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The purpose of this study is to analyse E.T.A. Hoffmann's tradition in the 20th century German literature in terms of the novel "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer" by P. Süskind. The features of E.T.A. Hoffmann's aesthetics are considered in the form of an ideological and thematic complex of images, motifs and stylistic techniques inherent in the work of E.T.A. Hoffmann ("Hoffmann complex of German literature"), which manifests itself in a similar style (irony and grotesque), problems – the mechanization of human and society (realised through the opposition of "living" – "inanimate", the motif of duality), understanding the nature of genius (antagonism of genius and philistine) and its relationship with femininity, the problem of violent influence on someone else's personality, as well as in the use of such an artistic technique as synesthesia.

OxPol Blogcast showcases research, analysis, insights, and experiences from the members of the University of Oxford's Department of Politics and International Relations (DPIR), and specialist guests from the Oxford academic community and beyond. Why were the contributions of some thinkers in the field of International Relations erased from history, while others became prominent enough to reach the reading lists of today? Many of those thinkers, whose perspectives never got to see the light of day, happen to be women. On this episode of the OxPol Blogcast, host Anastasia Bektimirova is joined by Dr. Patricia Owens, a Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford, who is recovering the thinkers lost in the 20th century by writing a gendered history ...

This study attempts to construe the first-ever coalmine-oriented Bengali fiction from a social, historical, and geographic perspective. Sailjananda Mukhopadhyay wrote Koylakuthi (the coal miners' office) in 1922, representing Bengal's coal mines. This study aims to reconstruct the miners' society from the early 20th Century with narratives from this story and examine the societal challenges and changes a hundred years apart. A comparative study of the mining geo-cultural landscape of the 1920s Bengal and its contemporary counterpart is carried out. Changed geography, technology, and community are observed. And it reveals that areal expansion of the coalfields has increased production, and technological advancement has increased the safety and security of the miner class. However, the labour structure, class and caste hierarchy, and patriarchal mindset have hardly changed.

Abstract
This article engages in a comparative study of political ideas to understand the influence of different race ideas in political thought and institutions. In the early 20th century, two Brazilian social scientists dealt with this problem in their interpretations of Brazilian socio-political reality. The jurist and sociologist Oliveira Vianna, equipped with the positive science of his time, analyzed Brazilian racial heterogeneity through the lenses of biology and social psychology and proposed an authoritarian technocracy to solve Brazil's political problems. Contrary to this interpretation, the sociologist and anthropologist Gilberto Freyre proposed a cognitive revolution by discrediting racist theories and forging a new self-representation of Brazilian society as an "ethnic democracy." This comparison shows how Freyre's ideas are relevant in overcoming racial prejudice and understanding the formation of Brazilian democracy and collective identity.

How do historical inequalities influence modern public goods provision? This paper analyses a new panel dataset of local public goods provision in a single North Indian district with observations at the village-decade level going back to 1905 and detailed information on colonial land tenure institutions and demographics. The presence of large colonial landowners is positively associated with rural public goods provision when the landlord was resident in the early 20th century and has a null effect when the landlord was an absentee. Villages inhabited or owned by upper castes had an advantage in the colonial and immediate post-independence eras, but not afterward. The results suggest that within unequal societies, economic and status inequalities can have positive effects on public goods provision when they link elites to extralocal decision-makers.

The term "securitization" derives its origin from the word "security". At the end of the 20th century this question has formed as a subject of active academic debate, especially in Western countries, but any attempts to give a universal definition of the concept of "security" have faced difficulties in its use or the presence of an ideological element in it. Security was more often interpreted only as a goal to which states strive, that is, as a form without an expressive and certain content. The desire for a conceptual review and the need for an expanded interpretation of the concept of security led to the emergence of a new theory by B. Buzan and O. Wever, and the author tries to find out what the significance of this approach is in terms of world politics.

With the end of the 20th century, there was a change in the nature and methods of using military force in international politics. It led to the need to develop new cooperation methods between states and reorient military diplomacy into defence diplomacy. In the new reality, the group of entities influencing diplomatic activities has been expanded to include non-governmental entities, including think tanks. It raised questions about the role of expert centres in activities for defence diplomacy under Polish conditions, including shaping the international situation and shaping the state's defence policy. The following considerations are an attempt to answer this question. The analysis was based on the data obtained from a survey and information from the websites of fifteen Polish centres of expertise operating in international relations, political science, and security and defence.

