossorial reptiles for which there is a chronic lack of data, and on certain taxa such as snakes for which extinction risk may currently be underestimated due to lack of population information. Conservation actions specifically need to mitigate the effects of human-induced habitat loss and harvesting, which are the predominant threats to reptiles. ; Esmee Fairbairn Foundation ; Rufford Foundation ; Regina Bauer Frankenberg Foundation for Animal Welfare ; Moore Family Foundation ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation ; Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) ; European Commission Joint Research Centre ; Zayed Species Conservation Fund ; Conservation International Madagascar ; Darwin Initiative

The definition, face, and location of Chinatowns have changed significantly as Chinese communities establish themselves inside and beyond their boundaries. This paper demonstrates that both the older and contemporary Chinatowns in the Greater Toronto Area have developed in response to patterns of Chinese migration relative to the socio-economic, political, and cultural status of the Chinese in Canadian society. The history of the Chinese in Canada has been examined in many historical works, such as by Morton (1973), Con (1982), and Lai (1988). On the narrower subject of the Chinese in Toronto, academic research is extensive on a variety of topics reflecting the complexity and diversity of the Chinese communities, including the landmark papers of the early Chinese community by Mah (1977; 1978). The transition out of the downtown core into the suburbs has been studied, as by Lo 1997; however, only one book, Toronto's Chinatown, has been published (Thompson, 1989) and this one focuses on its social organizations. My paper draws upon the qualitative findings of a literature search and interviews with descendants of the early Chinatown residents and business owners, as well as my own first-hand experiences. Having grown up in what-is-now-called Old Chinatown, I identified and interpreted the myriad and confluence of factors that has affected the settlement patterns of the Chinese in Toronto. The early Chinese, like others in urban centres across Canada, sequestered themselves largely in Chinatown as they faced the racism and discrimination of a white host society. The head taxes and subsequent exclusion laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries fueled the anti-Chinese sentiment of society, labour organizations, newspapers, and public officials. From among a predominantly homogeneous group of immigrants with common roots in villages of Guangdong province, merchants and businessmen assumed leadership positions within the clan, district, and political organizations that gave direction to Chinatown, the centre for commerce, culture, and community life of a bachelor society. After the Second World War, immigration laws were eased for family reunification and the ensuing influx of Chinese immigrants was fostered by a government policy of multiculturalism and a business incentive program. Rising out of the ashes of Old Chinatown, two-thirds of which was demolished for Toronto's new City Hall, was Chinatown West, to the west, then Chinatown East, to the east. While these three inner-city Chinatowns remain significant centres of Chinese stores, services, and restaurants for locals and tourists alike, the middleclass dream for less congested neighbourhoods and more spacious homes attracted settlement in the suburbs of North York and Scarborough by the late 1970s. As coined by American professor, Wei Li, these "ethnoburbs" or new suburban Chinese neighourhoods further expanded into the adjacent municipalities of Mississauga, Richmond Hill, and Markham. Unlike the traditional Chinatowns in crowded downtown locations, the ethnoburbs are attracting the more affluent, skilled, and educated newcomers. Both Markham and Richmond Hill are among the fastest growing municipalities in Canada where the largest visible minority group is Chinese. Second, third, and fourth generation Chinese Canadians have integrated into the broader community. New immigrants, now arriving from all provinces in China, the second largest source country for newcomers to Toronto, as well as from Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, are establishing themselves in the traditional Chinatowns and in the newer ethnoburbs. The settlement patterns of the Chinese reflect the diversity of the Chinese diaspora in the Greater Toronto Area, home to Canada's largest population of Chinese. No longer are Chinatowns viewed as the urban plights of days gone by, rather as healthy signposts of neighbourhoods where the Chinese are at liberty to retain their culture and traditions in a multicultural, multiethnic, and multilingual society. ; Non UBC ; Unreviewed ; Other

Настоящая статья посвящена вопросам развития упаковочного производства и его роли в формировании структуры национальной экономики России. Исследуемые проблемы развития обрабатывающих отраслей в российской экономике связаны с обоснованием необходимости восстановления плановых начал в экономике на индикативной основе, нахождения оптимальной комбинации предпринимательских инноваций и государственного регулирования производства товаров конечного потребительского спроса. ; Structural reforms in Russia require efficient devices to regulate processing industry, including packaging production. Russian and foreign economic researches show four approaches to the development of packaging production. The first approach focuses on higher production quality and increased competitiveness. The key problem within the second approach is low quality of Russian packaging materials, which makes customers choose foreign production. The authors of the third approach focus on implementation of new financial and credit schemes into the production process. The fourth approach contains analysis of Russian pre-reform and foreign experience of the planned and programmed control of structural adjustment by the state. Thus, we come to the conclusion that approaches to the problem under discussion are specific for certain countries, while forms and methods of the control depend on the conditions in the country where they are used. Though these forms are determined by financial, economic and legal peculiarities of the national economic model, they have a common basis, which is the following. As the development of processing industry becomes more urgent, the