International audience ; Nadine Wanono, a CNRS researcher and co-founder of the scientific and artistic event Digital Anthropologies, shares her experience and observations as anthropologist-filmmaker on "The place of creation as an element of dialogue between science, digital art and social uses. " In the furrow of Jean Rouch, her research focuses on the links between art and anthropology or the links between sociology, exact and experimental sciences. Closely linked, gestures and techniques constitute modes of access to the world, to the knowledge of its forms of life and to its ethical and political questions, which particularly meet the objects and the approaches of human and social sciences. The researcher considers in her article that visual methods must adapt to the complexity of the ethnographic phenomena that we see in our digital worlds. She particularly questions the role and the place of the technical device as a tool for the production of the ethnographic film and defends the heuristic status of the programming language in the ethnographic approach. The latter emerges what she invites us to consider as the non-linear narrative forms of the "fictional machine"in order to develop transversal processes of singularity and to favor an individual and collective "production of subjectivity" that will never disregard "machinic systems" which traverse it on all sides.In this perspective, she concludes with all the discussion that has been raised in this work on the digital worlds and the visual methods which allow to observe them and opens up a whole new questioning on our "innovative approaches in which the forms of artistic expressions would be an integral part of the forms of rendition". ; Nadine Wanono, investigadora en el CNRS y co-fundadora de la expresión científica y artística Antropologías Digitales, nos comparte su experiencia y sus observaciones como antropóloga cineasta sobre «El lugar de creación como elemento de diálogo entre ciencias, artes digitales y usos sociales». Siguiendo la estela de Jean Rouch, sus investigaciones se concentran en los lazos entre arte y antropología, o incluso entre sociología, ciencias exactas y experimentales. Íntimamente ligados, gestos y técnicas constituyen modos de acceso al mundo, al conocimiento de sus formas de vida como a sus posturas éticas y políticas, que se encuentran particularmente en los objetos y los pasos que toman las ciencias humanas y sociales. La investigadora considera destacablemente en su artículo que los métodos visuales deben adaptarse a la complejidad de los fenómenos etnográficos observable en nuestros mundos digitales. Se cuestiona sobre el papel y el lugar de los dispositivos tecnológicos como herramientas de producción del film etnográfico y defiende el estatuto heurístico del lenguaje de programación en el recorrido etnográfico. Esto último hace emerger lo que se considera como formas narrativas no lineales de la «máquina de ficción» con el fin de desarrollar procesos de singularización transversal y favorecer una «producción de subjetividad» individual y colectiva, que jamás harán caso omiso de los «sistemas digitales» que lo atraviesan por todas partes. Se cierra así, con esta puesta en perspectiva, la discusión que se levanta en esta obra sobre los mundos digitales y los métodos visuales que permiten observarlos y se lanza un arsenal de cuestiones sobre nuestros «pasos innovadores o las formas de expresión artística que serán partes integrales de las formas de restitución». ; Nadine Wanono, chercheure au CNRS et co-fondatrice de la manifestation scientifique et artistique Anthropologies Numériques, nous fait partager son expérience et ses observations d'anthropologue cinéaste sur «la place de la création comme élément de dialogue entre sciences, art numériques et usages sociaux».Dans le sillon de Jean Rouch, ses recherches se concentrent sur les liens entre art et anthropologie ou encore les liens entre sociologie, sciences exactes et expérimentales. Intimement liés, gestes et techniques constituent des modes d'accès au monde, à la connaissance de ses formes de vie comme à ses mises en question éthiques et politiques, qui rencontrent tout particulièrement les objets et les démarches des sciences humaines et sociales. La chercheure considère notamment dans son article que les méthodes visuelles doivent s'adapter à la complexité des phénomènes ethnographiques observables dans nos mondes digitaux. Elle s'interroge tout particulièrement sur le rôle et la place du dispositif technique en tant qu'outil de production du film ethnographique et défend le statut heuristique du langage de programmation dans la démarche ethnographique. Ce dernier faisant émerger ce qu'elle invite à considérer comme les formes narratives non linéaires de la «machine fictionnante» afin de développer des processus de singularisation transversaux et favoriser une «production de subjectivité» individuelle et collective, qui ne feront jamais abstraction des « systèmes machiniques» qui la traversent de toutes parts. Elle clôt ainsi, par cette mise en perspective, toute la discussion qu'on a soulevée soulever dans cet ouvrage sur les mondes digitaux et les méthodes visuelles permettant de les observer et ouvre tout un questionnement à venir sur nos «démarches innovantes où les formes d'expressions artistiques seraient parties intégrantes des formes de restitutions».
International audience ; Nadine Wanono, a CNRS researcher and co-founder of the scientific and artistic event Digital Anthropologies, shares her experience and observations as anthropologist-filmmaker on "The place of creation as an element of dialogue between science, digital art and social uses. " In the furrow of Jean Rouch, her research focuses on the links between art and anthropology or the links between sociology, exact and experimental sciences. Closely linked, gestures and techniques constitute modes of access to the world, to the knowledge of its forms of life and to its ethical and political questions, which particularly meet the objects and the approaches of human and social sciences. The researcher considers in her article that visual methods must adapt to the complexity of the ethnographic phenomena that we see in our digital worlds. She particularly questions the role and the place of the technical device as a tool for the production of the ethnographic film and defends the heuristic status of the programming language in the ethnographic approach. The latter emerges what she invites us to consider as the non-linear narrative forms of the "fictional machine"in order to develop transversal processes of singularity and to favor an individual and collective "production of subjectivity" that will never disregard "machinic systems" which traverse it on all sides.In this perspective, she concludes with all the discussion that has been raised in this work on the digital worlds and the visual methods which allow to observe them and opens up a whole new questioning on our "innovative approaches in which the forms of artistic expressions would be an integral part of the forms of rendition". ; Nadine Wanono, investigadora en el CNRS y co-fundadora de la expresión científica y artística Antropologías Digitales, nos comparte su experiencia y sus observaciones como antropóloga cineasta sobre «El lugar de creación como elemento de diálogo entre ciencias, artes digitales y usos sociales». Siguiendo la estela de Jean Rouch, sus investigaciones se concentran en los lazos entre arte y antropología, o incluso entre sociología, ciencias exactas y experimentales. Íntimamente ligados, gestos y técnicas constituyen modos de acceso al mundo, al conocimiento de sus formas de vida como a sus posturas éticas y políticas, que se encuentran particularmente en los objetos y los pasos que toman las ciencias humanas y sociales. La investigadora considera destacablemente en su artículo que los métodos visuales deben adaptarse a la complejidad de los fenómenos etnográficos observable en nuestros mundos digitales. Se cuestiona sobre el papel y el lugar de los dispositivos tecnológicos como herramientas de producción del film etnográfico y defiende el estatuto heurístico del lenguaje de programación en el recorrido etnográfico. Esto último hace emerger lo que se considera como formas narrativas no lineales de la «máquina de ficción» con el fin de desarrollar procesos de singularización transversal y favorecer una «producción de subjetividad» individual y colectiva, que jamás harán caso omiso de los «sistemas digitales» que lo atraviesan por todas partes. Se cierra así, con esta puesta en perspectiva, la discusión que se levanta en esta obra sobre los mundos digitales y los métodos visuales que permiten observarlos y se lanza un arsenal de cuestiones sobre nuestros «pasos innovadores o las formas de expresión artística que serán partes integrales de las formas de restitución». ; Nadine Wanono, chercheure au CNRS et co-fondatrice de la manifestation scientifique et artistique Anthropologies Numériques, nous fait partager son expérience et ses observations d'anthropologue cinéaste sur «la place de la création comme élément de dialogue entre sciences, art numériques et usages sociaux».Dans le sillon de Jean Rouch, ses recherches se concentrent sur les liens entre art et anthropologie ou encore les liens entre sociologie, sciences exactes et expérimentales. Intimement liés, gestes et techniques constituent des modes d'accès au monde, à la connaissance de ses formes de vie comme à ses mises en question éthiques et politiques, qui rencontrent tout particulièrement les objets et les démarches des sciences humaines et sociales. La chercheure considère notamment dans son article que les méthodes visuelles doivent s'adapter à la complexité des phénomènes ethnographiques observables dans nos mondes digitaux. Elle s'interroge tout particulièrement sur le rôle et la place du dispositif technique en tant qu'outil de production du film ethnographique et défend le statut heuristique du langage de programmation dans la démarche ethnographique. Ce dernier faisant émerger ce qu'elle invite à considérer comme les formes narratives non linéaires de la «machine fictionnante» afin de développer des processus de singularisation transversaux et favoriser une «production de subjectivité» individuelle et collective, qui ne feront jamais abstraction des « systèmes machiniques» qui la traversent de toutes parts. Elle clôt ainsi, par cette mise en perspective, toute la discussion qu'on a soulevée soulever dans cet ouvrage sur les mondes digitaux et les méthodes visuelles permettant de les observer et ouvre tout un questionnement à venir sur nos «démarches innovantes où les formes d'expressions artistiques seraient parties intégrantes des formes de restitutions».
