Suchergebnisse

Services sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. It contributes more than half of the GDP and has substantial share in country's exports and employment. In this study we evaluated the factors affecting services sector output growth using annual data from 1975 to 2014 and ARDL method of estimation. Pakistan's break up in two wings in December, 1971 and availability of data on most of the variables after 1975 determined the choice of sample period. Results show foreign trade, government expenditures, market size and population growth are the relevant determinants of services sector output growth in long run. In short run, services sector growth is affected by foreign trade and personal remittances. Diagnostic tests show absence of serial correlation and parameter stability. Based on estimated results, it is recommended that relevant authorities should implement policies that increase services sector output growth if they intend to augment overall economic growth of the country.

The purposes of this study are to determine Turkish students' attitudes towards products imported from countries that Turkey has political and economic crisis, and understand their buying behavior from animosity, boycott and ethnocentrism perspectives. Analyzing these concepts and determining their attitudes towards foreign products will provide useful information about Turkish students markets and help international/global marketing manager to develop their marketing mix, especially for promotion mix strategies. The survey was conducted at Pamukkale University, Denizli- Turkey with 394 students. The relationship between attitudes towards importing foreign products and purchase intention are high, and Turkish student animosity and ethnocentrism are considered to have an influence on the perception of foreign products. Crisis and ethnocentrism are found as the most two important determinants to buy international products imported from countries that Turkey has politic/economic problems. Foreign companies that export their products or manufactured in Turkey should use adaptation strategies in order to decrease Turkish students' ethnocentrism.

Conceptually linking product adding and dropping to business cycles goes back to at least Shumpeter. We examine the effects of shocks to aggregate productivity, foreign demand, government expenditures, and demand for foreign liquidity on the dynamics of products of heterogeneous firms. Our structural empirical specifications connecting macroeconomic shocks to product dynamics are based on a neoclassical dynamic general equilibrium model (Dekle, Kiyotaki, and Jeong, 2014). We first construct unique firm level data on products and exports from the Japanese Census of Manufactures. The data are more disaggregated than comparable U.S. data and available at the annual frequency (while U.S. product level data are only available at five year intervals), which makes our data more suitable for examining the interaction between the business cycle and firm-product dynamics. We find that positive macroeconomic shocks in total factor productivity, government demand, and real exchange rates strongly increase the number of products.

"Three years after the death of Hugo Chávez, the 'Bolivarian Revolution' in Venezuela has plunged into the deepest crisis in its 17-year history. After winning a two-third majority of Congress in the parliamentary elections late last year, the country´s right-wing opposition is now pushing for the ouster of President Nicolás Maduro via a recall referendum. The main reason for the election results is Venezuela´s deepening socio-economic crisis. Hyperinflation, food shortages, water- supply problems, electricity rationing and rising crime make everyday life increasingly burdensome for the majority of the population. The article argues that Venezuela's two main economic problems - hyperinflation and shortages - need to be analyzed against the backdrop of the deepening of the extractive and export-oriented model of accumulation under Chavismo, the failure to develop an alternative, non-capitalist economy and the ongoing political destabilization campaign launched by the country´s oligarchy and its international allies." (author's abstract)

This article relates changes in higher education (HE) and research in East Asian societies to recent trends in political economy and, in particular, the reorientation of developmental states (DSs) in the region. The DS is oriented to catch-up competitiveness and, as the horizon of development shifts, so do its appropriate institutional forms and strategies. Catch-up competitiveness is guided by economic imaginaries, often linked to geoeconomic, geopolitical, and broader societal imaginaries, whose hegemony depends on particular discursive and disciplinary practices. The shift in the roles of HE and research is related to the reorientation of DSs from export-oriented, investment-led growth to knowledge-intensive, investment-led growth, supplemented in some cases by efforts to create international financial hubs to exploit a global trend towards financialisation. These themes are explored through comparison of selected East Asian economies/societies. The article ends with some general conclusions about the state's continuing role in HE and its internationalisation in the region.

Australia's lacklustre economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an antitrade, antiprimary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sectoral assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. Also, the changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programmes in that period. While the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries.

Australia's lacklustre economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an antitrade, antiprimary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sectoral assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. Also, the changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programmes in that period. While the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries.

Our ethnographic research focuses on the perception and use of components of the natural environment in terms of routine activities carried out by the residents of a rural community in the Calchaqui Valley (Salta, Argentina). Life in this community is characterised by the presence of traditional subsistence activities – agriculture, cattle farming, textile manufacturing and ancestral medical practices – coexisting with business ventures focused on monoculture and export, tourism centred on landscape intervention and promotion of native products, and the growing key role of public policies in the areas of health and human development. In this context, a joint reflection on viability and sustainability of local and global practices and resources must be undertaken. Implementing intersectoral forums and focus-group discussions, governmental and non-governmental actors, researchers and local people must work conjointly to achieve a fresh patrimonial awareness of livelihood strategies based on their long interaction with a specific environment. ; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

PUBLISHED ; Cited By :1 Export Date: 6 January 2017 ; The FASTSUM collaboration has been carrying out simulations of N f = 2 + 1 QCD at nonzero temperature in the fixed-scale approach using anisotropic lattices. Here we present the status of these studies, including recent results for electrical conductivity and charge diffusion, and heavy quarkonium (charm and beauty) physics. ; This work is undertaken as part of the UKQCD collaboration and the STFC funded DiRAC Facility. We acknowl- edge the PRACE grants 2011040469 and Pra05_1129, European Union Grant Agreement number 238353 (ITN STRONGnet), the Irish Centre for High-End Computing, SFI grants 08-RFP-PHY1462 (JIS) and 11-RFP.1-PHY- 3201 (TH and SMR), IRC (AK), Swansea University (AA), STFC, the Wolfson Foundation (GA), the Royal Society (GA), the Leverhulme Trust (GA and CA), SNF grant PZ00P2?142523 (YB) and the Research Foundation of Korea, grant No. 2010-002219 (SK) for support.