countries of South-East Asia experience an increased need in state control of this process. In Russia these processes are reduced to political rent, while in foreign countries they develop efficient methods of fiscal, credit, external economic policy aimed at supporting national producers. The need in structural alterations of Russian packaging producers is triggered by quality competition on the part of western producers on the one hand and price competition on the part of southeast companies. The integration of Russian producers into the world market means equal competition with foreign producers not only in the external, but also in the domestic market. Thus, to accelerate adaptation of Russian producers to the world quality standards it is necessary to activate innovation mechanisms in packaging production. Thus, the use of packaging materials promotes efficient goods circulation, including production, transportation, storage and sales. Cost-beneficial packaging makes it possible to produce and sell the packed goods with the highest benefit. In other words, due to innovations in packaging producers can achieve the quality of production corresponding to customers' demand. So, what matters is not only the cost of packaging, but also its influence on product promotion in the market. The statistics of modern period of economic system development show the Russian packaging market to be one of the most dynamic in the world. Modern packaging production in Russia consists of four segments: metal, glass, polymers, and cardboard. According to independent experts in 2004-2005 the average of packaging production consumption fluctuated from 80 to 250 kg/year per person, or 18-23 bln. US dollars. PRADO MARKETING predicted 57-58 mln.tn (25-26 bln. US dollars) in 2006. In 2008 the consumption increased to 70 mln.tn (30 bln. US dollars). The market has been growing within the period of 2005-2009 mainly in value terms. This process will continue despite minor fluctuations in Russian macroeconomics. Thus, we come to a conclusion that the demand for packaging material in Russia is not satisfied. Development of packaging production has a great impact on the economic structure, beginning with industrial structures and goods circulation, promoting cutting-edge technologies, and finishing with the development of customers' preferences.

This thesis is a study of three global issues – development cooperation, education and gender - and their transformation to local circumstances in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), a landlocked country in Southeast Asia. Combining post-colonial and post-structural perspectives, it sets out to understand how discourses of education and gender in Laos intersect with discourses of education and gender within development cooperation represented by organisations such as the World Bank and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). Through field observations, analysis of national and donor policies on education and gender, and interviews with Lao educationalists, this thesis offers an analysis that shows the complexities arising at the intersection where the first-world-north meets the local in the context of development cooperation. Foucault's notion of the production and reproduction of discourses through different power-knowledge relations is used to show that the meanings accorded to education and gender within development cooperation, indeed are historically, culturally and contextually constructed. Within development cooperation policy, first-world-north discourses appear to have a hegemonic status in defining education and gender. Thus 'Education for All' and 'Gender Mainstreaming' become privileged discourses that also take root in Lao national policy-making. Development cooperation further brings with it discourses defining the cooperation itself. Partnership is one such privileged donor discourse. These policy discourses are however interpreted by Lao educationalists that are not influenced by policy alone; rather, contextual discourses also affect how policies are understood and negotiated. It is when these discourses intersect that structures of power and preferential rights of interpretation become visible. The analysis points to how the perspectives of international development cooperation organisations representing the first-world-north are in positions to set the agenda for development cooperation within policy. This position of power can, from a post-colonial perspective, be traced back to how former colonial structures created a privileged position for first-world-north knowledge that still prevails. This is to some extent acknowledged by development cooperation organisations through the emphasis on partnership. However, in the local context, partnership is not experienced as a discourse which has the effects of redistributing power. Partnership is rather transformed into a discourse of superiority and subordination where development cooperation organisations monitor and evaluate and local actors adjust and implement. Lao education officials however express alternative interpretations of partnership that are based on face-to-face collaboration and collective effort. These strategies have closer links to local practices and also reflect contextual discourse-power-knowledge relations which the education officials are well aware of. These strategies of negotiation also extend to the issues of education and gender. Discourses of 'Education for All' and 'Gender Mainstreaming' are acknowledged among the education officials as policy goals which to some extent also extend into practice. These discourses are however renegotiated to accommodate local circumstances. 'Education for All' is thus replaced by the '5-pointed star' which serves as an operationalisation of the concept of 'learner-centred education'. 'Gender Mainstreaming' has to co-exist with local discourses that on the one hand build on patriarchal organisations of society and on the other hand build on local strategies for access which weaken patriarchal structures. The analysis ultimately stresses the importance of incorporating local, contextual knowledge in educational development cooperation processes, both among international and national stakeholders. This process can be supported by a willingness to deconstruct taken-for-granted understandings and value systems; and in doing so, recognising the normative aspects operating both in the areas of education and gender.

