Suchergebnisse

At the start of the fourteenth century, Boston (Lincolnshire), was one of England's largest and wealthiest towns and played a leading role in the country's overseas trade, attracting merchants and commodities from as far afield as Italy, Gascony, the Low Countries, Germany and Scandinavia and was second only to London in many branches of trade. Yet, two centuries later, as the accounts of the royal customs reveal, Boston's overseas trade was of minor significance, as the capital came to dominate the nation's commerce at the expense of its provincial ports. This book offers a comprehensive guide to the evolution of the medieval English customs system and discusses the reliability of the sources which it generated. It brings together all the statistical data from Boston's enrolled customs accounts for the period from 1279 to 1548 concerning the fluctuations in volume of the port's trade, the transformation in the nature of its imports and exports and the changes in the origins of the merchants, whether English or alien, who traded there. It will be of interest to all scholars and students of medieval English towns and, in particular, to those concerned with Anglo-Hanseatic trade in the later Middle Ages.

"This volume investigates how urban growth and prosperity transformed the cities of the Roman Mediterranean in the last centuries BCE and the first centuries CE, integrating debates about Roman urban space with discourse on Roman urban history. The contributions explore how these cities developed landscapes full of civic memory and ritual, saw commercial priorities transforming the urban environment, and began to expand significantly beyond their wall circuits. These inter-related developments not only changed how cities looked and could be experienced, they also affected the functioning of the urban community, and together contributed to keeping increasingly complex urban communities socially cohesive. By focusing on the transformation of urban landscapes in Late Republican and Imperial period, the volume adds a new, explicitly historical angle to current debates about urban space in Roman studies. Confronting archaeological and historical approaches, the volume presents developments in Italy, Africa, Greece and Asia Minor, thus significantly broadening the geographical scope of the discussion, and offering novel theoretical perspectives alongside well-documented, thematic case studies. Urban Space and Urban History in the Roman World will be of interest to anyone working on Roman urbanism, or Roman history in the Late Republic and early Empire"--

The stereotyping of Black Africans in Renaissance Europe / Kate Lowe -- The image of Africa and iconography of lip-plated Africans in Pierre Desceliers's world map of 1550 / Jean Michel Massing -- Black Africans in Renaissance Spanish literature / Jeremy Lawrance -- Washing the Ethiopian white : conceptualising black skin in Renaissance England / Anu Korhonen -- Black Africans in Portugal during Cleynaerts's visit (1533-1538) / Jorge Fonseca -- Isabella d'Este and Black African women / Paul H.D. Kaplan -- Images of empire : slaves in the Lisbon household and court of Catherine of Austria / Annemarie Jordan -- Christoph Jamnitzer's 'Moor's Head' : a late Renaissance drinking vessel / Lorenz Seelig -- The trade in Black African slaves in fifteenth-century Florence / Sergio Tognetti -- "La Casa del Negres" : Black African solidarity in late medieval Valencia / Debra Blumenthal -- Free and freed Black Africans in Granada in the time of the Spanish Renaissance / Aurelia Martin Casares -- Black African slaves and freedmen in Portugal during the Renaissance : creating a new pattern of reality / Didier Lahon -- The Catholic Church and the pastroal care of Black Africans in Renaissance Italy / Nelson H. Minnich -- Race and rulership : Alessandro de'Medici, first Medici duke of Florence, 1529-1537 / John K. Brackett -- Juan Latino and his racial difference / Baltasar Fra-Molinero -- Black Africans versus Jews : religious and racial tension in a Portuguese saint's play / T.F. Earle