В статье выделены и систематизированы основные факторы влияния на формирование цен на сахар, среди которых: располагаемый доход населения, уровень инфляции, уровень безработицы, экспорт, импорт, урожайность сахарной свеклы, природно-климатические условия, производство сахара, наличие сахароперерабатывающих заводов, материально-техническое обеспечение предприятий-производителей, наличие предприятий-потребителей, создание искусственного спроса, государственная политика относительно ценообразования, налоговая политика. Обоснована степень влияния на формирование цены на сахар каждого из приведенных факторов, показана их взаимозависимость. ; The main factors influencing the formation of prices for sugar are highlighted and systematized in the article. They include: income per capita, inflation rate, unemployment rate, exports, imports, harvest of the sugar beet, environment and climate conditions, availability of sugar production factories, material and technical provision of the sugar producers', availability of the enterprisers-consumers, creation of artificial demand, governmental pricing policy, tax policy. The level of influence on the formation of sugar prices of each of these factors is shown and interdependence is observed.

This article rethinks the presumed translatability of the World Health Organization's (WHO) health promotion models and explores the unintended consequences of their global export. Specifically, I focus on the Thai military government's adoption (2006–2008) of the Health in All Policies (HiAP) initiative, which redefined health outcomes as the standard universal measure against which the success of national public policy ought to be evaluated. Through my fieldwork at state-owned Thai health organizations, I track how a dharmic concept of wisdom (panya), one that links the capacity to make healthy choices with differential levels of enlightenment, undergirds the Thai adoption of HiAP, with political implications that are unrepresentable in nondharmic political worlds. I analyze the ramifications of framing a political intervention within the apolitical bioscientific register of medical necessity, and explore the effect that global health movements have on the status of political legitimacy and national political conflicts.

This paper analyses the collective action of the pressure groups in favour of a commercial liberalization during the consolidation of the representative regime. Specifically, it analyses the mobilization of one important exporter group in the Spanish economy -sherry wine exporters- and Cádiz bay merchants, during the first attempt of tariff reform of the liberal regime. Through the study of parliamentarian debates, government documents, economic agents' files, press and diplomatic documentation, it is analysed the means and results of the collective action of exporters and merchants. They defended .a commercial liberalization in order to increase their sales in the foreign markets. They attempted to construct a political coalition in order to change the tariff law with two main aims: Repeal of the ban .to import cotton and the signing of a commercial treaty with Great Britain. Finally, the results of their campaign according to structural and political factors are analysed too.

The oil and gas sector plays a crucial role in the Norwegian economy. It accounts for a very large proportion of gross domestic product, government revenues, investment and exports. A sharp fall in oil prices has had a significant impact on the economy and focused great attention on the cost side of the sector. Enhancing cost efficiency and curbing cost overruns now top the agenda. It is not difficult to find examples of projects suffering extensive cost overruns. What factors underlie these overruns? Media coverage might easily give the impression that Norway's oil and gas sector is suffering from a lack of ability and competence to plan and execute projects to budget. Is this reputation deserved? Does the oil sector perform more poorly in Norway than in other producer nations? Can we see learning effects? How do the Norwegian and the international oil industry compare with other industries with respect to cost performance?

Recent decades have seen an expansion in EU-China relations. While this phenomenon has been examined extensively in the existing literature, bilateral interactions in the social field remain largely unexplained. This article investigates the evolution of the social dimension in EU-China relations and finds that social issues receive little attention until the mid-1990s, but increase in importance thereafter. To explore this phenomenon, we found both explanatory power and limits in the 'normative power Europe' versus the 'pragmatic power Europe' perspectives. Pragmatic concerns help to explain why social issues have become more closely linked to economic than to political ties. Yet they fail to account for the EU's relatively successful export of social security norms to China. The European Union's (EU's) normative power could be enhanced rather than inevitably threatened by China's rapid development. Analysing the social dimension also throws light on the complexity of the EU-China relationship; a complexity that is largely ignored by existing observations.

China's Labor Contract Law came into force on January 1, 2008. One of several important legislative acts aimed at improving the processing of labor grievances through mediation, arbitration, and litigation, and averting collective labor protest, it provides that all employed persons must work under written individual employment contracts. We evaluate the legislation's impact nationally and by province for the years before and after the law's adoption. Observing that the law's effect varied substantially across provinces, we estimate the effects of the law, controlling for time, development level, export intensity, and migrant labor share, on the volume of disputes by province using a cross-sectional time series design. We also examine the law's impact on the incidence of collective disputes and the grounds for disputes. We find that the law significantly increased the volume of labor disputes, raising questions about the relative costliness of the government's strategy for managing employment relations.