" A country which contains more strange and new and beautiful natural objects than any other part of the globe" was how the famous naturalist Sir Alfred Russell Wallace described New Guinea, the second largest island of the world, after visiting it in 1858. Moreover, with a total land area of six times the size of England and over 70 percent still clothed in dense tropical forests, New Guinea is the largest expanse of original, undisturbed tropical rain forest in East Asia, some 700,000 square kilometres in all. It is therefore not surprising that the Belgian King Leopold III-Fund has chosen one of the many paradisiacal, coralline islands (viz. Laing Island), which surround the mainland, to home a biological station. In 1986 a Belgian interuniversity F.K.F.0-project (Fund for Collective and Fundamental Research) was stated up with the study of 'Flora and Vegetation of Papua New Guinea' as its principal purpose. Even though during the first expeditions in 1980 (suppo1ted by the King Leopold III-Fund) and 1986 the attention was fixed on higher plants and algae, lignicolo us fungi (Polyporaceae s.l.) were collected at the inspiration of Prof. P. Van der Veken and were mostly sent to the Herbarium of Ghent, where the collections were accumulated. But not for long! As it was obvious to expect a rich, lignicolous fungus flora in this densely and diversely forestated area, the choice was easily made. The choice was also supported by the surprising fact that not a single polypore flora of this pa1t of the world was available, although "polypores have always been an attractive group of fungi as they generally are easy to collect and dry, and many species can be identified in the field with some experience" (Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1986:2). Indeed, these fungi have already been collected in Papua New Guinea since the beginning of last century (Persoon 1826, Berkeley 1842) and before World War I already 150 polypore taxa were known from this region (see historical sketch of the study of polypore fungi of Papua New Guinea). Often, the information was restricted to an enumeration of the species, without full description and without determination keys. Moreover, at that time New Guinea was politically divided in three parts (the northeastern and southeastern part, now known collectively as Papua New Guinea, were then under German and British rule respectively, while the western part, Irian Jaya, was under Dutch supervision) and information on plants and fungi was then often limited to one of these regions. Because in general polypores have always been intensively studied, both in temperate and tropical regions, numerous new species \Vere described. When fungi from different tropical regions were sent to Europe or North America they were often described as new, over and over again, mainly on the basis of macroscopical characters and depending on the region where they came from. This resulted in a labyrinth of names. For example: when the famous British mycologist Berkeley died in 1889 he had studied no fewer than 560 polypores. In his series of type studies and in 'The genera of Polypores' Ryvarden (1973- 1992) has tried to solve this problem. As new methods developed and new characters, like micromorphological ones (since Corner 1932), were taken into consideration, many taxonomic questions were settled and this led to a more uniform use of names. One of the main aims of this thesis is thus to give detailed descriptions of polypores so far registered from Papua New Guinea. (Excerpt from introduction)

1. Opening session. Why science is needed for the culture of the third millennium - The motor for progress / Antonino Zichichi. Acceptance remarks on receiving the 2009 Gian Carlo Wick gold medal award / Nicholas P. Samios. Glacial retreat and its impact in Tibetan plateau under global warming / Honglie Sun. Climate stabilization on the basis of geo-engineering technologies / Yuri Antonovitch Izrael. Modeling forest ecosystems, their response to and interaction with global climate change / Herman H. Shugart. Forest policies, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection / Jan Szyszko. Avoiding disaster : Book presentation / Henning Wegener and William Barletta -- 2. Information security focus : Cyber conflicts and cyber stability - finding a path to cyper peace. Cyber conflict vs. cyber stability : Finding a path to cyber peace / Henning Wegener. Advancing the global cybersecurity agenda and promoting cyberstability globally / Hamadoun