Turkey's modernization process has been heavily influenced by the strong will and idealistic ambition of the Turkish state to ensure progress and development since the inception of the country in 1923, or even earlier, since the first modernization attempts of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. Elevating the whole nation to the level of "contemporary civilizations," which was perceived as the level and standards of the West, and ensuring integration and homogenization in political, economic, social, and cultural spheres at the national level have been indispensable principles of this process. For this reason, dispersing the population and services throughout the country and reducing the long-standing disparities between inner and coastal as well as eastern and western regions have also been crucial for the state to fulfill its regional policy and modernization goals and objectives. Even though a wide range of modernizing reforms and development policies were implemented and many development plans, programs, and projects were formulated to this end since the 1920s, arguably Southeastern Anatolia Project (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) has been the most ambitious and sensational project in this regard. GAP was initiated in long "underdeveloped" Southeastern Anatolia Region–or GAP region–in the 1970s as a technical project primarily to produce energy and irrigate lands through constructing plenty of dams and hydroelectric power plants on Euphrates and Tigris. In time, however, the focus, scope, and character of GAP have undergone significant changes and the project has evolved into a bolder scheme to reorder and transform the political, social, economic, and cultural landscape of GAP region and reshape the mindset and behaviors of its local population. Even though the advancement of GAP increased the influence of the project on GAP region and led to positive development outcomes such as increase in agricultural production and per capita income over time, it also led to controversy, unintended consequences, and contestation on different fronts. The mismatch of visions, aspirations, and expectations between the architects of GAP and the local population never ceased to exist. The negative environmental and social impacts and drawbacks of the project were also subjected to wide criticism. Despite these, the project was not only constantly redefined, repackaged, and reintroduced as a solution to socio-economic and socio-political problems of GAP region, but also given a "special" or "untouchable" status that prevented the questioning of its rationale, raison d'etre, modus operandi, and similar deeper and often overlooked aspects. Also, GAP was rarely examined in the light of critical development approaches and especially the concept of depoliticization, both of which question the "neutral" and "non-political" nature of development and concentrate on contestation and power relations created or altered by development. Discursive constructions and perceptions of the architects of GAP and their implications were also largely overlooked. The project remained mostly unpacked and many questions as to what it used to be in the past, has recently become, and would look like in the future; why it was initiated; and how it was initiated remained uncontested in the literature. This study fills this important research gap and examines through what kind of discursive and material practices politicians, bureaucrats, experts, intellectuals, and other elite groups of the Turkish state have shaped the design and implementation of GAP. Based on written and spoken texts on GAP such as parliamentary proceedings between 1975 and 2014, archival resources of GAP Regional Development Administration, and 64 semi-structured interviews with the representatives of various governmental and non-governmental institutions, the study examines GAP's rationale, vocabulary, assumptions, constructions, and mechanisms. In the theoretical guidance of critical development approaches and depoliticization and methodological guidance of post-positivist discourse analysis and qualitative content analysis methods, the study demystifies the project and demonstrates how it could remain rarely problematized and retain its "sanctified" position, which was supposedly "above" and "beyond" politics. Finally, based on the empirical findings, the study introduces and discusses a number of illuminating inferences on the concept of development in general and GAP in particular. The study comprises eight chapters that are subdivided into four parts. The first part, "Introduction," comprises the introduction chapter followed by the theoretical framework and methodology of the study (Chapter 1, 2, & 3). The second part, "Background and Literature Review," comprises one chapter (Chapter 4) and provides the history of modernization and development efforts of the Turkish state since the Ottoman period in the 19th century, distinct characteristics of Southeastern Anatolia Region, and a comprehensive and systematic literature review on GAP. The third part, "Empirical Analysis," comprises three chapters that examine the historical trajectory of GAP and oscillations in its governance since its inception (Chapter 5); what kind of sources gave impetus to the initiation of GAP and how it has been rationalized in more than four decades (Chapter 6); and the sources and forms of depoliticization in the overall GAP framework and how GAP and depoliticization have related to each other (Chapter 7). The fourth part, "Conclusion," comprises one concluding chapter (Chapter 8) that summarizes the study, identifies the major inferences drawn from the study about development and GAP, explains the implications of the study on GAP and development practice, and points to future research directions that can complement the study and initiate new research avenues in the relevant literature.