In this book, Former Wall Street Journal reporter Stephen Glain sets out to answer an extremely broad and difficult question: namely why is it that the Arab world, specifically the Levantine region, has consistently underperformed economically since the beginning of the 20th century. The book provides the reader with a somewhat in-depth analysis of the political, social and economic state of six Arab nations (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, the Palestinian territories, Egypt, and Iraq). By breaking down his analysis into country-specific chapters, Glain enables the reader to understand the multi-faceted problems facing the region as a whole. In doing so, Glain shows the reader a common thread of bad governance, corruption, negative external interference, and protectionism; the thread that runs through all these nations, causing economic decay.

ABSTRACT The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil's economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country's growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil's inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth.

AbstractI adopt a dialogic approach to refute Paul Oliver's claim that there is no challenge to the authority of the black Church or religion in the segregated 'race records' of the first half of the 20th century in the United States. I dismiss the claims of some black theologians that the presence of biblical imagery in the blues means that performers were essentially religious. I show that the dialogue between secular song and religious sermons on record involved mutual parody, satire, and polemic in a common speech genre. Attacks on the Church, its members, clergy, and doctrines were common. Recorded sermons spoke back in defense. Mikhail Bakhtin's concepts offer purchase on the relations between secular and religious recordings in an ongoing struggle for hegemony in black cultural production.

The Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Act 2021 is the first national legislation of its kind and makes provision for menstrual products at no cost to menstruators throughout Scotland. While the act is welcome, and ensconced public conversation about menstruation, it also simultaneously nationalized the practice of physical concealment through use of menstrual products. This article explores the historical debut of manufactured menstrual products in Scotland during the 20th century, and the junctures at which they rose to national significance. It does so through the concept of the menstrualscape. This term serves as shorthand to refer to the ephemera, material artefacts, and visual representations of menstrual products in relation to social and cultural beliefs. The menstrualsape sheds light on the historically relevant ideas and factors that undergird Scotland's Free Provision Act.

This essay aims to continue to develop the thesis that the welter of political-economic, social, technological, and subjective transformations that characterized the final decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st necessitate a re-thinking of the relationship between social criticism and the critique of political economy. Herein the focus is directed towards the critique of reification and industrial rationalization as developed in the works of Georg Lukács and Cornelius Castoriadis. Drawing on recent phenomenological and psychological analyses of work within contemporary capitalism, I argue for both the historical obsolescence of the critique of reification as it has been traditionally understood and, consequently, the need for novel conceptual responses to the pressing needs of our time.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a great figure of the Islamic world and the west in the 20th century. Iqbal was a philosopher, politician, Islamic scholar and a great poet. Iqbal has always spoken of love, brotherhood and tolerance. Iqbal was of Kashmiri descent, a true friend of Kashmir, a compassionate man and a great liberal leader. He took an active part in the freedom struggle of Kashmiris against slavery. Iqbal awakened a new consciousness, enthusiasm, eagerness and passion in Kashmiris with his painful voice and poetry. He was greatly influenced by Kashmiri personalities Sultan Shahab-ud-Din, Syed Ali Hamdani, and Ghani Kashmiri. This article is are search document based on an analytical study of Iqbal's personality and his correlation to Kashmir. In this study, the primary and the secondary data isused to bring out the facts.

Summary
On 29 February 2020 in Doha, the United States signed an 'Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan' with the extremist Taliban movement. Yet on 15 August 2021, the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan's capital, Kabul. This article argues that the Doha Agreement did not simply precede the Taliban takeover; in significant ways it contributed to it. In its negotiation, content and implementation, it created destructive incentives for domestic and international parties, and it had effects on mass psychology in Afghanistan that its creators seemed not to have anticipated or understood. In that sense, it serves as a cautionary tale about the danger of assuming that negotiated 'diplomatic solutions' are necessarily superior to messy alternatives. The closest 20th-century equivalent was the Munich Agreement of September 1938.

This new go-to reference book for global melodrama assembles contributions by experts from a wide range of disciplines, including cultural studies, film and media studies, gender and queer studies, political science, and postcolonial studies. The melodramas covered in this volume range from early 20th century silent movies to contemporary films, from independent ›arthouse‹ productions to Hollywood blockbusters. The comprehensive overview of global melodramatic film in the Lexicon constitutes a valuable resource for scholars and practitioners of film, teachers, film critics, and anyone who is interested in the past and present of melodramatic film on a global scale. The Lexicon of Global Melodrama includes essays on All That Heaven Allows, Bombay, Casablanca, Die Büchse der Pandora, In the Mood for Love, Nosotros los Pobres, Terra Sonâmbula, and Tokyo Story.