I. Toure. Bridging the global gaps in cyber security / Mohd Noor Amin. Cyber war vs. cyber stability / Jody R. Westby. Cyber conflict vs. cyber security : Finding a path to peace / John. G. Grimes. Information security, ensembles of experts / Rick Wesson. Cyber conflict vs. cyber stability : EU and multi-national collaboration / Jacques Bus. Erice declaration on principles for cyber stability and cyber peace / Jody Westby and William Barletta -- 3. Pollution focus : Integrating environmental health research and chemical innovation. Fomenting new opportunities to protect human health / John Peterson Myers. Green chemistry : A necessary step to a sustainable future / John C. Warner. Health impact of environmental chemicals : Need for green chemistry / Jerrold J. Heindel. Moving the chemical enterprise toward sustainability : Key issues / Terry Collins -- 4. Energy & climate focus : Essential technologies for moderating climate change and improving energy security. Balancing perspectives on energy supply, economics, and the environment / Carl O. Bauer. The outlook for power plant CO[symbol] capture / Edward S. Rubin. Making rapid transition to an energy system centered on energy efficiency and renewables possible / Wolfgang Eichhammer. Beyond emerging low-carbon technologies to face climate change? / Giorgio Simbolotti. Institutions for developing new climate solutions / Lee Lane, W. David Montgomery and Anne E. Smith. Moderating climate change by limiting emissions of both short- and long-lived greenhouse gases / Michael C. MacCracken. Current status of technology for collection of uranium from seawater / Masao Tamada. An explanation of oil peaking / Roger W. Bentley. The future of global oil supply : Understanding the building blocks / Peter Jackson. The importance of technology - The constant wild card / Rodney F. Nelson. Recent scientific development in Taiwan in response to global climate change / Maw-Kuen Wu -- 5. Climate focus : Global warming and greenhouse gases. Exponential analysis in the problem of the assessment of the contribution of greenhouse gases in global warming / Mikhail J. Antonovsky -- 6. Energy, climate, pollution and limits of development focus : Advanced technologies and strategies in China for meeting the energy, environment and economy predicament in a greenhouse constrained society. Myths and realities about energy and energy-related CO[energy] emissions in China / Mark D. Levine. Technologies and policies for the transition to low carbon energy system in China / Zhang Xiliang. Assessment of CO[symbol] storage potential in oil/gas-bearing reservoirs in Songliao Basin of China / Mingyuan Li. Carbon cycle in Karst processes / Yuan Daoxian. Bioenergy in China : A grand challenge for economic and environmental sustainability / Jie Zhuang and Gui-Rui Yu. Screening for climate change adaptation : Water problem, impact and challenges in China / Jun Xia -- 7. Climate and data focus : Significant climate uncertainties addressed by satellites. NASA satellite observations for climate research and applications for public health / John A. Haynes. Climate insights from monitoring solar energy output / Judit M. Pap -- 8. Climate & clouds focus : Sensitivity of climate to additional CO[symbol] as indicated by water cycle feedback issues. A natural limit to anthropogenic global warming / William Kininmonth. On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications / Richard S. Lindzen and Yong-Sang Choi. Two basic problems of simulating climate feedbacks / Garth W. Paltridge -- 9. Climate without computer simulation focus : Mathematics, physics, and climate. What is the climate change signal? / Kyle L. Swanson. A key open question of climate forecasting / Christopher Essex -- 10. Climate and health focus : Windblown dust. Medical geology : Dust exposure and potential health risks in the Middle East / Mark B. Lyles. Climate change and climate systems influence and control the atmospheric dispersion of desert dust : Implications for human health / Dale Griffin -- 11. Science & technology focus : WMD proliferation - energy of the future - mathematics & democracy. Remote detection with particle beams / Gregory Canavan. Exploring the Italian navigator's new world : Toward economic,full-scale, low-carbon, conveniently-available, proliferation - robust, renewable energy resources / Lowell Wood. The Mathematics of Democracy in South Asia / K. C. Sivaramakrishnan -- 12. WFS general meeting PMP reports - debate and conclusions. Permanent monitoring panel on motivations for terrorism / Lord John Alderdice. AIDS and infectious diseases PMP / Franco M. Buonaguro. Mother and child PMP / Nathalie Charpak. Permanent monitoring panel on limits of development / Christopher D. Ellis. Pollution permanent monitoring panel : Annual report / Lorne Everett. Multinational repositories : Recent developments and 2010 session and workshop proposals / Charles McCombie. Energy PMP report / William Fulkerson ... [et al.]