International audience ; Nadine Wanono, a CNRS researcher and co-founder of the scientific and artistic event Digital Anthropologies, shares her experience and observations as anthropologist-filmmaker on "The place of creation as an element of dialogue between science, digital art and social uses. " In the furrow of Jean Rouch, her research focuses on the links between art and anthropology or the links between sociology, exact and experimental sciences. Closely linked, gestures and techniques constitute modes of access to the world, to the knowledge of its forms of life and to its ethical and political questions, which particularly meet the objects and the approaches of human and social sciences. The researcher considers in her article that visual methods must adapt to the complexity of the ethnographic phenomena that we see in our digital worlds. She particularly questions the role and the place of the technical device as a tool for the production of the ethnographic film and defends the heuristic status of the programming language in the ethnographic approach. The latter emerges what she invites us to consider as the non-linear narrative forms of the "fictional machine"in order to develop transversal processes of singularity and to favor an individual and collective "production of subjectivity" that will never disregard "machinic systems" which traverse it on all sides.In this perspective, she concludes with all the discussion that has been raised in this work on the digital worlds and the visual methods which allow to observe them and opens up a whole new questioning on our "innovative approaches in which the forms of artistic expressions would be an integral part of the forms of rendition". ; Nadine Wanono, investigadora en el CNRS y co-fundadora de la expresión científica y artística Antropologías Digitales, nos comparte su experiencia y sus observaciones como antropóloga cineasta sobre «El lugar de creación como elemento de diálogo entre ciencias, artes digitales y usos sociales». Siguiendo la estela de Jean Rouch, sus investigaciones se concentran en los lazos entre arte y antropología, o incluso entre sociología, ciencias exactas y experimentales. Íntimamente ligados, gestos y técnicas constituyen modos de acceso al mundo, al conocimiento de sus formas de vida como a sus posturas éticas y políticas, que se encuentran particularmente en los objetos y los pasos que toman las ciencias humanas y sociales. La investigadora considera destacablemente en su artículo que los métodos visuales deben adaptarse a la complejidad de los fenómenos etnográficos observable en nuestros mundos digitales. Se cuestiona sobre el papel y el lugar de los dispositivos tecnológicos como herramientas de producción del film etnográfico y defiende el estatuto heurístico del lenguaje de programación en el recorrido etnográfico. Esto último hace emerger lo que se considera como formas narrativas no lineales de la «máquina de ficción» con el fin de desarrollar procesos de singularización transversal y favorecer una «producción de subjetividad» individual y colectiva, que jamás harán caso omiso de los «sistemas digitales» que lo atraviesan por todas partes. Se cierra así, con esta puesta en perspectiva, la discusión que se levanta en esta obra sobre los mundos digitales y los métodos visuales que permiten observarlos y se lanza un arsenal de cuestiones sobre nuestros «pasos innovadores o las formas de expresión artística que serán partes integrales de las formas de restitución». ; Nadine Wanono, chercheure au CNRS et co-fondatrice de la manifestation scientifique et artistique Anthropologies Numériques, nous fait partager son expérience et ses observations d'anthropologue cinéaste sur «la place de la création comme élément de dialogue entre sciences, art numériques et usages sociaux».Dans le sillon de Jean Rouch, ses recherches se concentrent sur les liens entre art et anthropologie ou encore les liens entre sociologie, sciences exactes et expérimentales. Intimement liés, gestes et techniques constituent des modes d'accès au monde, à la connaissance de ses formes de vie comme à ses mises en question éthiques et politiques, qui rencontrent tout particulièrement les objets et les démarches des sciences humaines et sociales. La chercheure considère notamment dans son article que les méthodes visuelles doivent s'adapter à la complexité des phénomènes ethnographiques observables dans nos mondes digitaux. Elle s'interroge tout particulièrement sur le rôle et la place du dispositif technique en tant qu'outil de production du film ethnographique et défend le statut heuristique du langage de programmation dans la démarche ethnographique. Ce dernier faisant émerger ce qu'elle invite à considérer comme les formes narratives non linéaires de la «machine fictionnante» afin de développer des processus de singularisation transversaux et favoriser une «production de subjectivité» individuelle et collective, qui ne feront jamais abstraction des « systèmes machiniques» qui la traversent de toutes parts. Elle clôt ainsi, par cette mise en perspective, toute la discussion qu'on a soulevée soulever dans cet ouvrage sur les mondes digitaux et les méthodes visuelles permettant de les observer et ouvre tout un questionnement à venir sur nos «démarches innovantes où les formes d'expressions artistiques seraient parties intégrantes des formes de restitutions».
The analysis covered the following issues: (1) the powers and competencies of provincial voivodship governments regarding offering a "projection draft to plan the supply of heat, electricity, and gas fuel" (energy supply plan), (2) coordination between provincial government and municipalities regarding energy supply and production, (3) provincial ensurance of complicity of energy supply plans for municipalities to the energy policies of the state, (4) municipal energy supply and consumption, (5) planning and financing lighting by municipalities, (6) municipal endeavors in the field of energy efficiency. In the presentation of the issues of local energy policy conducted by provincial and municipal governments, a broader study of the "projection drafts to plan the supply of heat, electricity, and gas fuel" was not taken into account, i.e. there was no analysis of its main structure, elements and complete implementation procedure. In this paper, the following research questions were addressed: (1) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the implementation of energy policy objectives in Poland? (2) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the achievement of objectives of local energy policy in Poland? The subsequent conclusions were assigned to particular questions: 1. Conclusions to the first question In literature, a frequently indicated problem is the status of the state energy policy as a document prepared by the Minister of Energy but adopted by the Council of Ministers. Accusations are also presented against the energy policies and the actions of energy policy related actions of politicians, parties, public institutions etc. Therefore, it seems appropriate to have more efforts be made by political actors in order to achieve greater coherence in political and institutional activities, as well as greater consistency between bills, which are directly and indirectly related to state energy legislation. Current legal regulations are insufficient because they are inefficient in regard to establishing strategic objectives and implementing the policies in the sphere of the energy technologies. A lack of accountability for the implementation of the state energy policy results in instrumental actions that are motivated by obligations to the European Union. Another negative factor is the influence of various interest groups, especially those connected to conventional energy technologies. The consequence of which is a lack of coherent vision or coordinated actions in the field of energy policy which would connect the central government with local authorities. When analyzing the subjective aspects of the state energy policy, the 2015 consolidation of energy-related departments into one distinguished Ministry of Energy should be considered. Poland's increasing commitments to the European Union in the field of energy and environmental protection require increased efficiency from the Ministry of Energy. Overlapping problems in the field of energy and environmental protection requires further consolidation of competences by the Ministry of Energy. Problems related to energy and environmental protection may also fall within the competences of the Ministry of the Environment. Unfortunately, subjective changes in the state energy policy at the central level have not affected local energy policy. 