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Purpose
The purpose of this study is to modify the gravity model to identify the main determinants of the European Union (EU) bank lending to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries during 1994-2012.


Design/methodology/approach
This study uses both two-stage least squares and dynamic generalized method of moments to estimate the modified gravity model.


Findings
This study finds that the CEE countries with more developed stock markets have received the higher EU bank lending inflows. The EU banks have greater access to additional financing in the stock markets. Second, the higher stock market difference between the CEE and EU countries has boosted the EU bank lending. Compared to the developed EU stock markets, the less developed CEE stock markets have become more favorable to the EU banks seeking to earn higher profits.


Research limitations/implications
The CEE countries can further boost the EU bank lending inflows through deepening capital liberalization. They should facilitate easy foreign bank entry by reducing excessive bank legislations and regulations. Moreover, they can promote the EU bank lending through substantial EU bank integration. This can accelerate the major bank reform which would facilitate better bank supervision and regulations.


Originality/value
Most previous studies have primarily used the macroeconomic and institutional factors to explain the EU bank lending. In contrast, this study explores the growing importance of the CEE financial development and bilateral trade in explaining the EU bank lending.

In the current era of globalization, a clean environment remains a crucial factor for the health of the population. Thus, improving air quality is a major focus of environmental policies, as it affects all aspects of nature, including humans. For these reasons, it is appropriate to take into account the health risks posed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released into the atmosphere. With regard to global GHG emissions, there are concerns about the loss of protection of the ozone layer and it is very likely that climate change can be expected, which multiplies the environmental threat and has potentially serious global consequences. In this regard, it is important to pay increased attention to emissions that enter the atmosphere, which include countless toxic substances. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between selected GHG emissions and the health of the European Union (EU) population represented by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). This aim was achieved using several analytical procedures (descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and panel regression analysis), which included five environmental variables (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) in CO2 equivalent, nitrous oxide (N2O) in CO2 equivalent, hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) in CO2 equivalent, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in CO2 equivalent) and one health variable (DALYs). An emphasis was placed on the use of quantitative methods. The results showed that CO2 emissions have a dominant position among selected GHG emissions. The revealed positive link between CO2 and DALYs indicated that a decrease in CO2 may be associated with a decrease in DALYs, but it is also true that this cannot be done without reducing emissions of other combustion products. In terms of CO2, the least positive scores were observed in Luxembourg and Estonia. Germany had the lowest score of DALYs, representing the most positive health outcome in the EU. In terms of total GHG emissions, Ireland and Luxembourg were considered to be less positive ...

This book discusses the change of five important institutional rules of decision-making in the European Union and proposes a general explanation of long-term institutional change which is also applicable for the change of decision-making rules beyond Europe

The most significant phenomenon occurring around us today is the European crisis. As well as being a "total social phenomenon" as classical French sociologist ́Emile Durkheim would have said, it also affects all the levels of our lives-be they political, economic, cultural or social. Nothing remains untouched. In other words, it represents a "perfect storm".This volume brings together the contributions of twenty authors, scientists from the "Ion I.C. Bræatianu" Institute of Political Sciences and International Relations of the Romanian Academy, in response to this challenge. Using an expression

'European Integration' outlines in empirical detail the mysteries and paradoxes of European integration. It challenges the convention of studying individual aspects of EU policymaking in isolation from the wider whole and situates the EU within the broader conceptual universe of the changing nature of the state in Europe

This book demonstrates that a federal Europe is not a serious threat to the survival of the nation-state. Essential reading for all those interested in European federalism, European politics and the history of the EU.

Award date: 31 December 1994 ; Supervisor: Prof. R. Dehousse ; First published online: 28 July 2016

Published in 1997, this book traces the development of European Food Aid Policy from its inception in the 1960s through to the 1990s. This covers the change from a surplus disposal programme in the early days to the present policy. The European Food Aid Policy is one of the few areas of development policy that is European rather than national in character. John Cathie therefore also examines the links forged with non-governmental organizations at an international level, for food aid and humanitarian operations.

With trade in industrial products between the EU and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) now essentially free of tariff and non-tariff restrictions, the principal impact of accession to the EU on trade flows will be through access to the single market of the EU. A key element of this will be the removal of technical barriers to trade. In this article we try to highlight the potential importance of technical barriers to trade between the EU and the various CEECs, distinguishing between sectors according to the different approaches to the removal of these barriers in the EU: mutual recognition, detailed harmonization (old approach) and minimum requirements (new approach). We use two sources of information on technical regulations: a sectoral classification from a previous study of the impact of the single market and our own detailed translation of EU product-related directives into the relevant tariff codes. The analysis suggests that the importance of technical barriers varies considerably across the CEECs. The adjustment implications of access to the single market are likely to be greatest for those most advanced in their accession negotiations. (Journal of Common Market Studies / FUB)