. Report of the permanent monitoring panel for the mitigation of terrorist acts : PMP-MTA / Sally Leivesley. Permanent monitoring panel on climate activity report / William A. Sprigg. Permanent monitoring panel on information security report from the co-chairs / Henning Wegener and Jody R. Westby -- 13. Information security panel meeting. Erice declaration on principles for cyber stability and cyber peace / World Federation of Scientists : Permanent monitoring panel on information security. Top cyber security problems that need resolution to address communications / World Federation of Scientists : Permanent monitoring panel on information security. Quest for cyber peace / World Federation of Scientists : Permanent monitoring panel on information security -- 14. Limits of development panel meeting. About questions to be discussed on occasion of the 2009 Erice meeting of the PMP limits of development : The situation in Argentina / Juan Manuel Borthagaray and Andres Borthagaray. Sustainable development in Mexico : Facing the multi-headed hydra / Alberto Gonzalez-Pozo -- 15. Mitigation of terrorist attacks meeting. Permanent Monitoring Panel - Mitigation of Terrorist Acts (MPM-MTA) workshop agenda / Richard Wilson. Development of CBRN event mitigation / Friedrich Steinhausler. One science for CBRN mitigation / Annette L. Sobel. The need for a corps of radiation workers for immediate assignment / Richard Wilson. India's response to the prospect of WMD terrorism / Ramamurti Rajaraman. Politization in the process of international cooperation to mitigate nuclear terrorism : Some dubious results / Vasily Krivokhizha. Immediate communications in the CBRN environment / Robert V. Duncan. Immediate evaluation of radiological and nuclear attacks / Richard L. Garwin. Establishment of a scientifically-informed rapid response system / Richard Wilson -- 16. Energy panel meeting. Status of ITER broader approach activities / Akira Miyahara. Topics of energy research in Japan / Akira Miyahara.

The object of research is the features of economic relations of the European Union and countries-members of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) union. One of the most problematic places is that European Union as a supranational institution is currently experiencing a crisis, on various levels. From economic problems beginning, especially with the so-called PIGS countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain), through difficulties in concluding internal political consensus and «speaking» with one voice on the international forum, ensuring security of Europe on the eastern border.In the process of research, general scientific and special methods of cognition were used: analysis of economic processes, generalization of analyzed features of economic cooperation of the European Union and countries-members of ASEAN. The structurally-functional method has allowed to highlight the main risks and areas of the program implementation strategy for cooperation with ASEAN members. The statistical method was used in assessing and analyzing the state of trade balance between the EU and ASEAN members.In the course of the research it was identified that in the resolution of political or security difficulties, the European Community mainly depends solely on its own strength. In terms of economic matters there are a number of regions with which this closer cooperation seems to be a logical solution that may bring benefits in the near future. One of them is Southeast Asia. As a result of the research it is shown that ASEAN has been a rapidly growing organization in the region for many years and its trade potential for EU is increasing rapidly. Strengthening international cooperation on the European Union – ASEAN line may prove to be a very important alternative for European economies. In addition, such an alliance may be the basis for a broad exchange of technological and educational experience, creating the nucleus of future strategic relations.The results of research shows not fully used potential with ASEAN