2. Conclusions to the second question The organizational weaknesses of the central energy policy also result in problems associated with effective energy policy at the local level. The main legal and institutional instruments of local energy policy, excluding "local government laws," are defined in the same chapter of the Energy Law Act, as requirements addressed to the Minister of Energy in the field of state energy policy. The main issues at the local level include: (1) ineffective instruments of the provincial government regarding the coordination of cooperation between municipal governments, (2) ineffective instruments and limited possibilities of the provincial governments regarding the verification of the compliance of municipal energy supply plans to the state energy policy, (3) lack of ability of the municipal governments to create comprehensive energy supply plans, (4) lack of ability of the municipal governments to comprehensively forecast energy consumption, (5) lack of ability of municipal governments to comprehensively assess the possibilities high-efficiency co-generated electricity and in energy efficient heating and cooling of the municipal territory. The low organizational potential of many municipal governments results in the creation and adoption of energy supply plans being dependent on information, documentation, studies, etc. from energy companies. In the absence of their own specialized staff, municipal governments are forced to use external services for such planning. This situation may give rise to suspicions regarding a conflict of interests occurring between the public and private spheres. ; The subject of analysis in this paper is the local energy policy of Poland in legal and institutional terms. The starting point for the analysis is the attempt to define the term "energy policy" and "local energy policy" on the basis of polish legal regulations. In the subsequent sections, the selected powers and competencies of provincial government and municipal government (local self-governing units) are presented in terms of energy supply and cooperation within the framework of local energy policy. The main research goal of the presented analysis is a synthetic study of local energy policy. To clarify the research problem, the following questions were indicated in paper: (1) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the implementation of energy policy objectives in Poland? (2) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the achievement of objectives of local energy policy in Poland? ; 11 ; 203 ; 216 ; Public Policy and Economic Development
Research on minority youth in industrialized societies such as the United States and South Korea usually strives to uncover discriminatory practices on the part of teachers and institutions and/or cognitive, linguistic, and cultural deficits on the part of the students. Because their presence in the education system can problematize the pedagogic status quo, minority youth are often treated as a "problem" that need to be remedied through more equitable pedagogies and more vigorous integration into society. Although globalization has added further complexity to the situation, research on minority youth in both the U.S. and Korea has reproduced deficit perspectives taking aim at them. Indeed, few research studies account for the ways in which globalization wields its impact on education and either closes down or opens up ways for minority children to view themselves.This dissertation investigates how marginalized Korean minority teenagers born from transnational marriages—socially and politically labeled as multicultural children—construct their identities as they cope with different languages and cultures in the context of globalization. Drawing on an ecological theoretical framework that captures the intersection of language, culture, and identity, I use multiple methods—namely, critical discourse analysis, hierarchical linear statistical modeling, and ethnographic analysis of embedded case studies—to explore (a) the manner in which Korean minority students of mixed parentage are portrayed by the media; (b) their performances and experiences of learning languages and cultures; and (c) their identities vis-à-vis language, culture, and the world.The study begins with the analysis of newspaper articles to illuminate the kinds of macro discourses related to "multicultural" families and children. I collected more than 5,000 newsprints published by the Hankyoreh, the Hankook Ilbo, and the Chosun Ilbo from 2009 to 2013. Using statistical analysis of large-scale, longitudinal data, I then explore how the level of Korean and English proficiency of "multicultural" teenagers compares to that of teenagers born to Korean mothers. Lastly, to substantiate "multicultural" adolescents' imagination, creativity, and agency in constructing their identities vis-à-vis language and culture, I employ ethnography of embedded case studies with a small number of adolescents born to immigrant mothers. This phase of the dissertation took place in Incheon, Korea. I followed six focal students, their families (particularly their Vietnamese, Chinese, and Filipina mothers), and schoolteachers across 2014. Largely four primary forms of data—fieldnotes produced from interactions and observations in the focal teenagers' homes and schools, audio recordings, interview transcripts, and the students' artifacts—were generated. These data were combined and analyzed in a multi-staged analysis. In the first stage, adopting critical discourse analysis, I grounded the analysis in words used by newspapers and assigned descriptive codes to a section of newspaper data. In the second stage, as a way to describe growth trajectories of "multicultural" students' and their peers' Korean and English proficiency over broad intervals of time, I used the linear growth curve model. In the third and final stage, through a combination of qualitative coding and discourse analysis, the data were used to understand how "multicultural" teenagers learned linguistic and cultural practices as they constructed personal, cultural, and academic identities. Findings deconstructed deficit perspectives on minority youth in Korea. At a macro level, "multicultural" families and children attracted varying characterizations from a marginalized group, to a threat, and to global human resources. These conflicting but simplified newspaper discourses reflected a particular mode of discrimination for "multicultural" children who were somehow not "Korean enough." Simultaneously, the statistical analysis results also revealed no language proficiency difference between "multicultural" youth and their peers. This finding refuted the fundamental assumption of the discourses about "multicultural" children, namely that their deficiency in Korean was responsible for numerous issues in society. At a micro level, the ethnographic component of this dissertation illustrated how the six focal teenagers, regardless of their situations and interests, found ways to use globalization to their own advantage in living with multiple languages and cultures and in constructing their identities. Specifically, building upon their outstanding academic performances in school and capitalizing their linguistic/cultural resources, Tayo and Sungho were establishing themselves as more competent and conscious members of society. Similarly, Jinsoo and Heedong visualized alternative places to live, study, and/or work around the world and were developing their identities as cosmopolitan citizens who would cross national boundaries freely and value solidarity as well as dialogues. Lastly, by navigating diverse channels to communicate with others (e.g., drawing, technology), Hayang and Artanis were growing up to be "multilingual" subjects who would strategically use various semiotic and artistic resources to make meaning.Through this study, I would ultimately argue that "multicultural" children are neither "minority" nor "multicultural"; but they are—or can be—elites, cosmopolitan citizens, and artistic multilingual subjects who can become contributing citizens in Korea and in the world. In this sense, one of the major implications of this dissertation is that if we are willing to "dig a little deeper" into the lives of these remarkable youth, we can resignify the unwarranted stereotypes from which they suffer, redefine constructs like "multicultural," and deconstruct ideologies of oppression that continue to haunt "minority" youth to this very day.
[spa] El objetivo principal de esta tesis viene definido por la necesidad objetiva de consolidar la memoria histórica sobre los abusos cometidos contra gais, lesbianas, transexuales y bisexuales en la dictadura franquista, extensiva a los primeros años de la llamada Transición, período convulso en el que se pacta una estrategia de olvido y perdón inadmisible décadas después, por tanto legítimamente susceptible de revisión. A estos efectos resulta pertinente la investigación y la presentación de las pruebas que demuestran el control, la represión y el encarcelamiento de numerosos miembros de este colectivo. La reeducación queda en un reproche moral y un etiquetaje, puesto que ese afán reeducativo carece de soporte material y presupuestario. Las metodologías que sirven a los fines de este trabajo son las cualitativas, reconociendo el vínculo entre el investigador y la materia de estudio, que implica la concurrencia en este trabajo de valores y de subjetivismo. Concretamente nos hemos servido de estas herramientas metodológicas: la metodología gay; la sociología jurídica, especialmente la referida al sexo y género; la genealogía de Foucault; la biopolítica.; el análisis del discurso; la desmitificación y la desjuridización, ambas propuestas críticas de la nueva defensa social; el conocimiento popular; las teorías del conflicto social; la sexualidad como dispositivo cultural. Se han usado dos técnicas de recogida de información: la entrevista; la técnica documental y textual. Abordamos el lenguaje en su amplio campo de connotaciones, considerando sus valores simbólico y polisémico. La fuente documental más valiosa la constituye la colección de treinta y seis expedientes de peligrosidad social a los que se ha tenido acceso. Esta