Innovation in physical urban infrastructure is a vital component of city making in an era of sea level rise, climate change, and rapid urbanization. Venice pioneered an urban and environmental innovation model in the 14th and 15th century, successfully negotiating the cities complex geography and the sociotechnical processes that characterized Renaissance urbanism. A review of early inventor rights issued in the city suggests that the process of patent innovation facilitated urbanization of the Venetian lagoon through development of advanced drainage, dredge, irrigation, and reclamation infrastructure, essential to the city's survival. In addition to granting patents for new inventions, the Venetian government established expert review for proposed inventions, supported prototyping and testing for untried technologies, and used patent rights to attract experts with novel inventions from across Italy and Europe. These processes, in addition to the extensive dossier of patents issued in Venice, substantiate the primacy of innovation in the process of urbanization and revel an urban innovation model. Patent law later spread along Venetian trade routes through Europe, where they were also employed in economic modernization, and the construction of urban and regional infrastructure. Interestingly, similar process can later be observed throughout Europe and the United States as patent rights were constitutionalized.

Innovation in physical urban infrastructure is a vital component of city making in an era of sea level rise, climate change, and rapid urbanization. Venice pioneered an urban and environmental innovation model in the 14th and 15th century, successfully negotiating the cities complex geography and the sociotechnical processes that characterized Renaissance urbanism. A review of early inventor rights issued in the city suggests that the process of patent innovation facilitated urbanization of the Venetian lagoon through development of advanced drainage, dredge, irrigation, and reclamation infrastructure, essential to the city's survival. In addition to granting patents for new inventions, the Venetian government established expert review for proposed inventions, supported prototyping and testing for untried technologies, and used patent rights to attract experts with novel inventions from across Italy and Europe. These processes, in addition to the extensive dossier of patents issued in Venice, substantiate the primacy of innovation in the process of urbanization and revel an urban innovation model. Patent law later spread along Venetian trade routes through Europe, where they were also employed in economic modernization, and the construction of urban and regional infrastructure. Interestingly, similar process can later be observed throughout Europe and the United States as patent rights were constitutionalized.

ABSTRACT
The translations of More's Libellus vere aureus published in Italy in the sixteenth–nineteenth centuries share long titles. The first Italian translation was printed in Venice in 1548 by Aurelio Pincio, edited by Anton Francesco Doni and translated by Ortensio Lando. More's utopian project landed in a country where Leon Battista Alberti, Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini, and da Vinci had theorized ideal cities and societies throughout the fifteenth century and Roseo, Anton Francesco Doni, Agostini, and Campanella would take up the legacy of utopian thought in the later sixteenth century. The next Italian edition was published in 1821, and the following was published in 1863 together with Campanella's La Città del Sole and an Italian utopia by Gozzi. More's text received great critical attention after World War II. L'Utopia o la migliore forma di repubblica (1942) was translated and edited by Tommaso Fiore, a prominent anti-Fascist intellectual. L'Utopia (1945) offers a fine translation by Roberto Bartolozzi and a preface by Alberto Savinio, who advocated the centrality of utopian thought in Western civilization. Utopia (2015) is the latest translation from Latin, by Maria Lia Guardini. In January 2016 its publisher launched Utopia500, a project involving a range of cultural initiatives.

Several studies in comparative welfare state research have emphasized the absence of a proper anti-poverty strategy and especially the lack of a minimum income scheme (MIS) in Italy; others focused on the failed attempt to introduce a national MIS in the late 1990s; while some scholars investigated the existence of several (yet often meagre) local anti-poverty programs. The Pirandellian title One, No One and One Hundred Thousand looks therefore as a suitable metaphor able to capture the nature of the Italian anti-poverty policy scenario. Against this backdrop, though constrained by austerity measures and permanent lack of resources, social assistance gained more salience over the last years and a closer look at its transformation reveals that, albeit timidly, things are moving both at the national and regional level. Building on this framework, the paper has a twofold purpose. First, it aims at presenting the developments occurred in the Italian anti-poverty strategy during the last two decades. Second, the paper provides an overview of the latest trends in terms of poverty and material deprivation in comparative perspective, that—in the light of the current economic crisis—call for a rapid modernisation of the national social safety net of last resort.