"How do young people construct their identities in the complexity of their own country, belonging to the European Union, and being part of global society? This book is based on a unique empirical study of a thousand young people, aged between eleven and nineteen, from fifteen European countries. Covering East European states that joined the EU between 2004 and 2008, and the candidate states of Macedonia, Turkey, Iceland and Croatia, the complex interwoven narratives of young Europeans present an intricate and intriguing analysis of how identities are constructed. Alistair Ross offers a significant original contribution to the literature on identities, providing a wealth of cross-national data and a wide range of significant theoretical possibilities across a group of related disciplinary areas. Fluid narratives of the self are shown to constitute a rich pattern that varies and modifies as it is seen through the different lenses of national culture, European institutions, and of outsiders. Themes explored include: - the construction of identity - the ability to express multiple identities - agency and liminality - what being a European might mean - an emerging sense of contemporary nationalism and patriotism. This book explains how young people frame their identities, drawing on discourses of culture and society and constructing them through interchanges with friends, family and the media. It will be of interest to academics and researchers in the fields of political sociology, education, European studies, and ethnicity and identity studies."--

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is an explanation of an independency or dependency of particular countries of the European Union on food imports in spite of the fact that EU is net exporter of food. Moreover, the author considers an influence of the coronavirus pandemic on changes of positions of particular EU member-countries in the international trade of food, drinks and tobacco (named food in this article). ; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The design is finding the influence of the recession of 2020 caused by the corona pandemic on changes of food exports and imports of particular EU countries and perspectives. The research method is a describing political-economic analysis that bases on statistical data. The approach covers a description of relatively stable positions of particular EU countries in international trade of food including importance of food in their exports and imports of all products. ; FINDINGS: There were ten net exporters in food in EU in 2016. Most important of them were, The Netherlands, Spain, Poland, France, and Denmark. The first four countries did not change their positions in 2016-2019. However, the quantity of EU net exporters rose to thirteen countries in 2019. EU food surplus increased in spite of the pandemic and recession in 2020. Spain and Poland increased their food trade surplus in 2020 significantly. Britain, the first EU net importer in food leaved European Union on 31 January 2020. Germany advanced from second to first position of the EU net importer of food in 2020. The corona virus pandemic in 2020 did not cause big changes on the position of EU net exporters and had a small influence on the EU international trade in food. ; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The result can be considered to elaborate the short-term and longterm EU agricultural and trade policy. ; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Original research paper. ; peer-reviewed

1. Introduction -- Jack Beatson and Takis Tridimas -- 2. Member State Liability in Damages for Breach of Community Law: An Assessment of the Case Law -- Takis Tridimas -- 3. Taking Article 215(2) EC Seriously -- Walter van Gerven -- 4. State Liability in Damages following Factortame III: A Remedy Seen in Context -- Peter Oliver -- 5. Liability of Member States in Damages and the Community System of Remedies -- Piet Eeckhout -- 6. The Domestic Liability of Public Authorities in Damages: Lessons from the European Community? -- Paul Craig -- 7. Rebirth of the Innominate Tort? -- Mark Hoskins -- 8. Give and Take: Cross-Fertilisation of Concepts in Constitutional Law -- Eivind Smith -- 9. The Constitution and the Justification of Judicial Power -- Ivan Hare -- 10. Developments in Italian Administrative Law through Cross-fertilisation -- Luisa Torchia -- 11. Mechanisms for Cross-fertilisation of Administrative Law in Europe -- John Bell -- 12. Transplantation and Cross-fertilisation in European Public Law -- John W. F. Allison -- 13. Epilogue: Recent Developments in the Law relating to State Liability in Damages -- Takis Tridimas

Contemporary common characteristics of education in European Union countries were studied in the article. Main topics such as educational objectives, curriculum, teacher training and work in class were studied. Also ways of psychological, emotional, educational and vocational assistance for pupils in these countries were under review. Some important comparisons accordingly to Lithuania education could be done but it requires a special investigation. ; Europos Sąjungai (ES) priklauso gana skirtingos savo istorija, socialiniu ir ekonominiu lygiu bei švietimo tradicijomis ir laimėjimais. Pastaruoju metu jos vis labiau telkia pastangas ieškodamos bendrų sprendimų aktualiosioms vaikų ir jaunimo ugdymo problemoms spręsti. Straipsnyje apžvelgiamos bendriausios pastarųjų poros dešimtmečių švietimo kaitos ypatybės ir tendencijos ES šalyse. Ypač daug dėmesio skiriama švietimo tikslų, mokymo turinio, mokytojų veiklos ir rengimo, bei pagalbos moksleiviams klausimams.