investigación demuestra la falta de cualquier garantía jurídica en la tramitación de dichos expedientes, como el derecho de asistencia letrada al expedientado, a quien se juzga en función de unos valores morales ultraconservadores, aportando como pruebas irrefutables de su desviación informes forenses y policiales. La ideología penal reaccionaria garantiza el mantenimiento del statu quo franquista. El expedientado es condenado simplemente por su sexualidad, tratado como un preso común, sin ningún beneficio penitenciario, finalmente estigmatizado. Su pertenencia a la clase humilde se constata en los expedientes sin género de duda, sin que los miembros de clase acomodada vean su buen nombre en entredicho, sea por una mayor facilidad para actuar con discreción, sea por el recurso al soborno. La homofobia explica el considerable retraso del estudio de la materia abordada en este trabajo respecto a otras cuestiones de memoria histórica relativas a la Guerra Civil, la dictadura de Franco y la Transición, por lo que se recomienda su impulso, además de la mejora de la conservación y la custodia de los documentos que obran en poder de los distintos archivos. ; [eng] The main objective of this thesis is defined by the objective need to strengthen a historical memory about abuses against gays, lesbians, transsexuals and bisexuals in the Franco dictatorship, extended to the early years of the so-called Transition, turbulent period in which enters into a strategy of forgetfulness and forgiveness inadmissible decades later, thus legitimately subject to review. For this purpose it is pertinent a research and a presentation of evidence demonstrating control, repression and imprisonment of many members of this group. Re-education is a moral reproach and labeling, since this reeducation's effort lacks both material and financial support. The methodologies that serve the purposes of this paper are qualitative, recognizing the link between the researcher and the subject matter, which involves the audience in this paper stock and subjectivism. Specifically, we have used these methodological tools: the gay methodology; legal sociology, especially related to sex and gender; Foucault's genealogy; biopolitics; discourse analysis; demystification and out-of-jurisdiction, both criticism proposals of the new social defense; popular knowledge; theories of social conflict; sexuality as a cultural device. Two techniques were used to collect information: interviews; documentary and textual techniques. We boarded the language in the broad field of connotations, considering its symbolic and polysemic values. The most remarkable source constitutes the collection of thirty-six cases of social dangerousness to which we got an access. This research demonstrates the lack of any legal guarantee in the processing of such records, as the right to legal assistance of the person subject to an investigation file, who is judged on the basis of some ultraconservative moral values, providing forensic and police reports as undisputed evidences of diversion. The criminal reactionary ideology ensures the maintenance of status quo during Franco's ruling. The alleged social dangerousness suspect is simply condemned for his sexuality, treated like a common criminal, without any penitentiary benefit, finally stigmatized. Belonging to the lower class is a personal fact found in the files without any doubt, meanwhile the members of high class do not see their good name in question, either by a greater ability to act with discretion, or by resorting to bribery. Homophobia explains the considerable delay in the study of the matter addressed in this work compared with other issues of historical memory regarding the Civil War, the Franco dictatorship and the Transition. Consequently, we do recommend the promotion of new essays and improved conservation and custody of the documents held by the different archives.
It is a common perception that 20 years after fall of communism, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CCEE), even though they have joined the EU, belong to the group of the post-communist countries. Post-communism is defined as the period of transition to democracy in the former communist countries after the fall of communism. This period is characterized by a significant difference in the quality of democracy between the country in transition and mature Western democracies. Yet is it correct to assert that 20 years after fall of communism the communist past constitutes the most important factor determining the status of democracy of the CCEE, which have already joined the EU? Is it correct to assert that the CCEE are still in transition? On the other hand, 20 years is quite a long time. One can ask, is it justified to call "transition" a period, which lasts so long? If the significant differences in the quality of democracy between the CCEE, the former communist countries, and the mature Western democracies persist, it would be reasonable to assert that in the CCEE democracy of a distinctive nature has been emerged. This means that there are significant differences in civilization and culture that prevail between the CCEE and mature Western democracies. When analyzing the CCEE, known Western political and economic development models could not be fully applied. This article analyses whether a clear distinction in the quality of democracy between the CCEE, which are new member states of the EU, and the old member states, could still be made. The starting point of the research has been the acceptance that the group of old member states of the EU is not homogeneous with respect to the quality of democracy. The analysis has been conducted by comparison of the democracy indicators of the CCEE (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia), the countries of Southern Europe (Greece, Portugal, Spain) and the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Sweden). The countries of Southern Europe and the Nordic countries are the old members of the EU. The comparison has been made in five different areas, using five sets of indicators, which are usually related to the quality of democracy: (1) the Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy, (2) voter turnout in national and EU parliamentary elections, (3) citizen satisfaction with the way democracy works, (4) the Worldwide Governance Indicators (Voice and Accountability, Rule of Law), (5) freedom of the press. The research has revealed that scores of democracy indicators of the CCEE and the countries of Southern Europe do not differ significantly. In some cases, the scores of the group of the CCEE correspond to the better quality of democracy. The scores of the democracy indicators of individual countries of the two groups overlap in most cases. However, the analysis has exhibited a considerable difference in the scores of democracy indicators between the countries of Southern Europe and Nordic countries, although the countries of these two groups belong to the group of the old member states of the EU. Thus, the difference in the scores of democracy indicators inside the group of the old member states of the EU is bigger than the difference between the CCEE and the countries of Southern Europe. The research has found that a clear distinction in the quality of democracy between the CCEE, which are the new member states of the EU, and the old member states, does not exist. With regard to the quality of democracy, there is no reason to distinguish the CCEE as a separate group with a different civilizational and cultural nature, because the scores of the democracy indicators of the CCEE and some old member states of the EU overlap. The fast transition of the period, which is called "post-communism", has ended, and separate states have different systems of government. The communist past is still an important factor, but only as one among many other factors, which impact on the development of the countries. The communist past is not a fatalistic imprint. Twenty years after fall of communism, the responsibility falls on the decision-making institutions of the countries. The criteria of democracy, which are applied to the countries of mature Western democracies, have to be applied to the CCEE without any exceptions. ; Praėjus dvidešimt metų po komunizmo žlugimo Vidurio ir Rytų Europos (VRE) valstybės, tapusios ES narėmis, neretai vis dar priskiriamos pokomunistinių valstybių grupei. Straipsnyje analizuojama, ar, vertinant demokratijos kokybę, vis dar esama aiškios ribos tarp VRE valstybių – naujųjų ES narių, ir ES senbuvių. Analizė atlikta lyginant Šiaurės Europos valstybių, Pietų Europos valstybių ir VRE valstybių demokratijos kokybės rodiklius. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad nėra ryškios ribos tarp VRE valstybių ir Pietų Europos valstybių grupių rodiklių. Tačiau Šiaurės Europos valstybių ir Pietų Europos valstybių grupių rodikliai, atitinkantys kokybiškesnės demokratijos kriterijus, gerokai skiriasi ir liudija apie kokybiškesnę demokratiją Šiaurės Europos valstybėse, nors Šiaurės Europos valstybės ir Pietų Europos valstybės priskiriamos vienai, senųjų ES narių, grupei. Taigi demokratijos kokybės skirtumai ES senbuvių grupės viduje yra didesni, nei VRE valstybių ir Pietų Europos valstybių skirtumai. Tai reiškia, kad demokratijos kriterijai, taikomi brandžios demokratijos Vakarų valstybėms, turi būti be išlygų pritaikyti ir VRE valstybėms, kurioms tenka atsakomybė už priimamus sprendimus įtvirtinant demokratiją.