members' cooperation. Abilities and areas of future cooperation of EU companies particularly and EU countries in general could be the ground for future investigations with ASEAN members. ; Объектом исследования являются особенности экономических отношений Европейского Союза и стран-членов союза АСЕАН (Ассоциация государств Юго-Восточной Азии). Одним из наиболее проблемных мест является то, что Европейский Союз как наднациональный институт в настоящее время переживает кризис на разных уровнях. Начиная с экономических проблем, особенно с так называемыми странами PIGS (Португалия, Италия, Греция и Испания), из-за трудностей при достижении внутриполитического консенсуса и единогласного «выступления» на международном форуме, а также обеспечения безопасности Европы на восточной границе.В процессе исследования использовались общенаучные и специальные методы исследования: анализ экономических процессов, обобщение анализируемых особенностей экономического сотрудничества Европейского Союза и стран-членов АСЕАН. Структурно-функциональный метод позволил выделить основные риски и направления стратегии реализации программы сотрудничества с членами АСЕАН. Статистический метод использовался при оценке и анализе состояния торгового баланса между членами ЕС и АСЕАН.В ходе исследования было показано, что решения политических проблем или проблем безопасности Европейского Союза в основном зависят исключительно от своих собственных сил. С точки зрения экономических вопросов, существует ряд регионов, с которыми такое более тесное сотрудничество представляется логичным решением, которое может принести пользу в ближайшем будущем. Одним из таких регионов является Юго-Восточная Азия. В результате исследования показано, что АСЕАН является быстро растущей организацией в регионе в течение многих лет, и ее торговый потенциал для ЕС быстро увеличивается. Укрепление международного сотрудничества на линии Европейский Союз–АСЕАН может оказаться очень важной альтернативой для европейских экономик. Кроме того, такой альянс может стать основой для широкого обмена технологическим и образовательным опытом, создавая ядро будущих стратегических отношений.Результаты исследования показывают не полностью использованный потенциал сотрудничества с членами АСЕАН. Возможности и области будущего сотрудничества компаний ЕС в частности и стран ЕС в целом с членами АСЕАН могут стать основой для будущих исследований. ; Об'єктом дослідження є особливості економічних відносин Європейського Союзу та країн-членів союзу АСЕАН (Асоціація держав Південно-Східної Азії). Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є те, що Європейський Союз як наднаціональний інститут в даний час переживає кризу на різних рівнях. Починаючи з економічних проблем, особливо з так званими країнами PIGS (Португалія, Італія, Греція та Іспанія), через труднощі при досягненні внутрішньополітичного консенсусу і єдиноголосного «виступу» на міжнародному форумі, а також забезпечення безпеки Європи на східному кордоні.У процесі дослідження використовувалися загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи дослідження: аналіз економічних процесів, узагальнення аналізованих особливостей економічного співробітництва Європейського Союзу (ЄС) та країн-членів АСЕАН. Структурно-функціональний метод дозволив виділити основні ризики та напрямки стратегії реалізації програми співпраці з членами АСЕАН. Статистичний метод використовувався при оцінці і аналізі стану торгового балансу між членами ЄС та АСЕАН.В ході дослідження було показано, що вирішення політичних проблем або проблем безпеки Європейського Союзу в основному залежать виключно від своїх власних сил. З точки зору економічних питань, існує ряд регіонів, з якими така тісна співпраця представляється логічним рішенням, яке може принести користь в найближчому майбутньому. Одним з таких регіонів є Південно-Східна Азія. В результаті дослідження показано, що АСЕАН є швидко зростаючою організацією в регіоні протягом багатьох років, і її торговий потенціал для ЄС швидко збільшується. Зміцнення міжнародного співробітництва на лінії Європейський Союз–АСЕАН може виявитися дуже важливою альтернативою для європейських економік. Крім того, такий альянс може стати основою для широкого обміну технологічним і освітнім досвідом, створюючи ядро майбутніх стратегічних відносин.Результати дослідження показують не повністю використаний потенціал співробітництва з членами АСЕАН. Можливості та області майбутньої співпраці компаній ЄС зокрема і країн ЄС в цілому з членами АСЕАН можуть стати основою для майбутніх досліджень.