The use of real-time cash data allows us to make accurate intra-annual forecasts of an economy's fiscal position, and to issue early warning signals for the need to correct fiscal imbalances. This paper shows how those signals can be used to design the necessary fiscal corrections, and discusses the gains that can be achieved from such interventions. Examples from Germany and Italy show that large corrections are often necessary early on to make adjustments later on acceptable and to keep debt ratios from escalating. There is a credibility issue here; we find the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded adjustment schemes is likely to be vital for the time consistency of fiscal policymaking. We also show that, without early interventions, the later deficit reductions typically double in size – meaning governments become subject to the excessive deficit procedure and significant improve-ment tests more often. Thus the budget savings from early intervention and the use of cash data are significant; in our examples they are similar in size to the operating budget of the department of housing and urban development in Germany. Similar results apply in other Eurozone countries.

[Abstract] The use of real-time cash data allows us to make accurate intra-annual forecasts of an economy's fiscal position, and to issue early warning signals for the need to correct fiscal imbalances. This paper shows how those signals can be used to design the necessary fiscal corrections, and discusses the gains that can be achieved from such interventions. Examples from Germany and Italy show that large corrections are often necessary early on to make adjustments later on acceptable and to keep debt ratios from escalating. There is a credibility issue here; we find the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded adjustment schemes is likely to be vital for the time consistency of fiscal policymaking. We also show that, without early interventions, the later deficit reductions typically double in size – meaning governments become subject to the excessive deficit procedure and significant improve-ment tests more often. Thus the budget savings from early intervention and the use of cash data are significant; in our examples they are similar in size to the operating budget of the department of housing and urban development in Germany. Similar results apply in other Eurozone countries

The use of real-time cash data allows us to make accurate intra-annual forecasts of an economy's fiscal position, and to issue early warning signals for the need to correct fiscal imbalances. This paper shows how those signals can be used to design the necessary fiscal corrections, and discusses the gains that can be achieved from such interventions. Examples from Germany and Italy show that large corrections are often necessary early on to make adjustments later on acceptable and to keep debt ratios from escalating. There is a credibility issue here; we find the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded adjustment schemes is likely to be vital for the time consistency of fiscal policymaking. We also show that, without early interventions, the later deficit reductions typically double in size – meaning governments become subject to the excessive deficit procedure and significant improve-ment tests more often. Thus the budget savings from early intervention and the use of cash data are significant; in our examples they are similar in size to the operating budget of the department of housing and urban development in Germany. Similar results apply in other Eurozone countries.

The use of real-time cash data allows us to make accurate intra-annual forecasts of an economy's fiscal position, and to issue early warning signals for the need to correct fiscal imbalances. This paper shows how those signals can be used to design the necessary fiscal corrections, and discusses the gains that can be achieved from such interventions. Examples from Germany and Italy show that large corrections are often necessary early on to make adjustments later on acceptable and to keep debt ratios from escalating. There is a credibility issue here; we find the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded adjustment schemes is likely to be vital for the time consistency of fiscal policymaking. We also show that, without early interventions, the later deficit reductions typically double in size – meaning governments become subject to the excessive deficit procedure and significant improve-ment tests more often. Thus the budget savings from early intervention and the use of cash data are significant; in our examples they are similar in size to the operating budget of the department of housing and urban development in Germany. Similar results apply in other Eurozone countries.

The military coup that put an end to the government of Salvador Allende terminated a socialist experiment that drew considerable world attention. It also marked the demise of one of the most durable liberal democracies. Deviating sharply from the prevalent Third World pattern of political instability, Chile was able to establish a viable constitutional system by the middle of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the dominant feature of Chilean politics became its political system composed of strong party organizations spanning the ideological spectrum. This was unique in Latin America. Though parties have been banned by the ruling military junta, and the parties of the left have been subject to violent repression, there is little doubt that Chilean party politics will continue to draw the attention of political analysts. The study of the evolution of political patterns in a Third World country, which are strikingly similar to those of France and Italy, should contribute to our understanding of phenomena such as political participation, the historicity of party alternatives, and the social bases of party politics in polarized societies. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of the Chilean party system before the coup will help to clarify the conditions that led to the breakdown, and, more importantly, the prospects for party politics in the future.