AbstractBackground and aim: Spiritual health is one of the most important social – cultural factors that may predict mental health. The main purpose of this study was to assess association between mental health and spiritual health among students in Shiraz University.Materials and Method: A descriptive-correlational design was used for the study.The study was conducted in 2012. A total number of 474 students (237 female and 237 male) were recruited in this study using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Goldberg's Mental Health Questionnaire and Pulutzyn and Ellison spiritual health questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 software and two categories of descriptive and inferential statistical methods correlation and regression and t- tests.Findings: The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between mental health and spiritual health scores in both sexes (P<001). Variable of spiritual health, can predict 70 percent mental health in female and male. T-test results showed that there is a difference between the means of spiritual health in boys and girls (p< 0/05).Discussion & Conclusion: Changings in the educational system and paying attention to mental health and spiritual health to meet the needs of students may be necessary. There is a need for further applied research for testing interventions to promote mental health and spiritual health students.Key Words: Mental health, spiritual health, Students REFERENCES Alahbakhshian M Jafarpour - Alavi M, Parvizi S Haghani H (2010). A survey on relationship between spiritual wellbeing and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Science. 12(29-33). Bahrami E Hosseini Vajari K (2003)[ The Relationship Between Religious Coping and Spiritual Happiness with Mental Health in Women]. Master's thesis,Theran university. (Persian). Boivin M J Kirby A L Underwood L K Silva H (1999). Spiritual Well- being Scale. Measures of Religiosity. Birmingham. Religious Education Press. Corrigan P Mccorkle B Schell B (2003). Religion and spirituality in the lives of people with serious mental illness. Commmmunity Mental Health Journal. 39(6) 487-499. Craven R Hirnle C. (2003). Fundamental of Nnursing:Human Health and Function. Philadelphia, Lippincott & Williams & Wilkins Company. Esmaeil Riahi M Aliverdi -Nia A Bani Asadi M R. (2009) The impact of religiosity and religious orientation on the mental health of the students of University of Mazandaran. Journal of Social Science. 5(2) 51-90. Fernsler J I Klemm P Miller M A (1999). Spiritual well-being and demands of illness in people with colorectal cancer. Cancer Nursing. 22(2) 134-140. Ghamari-Givi H (2008 (Spirituality, identity and mental health in life span. Journal of Psychology and Religion, 1(4) 43.71(Persian). Moreira-Almeida (2006). Religiousness and Mental Health: a review, Center for the Study of Religious and Spiritual Problems (NEPER), São Paulo (SP), Department of Psychiatry,Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Mueller P S Plevak D J RummansT A (2001). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: Implication for clinical practice. Mayo Clinic Proceeding, 76, 1225-1235. 1393 راهب ،84 هرامش ،24 هرود / 58 ناراکمه و ییافو اضر رتکد Narimani M Aghamohammadian H Rajabi S (2007)[ A comparison between the mental health of mothers of exceptional children and mothers of normal children]. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 9(33&34) 15-24.(Persian). Nelson C J Rosenfeld B Breitbart W Galietta M (2002). Spiritual, religion, and depression in the terminally ill. Psychosomatics. 43(3) 213-220. Omidvari S (2008). Spiritual health; concepts and challenges. Quranic Interdisciplinary Studies Journal of Iranian Students Quranic Organization. 1(1) 6-17. Palahang H (1996) Epidemiological Assessment of Mental Disorders in Kashan. Master's thesis. Iran's Institute of Psychiatry.(Persian). Rahimian-Boogar A Asghar Nejad A (2008). [The Relationship between psychological hardiness and ego-resiliency with mental health in adolescent and adult survivors of Bam earthquake. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.14(1) 62-70. Rajaei A. R. (2008). Religious Cognitive-Emotional Therapy(RCET). The 5th congress for psychotherapy. Beijingm China. SAED, A. & ROOSHAN, R. (2008). Spirituality and mental health. Journal of Psychology and Religion,2, 76-84. Salimi H Azad Marz-Abadi E Abedi Darza M (2010)[ Determining the mental health condition and its correlation with job burnout and life satisfaction in a military university personnel]. Journal of IRIAF Health Administration, 13(3) 10-17(Persian). Sanagoo A AliGhoodneh Z Asadi H (2008)[ The relationship between spiritual health and loneliness between the Persian and Turkmen youth]. Research Center of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences.(Persian). Shojaian R Zamani Monfared A (2002). The relation between use of prayers, mental health, and Job performance among technical workers of Tehran ammunition industries. Journal of Thought and Behavior. 8(30) 33-39.(Persian). Unterrainer K H Ladenhauf M L MoazediS et al (2010). Dimensions of religious/spiritual well- being and their relation to personality and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Difference. 49(3) 192-197. Ya-Chu H Hui-Ying C Li-Yu C (2010). An exploration of the status of spiritual health among nursing students in Taiwan. Nurse Education Today. 30(5) 385-392
Thema dieser kultur- und bildwissenschaftlichen Arbeit ist es, den ´nahen Osten´ ebenso wie das ´ferne Europa´ anhand mittelalterlicher kaukasischer Steinmetz- und Edelmetallarbeiten aufzuspüren. Kreuzstein und Reliquienschrein weisen eine Form- und Symbolsprache auf, die als kulturelles Archiv nicht nur des Kaukasus´ sondern auch Europas gelesen werden kann. Der armenischen Kreuzstein, auf armenisch Khatschkar genannt, ist eine flach skulptierte Steinplatte, in die ein Kreuz mit Lebensbaum eingraviert wurde. Die am unteren Ende des Kreuzes befindlichen vegetabilen oder zoomorphen Auswüchse, die ich untere Endungsgestaltung genannt habe, sind in den freistehenden Khatschkaren seit dem 9. Jh. nachweisbar. Diese Untersuchung fokussiert geographisch auf den Kaukasus und auf den Zeitraum vom 5. bis 12. Jh. Meine Analyse ergab, dass das Kreuz mit unterer Endungsgestaltung als Subjekt verstehbar ist, das als Körper oder vernichtende Waffe agiert. Damit eignet er sich zur Abwehr von Gefahren und als Grenzmarkierung. Les Vichaps (1931) von Nikolai Marr und Jakob Smirnov ist die erste Monographie zum favorisierten bronzezeitlichen Vorläufermodell der Khatschkare. Marrs sprachtheoretische Deutung erwies sich als Abgrenzungsstrategie gegen westliche Theorien, als auch als dadaistisch beeinflusstes Sprachmodell. Smirnov stellte anhand bildwissenschaftlicher Analysen die Stelen in Bezug zu skythischen Funden. Eine Neubewertung erfolgte 2012 durch Alessandra Gilibert, die die Vischaps erstmals systematisch dokumentierte und als prähistorische Sakralplätze im Hochgebirge deutete. Svetlana Pletneva kommt in ihrer Untersuchung zu Polovzische Steinskulpturen (1974) zu dem Ergebnis, dass Körperteile - wie eine ausgeprägte Brust oder ein großer Bauch - als Statussymbole unabhängig von Geschlechtlichkeit verstehbar sind. Körperaspekte dieser Skulpturen sind im Khatschkar wieder zu erkennen. Die Einführung des neuen Kruzifixtyps des leidenden Christus im 9. Jh. fand zeitgleich mit dem Aufkommen der ersten Khatschkare statt, die bis zum 12. Jh. keine Körperdarstellung kannten. Die menschliche Natur Christi wurde über eine Vitalisierung des Kreuzes vermittelt, die ein verdecktes Körperbild mit einschloss. Gerade die metamorphotischen Auswüchse konnten vielfältige Formen assimilieren und wurden zum christlichen Symbol deklariert. Körperlich ausgelegte Interpretationen fokussieren auf die Schnittstelle vom Kreuz zur unteren Endungsgestaltung, die Geschlechtlichkeit mit einschließt, aber nicht darauf reduziert werden kann. Reliquienkult und Reliquiarpolitik um das Wahre Kreuz waren von zentraler Bedeutung für das mittelalterlich-christliche Selbstverständnis. Die Entwicklung des kastenförmigen Reliquiars mit Schiebedeckel in Konstantinopel erfolgte zeitgleich mit den ersten Aufstellungen von Khatschkaren. Kastenförmige Reliquiare wurden als Nachbildungen der Gräber von Heiligen verstanden und auch Kirchengebäude waren als Reliquiare in Großformat gedeutet worden. Die Khatschkare sind als rechteckige Steingebilde ebenfalls als heilige Gräber verstehbar, die in ihren Ausmaßen