The object of research is the features of economic relations of the European Union and countries-members of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) union. One of the most problematic places is that European Union as a supranational institution is currently experiencing a crisis, on various levels. From economic problems beginning, especially with the so-called PIGS countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain), through difficulties in concluding internal political consensus and «speaking» with one voice on the international forum, ensuring security of Europe on the eastern border.In the process of research, general scientific and special methods of cognition were used: analysis of economic processes, generalization of analyzed features of economic cooperation of the European Union and countries-members of ASEAN. The structurally-functional method has allowed to highlight the main risks and areas of the program implementation strategy for cooperation with ASEAN members. The statistical method was used in assessing and analyzing the state of trade balance between the EU and ASEAN members.In the course of the research it was identified that in the resolution of political or security difficulties, the European Community mainly depends solely on its own strength. In terms of economic matters there are a number of regions with which this closer cooperation seems to be a logical solution that may bring benefits in the near future. One of them is Southeast Asia. As a result of the research it is shown that ASEAN has been a rapidly growing organization in the region for many years and its trade potential for EU is increasing rapidly. Strengthening international cooperation on the European Union – ASEAN line may prove to be a very important alternative for European economies. In addition, such an alliance may be the basis for a broad exchange of technological and educational experience, creating the nucleus of future strategic relations.The results of research shows not fully used potential with ASEAN members' cooperation. Abilities and areas of future cooperation of EU companies particularly and EU countries in general could be the ground for future investigations with ASEAN members. ; Объектом исследования являются особенности экономических отношений Европейского Союза и стран-членов союза АСЕАН (Ассоциация государств Юго-Восточной Азии). Одним из наиболее проблемных мест является то, что Европейский Союз как наднациональный институт в настоящее время переживает кризис на разных уровнях. Начиная с экономических проблем, особенно с так называемыми странами PIGS (Португалия, Италия, Греция и Испания), из-за трудностей при достижении внутриполитического консенсуса и единогласного «выступления» на международном форуме, а также обеспечения безопасности Европы на восточной границе.В процессе исследования использовались общенаучные и специальные методы исследования: анализ экономических процессов, обобщение анализируемых особенностей экономического сотрудничества Европейского Союза и стран-членов АСЕАН. Структурно-функциональный метод позволил выделить основные риски и направления стратегии реализации программы сотрудничества с членами АСЕАН. Статистический метод использовался при оценке и анализе состояния торгового баланса между членами ЕС и АСЕАН.В ходе исследования было показано, что решения политических проблем или проблем безопасности Европейского Союза в основном зависят исключительно от своих собственных сил. С точки зрения экономических вопросов, существует ряд регионов, с которыми такое более тесное сотрудничество представляется логичным решением, которое может принести пользу в ближайшем будущем. Одним из таких регионов является Юго-Восточная Азия. В результате исследования показано, что АСЕАН является быстро растущей организацией в регионе в течение многих лет, и ее торговый потенциал для ЕС быстро увеличивается. Укрепление международного сотрудничества на линии Европейский Союз–АСЕАН может оказаться очень важной альтернативой для европейских экономик. Кроме того, такой альянс может стать основой для широкого обмена технологическим и образовательным опытом, создавая ядро будущих стратегических отношений.Результаты исследования показывают не полностью использованный потенциал сотрудничества с членами АСЕАН. Возможности и области будущего сотрудничества компаний ЕС в частности и стран ЕС в целом с членами АСЕАН могут стать основой для будущих исследований. ; Об'єктом дослідження є особливості економічних відносин Європейського Союзу та країн-членів союзу АСЕАН (Асоціація держав Південно-Східної Азії). Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є те, що Європейський Союз як наднаціональний інститут в даний час переживає кризу на різних рівнях. Починаючи з економічних проблем, особливо з так званими країнами PIGS (Португалія, Італія, Греція та Іспанія), через труднощі при досягненні внутрішньополітичного консенсусу і єдиноголосного «виступу» на міжнародному форумі, а також забезпечення безпеки Європи на східному кордоні.У процесі дослідження використовувалися загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи дослідження: аналіз економічних процесів, узагальнення аналізованих особливостей економічного співробітництва Європейського Союзу (ЄС) та країн-членів АСЕАН. Структурно-функціональний метод дозволив виділити основні ризики та напрямки стратегії реалізації програми співпраці з членами АСЕАН. Статистичний метод використовувався при оцінці і аналізі стану торгового балансу між членами ЄС та АСЕАН.В ході дослідження було показано, що вирішення політичних проблем або проблем безпеки Європейського Союзу в основному залежать виключно від своїх власних сил. З точки зору економічних питань, існує ряд регіонів, з якими така тісна співпраця представляється логічним рішенням, яке може принести користь в найближчому майбутньому. Одним з таких регіонів є Південно-Східна Азія. В результаті дослідження показано, що АСЕАН є швидко зростаючою організацією в регіоні протягом багатьох років, і її торговий потенціал для ЄС швидко збільшується. Зміцнення міжнародного співробітництва на лінії Європейський Союз–АСЕАН може виявитися дуже важливою альтернативою для європейських економік. Крім того, такий альянс може стати основою для широкого обміну технологічним і освітнім досвідом, створюючи ядро майбутніх стратегічних відносин.Результати дослідження показують не повністю використаний потенціал співробітництва з членами АСЕАН. Можливості та області майбутньої співпраці компаній ЄС зокрема і країн ЄС в цілому з членами АСЕАН можуть стати основою для майбутніх досліджень.

On 15 August 2005, when the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Helsinki, Finland, it was considered yet another uncertain attempt at putting an end to Indonesia's thirty years of conflict in its westernmost province, Aceh. After a historically unprecedented reconstruction process that followed the tsunami of December 2004 and two orderly elections in 2006/2007 and 2009, Aceh's peace process is not only still on track, but widely considered a role model for ending protracted civil wars by means of political participation and autonomy regulations. This article reviews past developments that have led to the reconfiguration of Aceh's political landscape and seeks to illustrate the most recent developments in GAM's transformation from an independence movement to an Indonesian local political party. (JCSA/GIGA)

001 Foreword. - Sir John Boyd KCMG. - Chairman, Asia House. - POLITICS AND ECONOMICS. - 004 The dynamic centre of the new global economic landscape . - Dominic Barton. - Global Managing Director, McKinsey & Company. - 009 China in the next decade. - H.E. Liu Xiaoming. - Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom. - 013 A hyper-connected world city . - Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor. - Chief Secretary for Administration of the Government of Hong Kong SAR. - 019 Indonesia and its contribution to Asia's role on the global stage. - H.E. Jusuf Kalla. - Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. - 025 Deepening connectivity and looking West . - Tatsuo Yasunaga. - President and CEO, Mitsui & Co. - 030 ASEAN matters. - H.E. Le Luong Minh. - Secretary-General of ASEAN (2013-2017). - 037 ASEAN Economic Community in 2025 . - Dato'Sri Nazir Razak. - Chairman, CIMB Group. - 041 Old problems, new solutions tota Brnwtke . - The Lord Browne of Madingley. - Chairman, Huawei UK. - Former Group Chief Executive, BP (1995-2007). - 046 Powering Asia's growth. - Samir Brikho. - Former Chief Executive, Amec Foster Wheeler (2006-2016). - 051 Iran: Lifting sanctions is only the first step on a long journey to recovery. - Vahid Alaghband. - Chairman, Balli Holdings Limited. - 056 Freedom from the past: looking back to look ahead. - Dr. Ra Jongyil. - Former President, Woosuk University (2007-2011) . - Distinguished Professor, Hanyang University, South Korea. - BUSINESS AND TRADE. - 062 The emergence of Asia's new commercial champions . - Sir Henry Keswick. - Chairman, Jardine Matheson Holdings. - 068 Unlocking the Asia market is the key to prosperity . - Sam Walsh A0. - Chief Executive, Rio Tinto. - 073 Corporate governance in Asia: rapid progress towards global standards. - Paul Manduca. - Chairman, Prudential. - 079 Celebrating an Asian success story . - Ivan Menezes. - Chief Executive, Diageo. - 084 Now everyone can fly . - Tan Sri Tony Fernandes. - Group CEO, AirAsia. - 089 Tracking Asia's pul