A sweeping history of Los Angeles told through the lens of the many marginalized groups-from hobos to taggers-that have used the city's walls as a channel for communication. Graffiti written in storm drain tunnels, on neighborhood walls, and under bridges tells an underground and, until now, untold history of Los Angeles. Drawing on extensive research within the city's urban landscape, Susan A. Phillips traces the hidden language of marginalized groups over the past century-from the early twentieth-century markings of hobos, soldiers, and Japanese internees to the later inscriptions of surfers, cholos, and punks. Whether describing daredevil kids, bored workers, or clandestine lovers, Phillips profiles the experiences of people who remain underrepresented in conventional histories, revealing the powerful role of graffiti as a venue for cultural expression. Graffiti aficionados might be surprised to learn that the earliest documented graffiti bubble letters appear not in 1970s New York but in 1920s Los Angeles. Or that the negative letterforms first carved at the turn of the century are still spray painted on walls today. With discussions of characters like Leon Ray Livingston (a.k.a. "A-No. 1"), credited with consolidating the entire system of hobo communication in the 1910s, and Kathy Zuckerman, better known as the surf icon "Gidget," this lavishly illustrated book tells stories of small moments that collectively build into broad statements about power, memory, landscape, and history itself

AbstractIt may seem perplexing, in the beginning, to see Iranian poet Khayyām's rubaies and other Persian poems on the gravestones of Bidlis from the late nineteenth century. However, when scrutinizing Bidlis's political and cultural history, it is clear that Persian language and culture has deep, longstanding roots in this city and been integrated into high Iranian-Islamic culture in both respects. Based mainly on primary archival sources and inscriptions, I touch on the adventures and preponderance of Persian—the lingua franca of the rulers of Bidlis, a Kurdish principality located on the Ottoman-Iranian frontier—and its intellectuals after the city was integrated into the Ottoman world, and thus the decaying ascendancy of Persian.Mohammad Amin Riyāhī's book, Nofūz-e zabān o adabīyāt-e Fārsī dar qalamrov-e Osmānī, is a well-known study in this respect, but mostly focuses on the adventures of Persian in and around court circles. Another comprehensive book on the subject, The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca, illustrates the frontiers of Persian's usage in the vast geography stretching from China, Central Asia, and India to the Ottoman world. By focusing on a limited area like Bidlis, the region's most prestigious principality, this article attempts to elucidate the impact of Persian in the Ottoman-Iranian frontiers, unearthing its influence as a language of both diplomacy and literature as well as a lingua franca of Bidlis intellectuals in the lands ruled by Kurdish rulers.

International audience ; Mithila paintings (Bihar, India), being both local and global, can meet the condition of a transnational cultural field. This notion is developed in recent theories based on Bourdieu's conception of field, but generalized on an international or global level. The beginning of the commodification of Mithila paintings represented both a radical reconfiguration of a ritual practice and the inscription in a wider post-Independence project focused on economic development. Among other handicrafts and folk art items, Mithila paintings took place within a national-state-centered politico-economical field. In the 1970s main transcultural mediators as Véquaud, Moser-Schmitt or Owens come into play, fond on the paintings themselves and driven by countercultural Indophilia and/or applied anthropology. They were followed by an array of international visitors and art dealers. Both dissension and cooperation characterize the interaction between global agents constructing the Maithil transnational field. In the early 1970s a nexus existed between Indian government institutions and international mediators, generating the construction of a now transnational field especially focused on Mithila paintings. After 1976, this transnational cultural field grew more autonomous from the national-state-centered cultural, political, and economical fields, because of the disengagement of Indian government institutions, contributed to the emergence of a non-governmental internationalization of the Maithil art scene via structures like the MCAM (Master Craftsmen Association of Mithila), the EAF (Ethnic Arts Foundation and still later the Mithila Art Institute).