zwischen Reliquiar und Architektur stehen. Alois Riegls Theorie (1893) zur Verdoppelung und symmetrischen Gegenüberstellung von Figuren zu beiden Seiten eines trennenden Mittels (Wappenstil), wurde von Karl Clausberg (1994) als Verzeitlichungsmoment mit fraktaler Dimensionalität weiterentwickelt. Überlegungen zur umgekehrten Perspektive machen die Khatschkare in dieser Hinsicht anschlussfähig an die Vischaps, da sich beide Gestaltungen als split representations entpuppen. ; The topic of this Ph.D thesis in the field of cultural studies and image science is to trace the ´near East´ and ´far Europe´ with the help of medieval works of art in stone and precious metal from the Caucasus. Cross-Stones and reliquary chests use a language of form and symbol, which can be understood as cultural archive not only of the Caucasus but also of Europe. The Khachkar, the Armenian Cross-Stone, is a flat stone engraved with a cross and tree of life. Ever since the 9th century AD the lower end of the free standing Khachkars sprouted floral or zoomorphic excrescences, which I term lower end design. My research touches on the geographical area of the Caucasus and spans the time from the 5th to the 12th centuries. My analysis found that the cross with lower end design may be interpreted as an object which acts as a body or as a destructive weapon. It can thus be used to fend off dangers and may as well be seen as a boundary mark. Les Vichaps (1931), the book by Nikolai Marr and Jakob Smirnov, was the first research into the Bronze age model for Khachkars. Marr´s linguistic interpretation turned out to be a strategy of demarcation against Western theories as well as a Dadaist influenced linguistic model. With the help of iconographical analyses Smirnov related the Vichap stelae to Scythian objects. In 2012 Alessandra Gilibert presented a reassessment; she documented the Vichaps systematically for the first time and interpreted them as prehistoric sacred loci in the high mountains. Svetlana Pletneva investigated in the Polovzian stone sculptures (1974) and interpreted them as parts of the body - distinct breasts or a big belly - and as such as status symbols independent from gendered meanings. Bodily aspects of these sculptures are also discernible in the sculpted Khachkars. The introduction of the new type of crucifix of the suffering Christ in the 9th century took place at the same time as the emergence of the first Khachkars, which until the 12th century were crosses without the body of Christ. The human nature of Christ was transmitted by the vitalization of the cross including a concealed image of the body. Precisely the metamorphoses and excrescences gave scope to assimilate many different shapes and were able to morph into the Christian symbol. These bodily construed interpretations focus the interface of the cross with the lower end design which includes sexuality but cannot be reduced to it. The cult of relics and political manoeuvering around the True Cross were of central importance to medieval Christian self understanding. The development in Constantinople of the chest for relics with a sliding lid took place again at the time when the first Khatchkars were erected. Box-shaped reliquary chests were understood as reproductions of the graves of Saints; even church buildings were interpreted as large size reliquary chests. Khatchkars as rectangular stone sculptures may also be interpreted as holy graves, in their dimensions somewhat between reliquary chests and architecture. Alois Riegl´s observations (1893) on the duplication and symmetrical juxtaposition of figures on both sides of signs indicating separation (Wappenstil), as in a court of arms, were further developed by Karl Clausberg (1994) as moment of temporalisation with fractal dimension. Research into inverse perspective show that Khatchkars are as works of art compatible with Vichaps, as both art forms turn out to be designs of split representations.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is recognized by the Government of British Columbia, Metro Vancouver, and Metro municipalities like the City of Vancouver as a waste diversion strategy through economic stimulation of the market for recycled materials. As an environmental policy, EPR ensures producers and consumers are physically and financially responsible for post-consumer management of their products in an environmentally safe manner. Successful EPR programs shift the expenses associated with product end-of-life management from governments and taxpayers to producers and consumers, as well as reduces the amount of waste generated from going to landfills and waste-to-energy facilities. Currently, the Province, Metro Vancouver and City of Vancouver are actively supporting and focusing on the establishment of EPR programs for a variety of materials as a waste management solution. Metro Vancouver's plan is to achieve a large reduction in waste reaching landfills and waste-to-energy facilities through improving the overall diversion/recycling rate from 55% to 70% for 2015, and up to 80% by 2020. Currently, the demolition, land-clearing, and construction waste sector generates the most waste out of all the sectors, contributing an estimated 1.3 million tonnes of waste materials annually. Metro Vancouver has recognized the large potential for waste reduction and diversion in this sector and thus, a specific target of 80% diversion of waste material from the demolition, land clearing, and construction sector within the overall 70% diversion goal for 2015 has been set in place. Under the Canada-wide Action Plan for EPR, published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment in October 2009, the Province has committed to developing EPR programs for construction, renovation and demolition materials by 2017. This research project aims to help progress EPR programs for building materials by identifying a list of building materials in which an EPR program would have long term viability. It is hoped that results from this project will significantly contribute to the establishment of successful provincial EPR programs for building materials. Municipalities like the City of Vancouver can utilize it to become a zero-waste city, achieve overall regional waste diversion goals for Metro Vancouver, and guide the province to achieve the interim targets and overall target from the CCME Canada-Wide Action Plan. To determine the list of building materials for our analysis, a review of Market Analysis of Used Building Materials by Kane Consulting et al. (2012) was done. From a comprehensive list of building materials currently sent to landfills and the waste-to-energy facility, the list was narrowed down to nine candidate materials for further evaluation of EPR potential: asphalt shingles, carpet, ceramic tiles, concrete, gypsum drywall, miscellaneous metal products, sheet plastic, miscellaneous glass building products, and wood waste. A modified version of the EPR Evaluation Tool developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment was used to prioritize a list of candidate materials based on their suitability for EPR. Using this evaluation matrix, candidate materials were assessed over four broad categories: Environmental Impacts, Suitability for Extended Producer Responsibility, Political Interest, and Industry Readiness. Scoring was based on information sourced from literature, Metro Vancouver waste management staff, municipal recycling coordinators and construction and demolition waste professionals. The raw scores represent the unweighted outcome of the evaluation process. Weighting was adjusted to reflect the varying degrees of importance of each category and subcategory. For the purposes of this study, four sensitivity analyses were conducted based on discussions with City of Vancouver waste management staff with weighted emphasis on one evaluation category at a time. Table E-1 summarizes the results from the raw score evaluation for the nine candidate materials, and compares these to the results of the four sensitivity analyses. Based on our comprehensive analyses, and taking the raw scores and sensitivity analyses into account, we recommend EPR for asphalt shingles, carpet, sheet plastic, and wood waste in British Columbia. Furthermore, by emphasizing different criteria, the highest priority material varies. For example, emphasizing the implications of Environmental Impacts and strong political support on the waste diversion strategy of such materials in Metro Vancouver, wood waste should be prioritized. In comparison, in the case of implementing a better waste management in the form of EPR, carpet ranked first. Finally, in terms of industry readiness when it comes to initiating and establishing an EPR program, gypsum drywall came first. [Table E-1. Summary of raw score and sensitivity analyses appears here in the PDF file] This research project sourced best available information from literature research (e.g. case studies, annual waste flow reports waste composition studies, etc.) and interviews and 5 personal communication with industry professionals and local government staff. With this study, we have compiled a list that will enable the Ministry of Environment, Metro Vancouver and City of Vancouver to identify the current status of potential products for EPR, and have included a comprehensive list of recommendations and next steps for waste management within the demolition and construction sector. ; Science, Faculty of ; Earth and Ocean Sciences, Department of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate
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COST Action IS1003: 'International Law between Constitutionalisation and Fragmentation',Working Group 1: Territoriality
Organizing Fragmented Territoriality
Call for papers: Working Group meeting & Workshop November 15-17, 2012, Hamburg (Germany)
Recently, scholars from various fields in legal studies and the social sciences have begun to re-think implied dichotomies (like national/global, public/private, etc.). Facing criticisms like "methodological nationalism" (Beck) or the "territorial trap" (Agnew), the workshop aims to invite perspectives that take issue with the established nexus of state sovereignty and territo-riality and to re-visit territoriality as a phenomenon organized in a variety of sites and by a variety of actors. Although obviously touching upon related social phenomena, scholars from different disciplines (like international law, international relations, sociology, geography, an-thropology, or history) have rarely linked up research agendas, so far. A major aim of the workshop is to prompt trans-disciplinary engagement.
Debates on globalization, even when focussing on international law confronted by constitu-tionalization and fragmentation, have often continued to conceive of territorial state sover-eignty and dynamics of globalization as a zero-sum game. But is this still appropriate: Do states (still) monopolize territoriality? And if they do not, who else does it, and how?
While liberal approaches to international law have made remarkable steps in facing the social complexities of globalized governance by pointing to the increasingly "disaggregated" character of (democratic) nation-state sovereignty (Slaughter), other scholars have pointed out that the implied networked forms of governance through sub-state entities -- like execu-tive agencies or courts -- are not mere functions of a de-territorialized state. Instead of just reacting to "post-modern" security threats or so-called economic necessities, state agencies rather find themselves involved in a substantive "politics of sovereignty".
These politics of sovereignty are not about choosing more or less state, state regulation or de-regulation, or public or private authority. Rather, diverse and, in part, disaggregated state agencies alongside various other actors establish new modes of governing, including the governing of "former" state territoriality. Although no longer alone in the projection of authority, "the state" itself is taking a decisive part in the reorganization of its own territoriality (Sassen). While, no doubt, states have their stakes in the organization of territoriality, they can be expected (and observed!) practicing governance in newly established sites ranging, as has been detailed in different research contexts, from now well-established forms of international governance in the context of International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) to "local" but nevertheless border-crossing arrangements of public-private partnerships. Furthermore, the governance of territory is in danger of slipping out of the states' hands when IGOs establish increasingly autonomous bureaucracies that tend to emancipate themselves from the mem-ber states consent, or when governance capacities of the state are effectively challenged by private actors emerging on the scene. These different processes – conceivable as different communications constituting a "world society" (Stichweh) – profoundly change the idea of territoriality itself.
Their result might be a fragmented (legal and political) order of territoriality. New and multiple forms of regulation, however, can hardly be seen as consequences of fragmentation. Instead, the politics of sovereignty and fragmented territoriality are inextricably linked and dependent on each other. It is but the constitution of territoriality that -- in a paradoxical move -- brings about its fragmented normativity. This new multiplicity of governance raises questions for the reproduction of global normativity:
- How is territoriality (re-) constructed or challenged in different arenas (political system, legal system, and beyond)? - How can the category of territoriality be conceived in terms of governance instead of government? What is the nexus between territoriality and governance? - How do legal phenomena like the legalization of world politics and/or constitutional quality beyond the state emerge? What are the processes that advance/impede le-galization or constitutionalization? - Which actors are involved? How are they related? And how is their social status de-termined and reproduced? - How are the dividing lines between public and private established? What separates and what links up these spheres? - How are the boundaries between law and politics drawn and how does this relate to territory?
Contributions to the workshop could touch upon themes and perspectives including the historicization of territoriality, international law and politics; state and/or non-state politics of sovereignty; the methodology of overcoming territorial traps; Global Administrative Law (GAL); Governmentality perspectives; Legal Pluralism; Sociology of Law; (Global) Governance.
Please send paper proposals (max. 300 words) to Philip Liste and Katja Freistein (philip.liste@wiso.uni-hamburg.de; katja.freistein@uni-bielefeld.de) by July 1st, 2012.
Participants from countries participating in COST Action 1003 can apply for funding for this workshop. As a rule, COST reimburses a flat rate of €120,- per night for accommodation and travel costs for two participants per participating country. For more information on COST Action 1003, please check the website: http://www.il-cf.eu If you would like to receive COST funding, please attach a short request (max 150 words) to your paper proposal.
Organization: Dr. Philip Liste, University of Hamburg, Faculty for Economics and Social Sciences, Allende-Platz 1, 20146 Hamburg Email: philip.liste@wiso.uni-hamburg.de Dr. Katja Freistein, Bielefeld University, Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 882), Universitaetsstr.25, 33615 Bielefeld Email: katja.freistein@uni-bielefeld.de
Memorial parks are the main objects that fully illustrate the ideological component by elements of park space. Despite the thousand year history of the formation of the memorial complex, it is worth noting the particular qualities which art forming memorial ensemble has become in the twentieth century which is associated with a significant number of tragic events that fell in the past century, including the First and Second World Wars. An important feature of the war memorial in the former Soviet countries is not so much dedication to the tragic events of the Second World War as Soviet propaganda which is the echo of the cult "Great Patriotic War", which replace the cult of personality of Stalin in the second half of the twentieth century. And now it activates the impact of Soviet ideals on modern culture and personal development.Objective: Identification the most valuable in terms of historical and ideological component objects and components of park space using the results of complex investigation of the current state of the memorial parks in Kyiv.As research material we used the results of complex evaluation of territory of the memorial military topic parks in Kyiv. The research was made during 2011-2016. According to results of analysis of the functional purpose parks Kyiv there was found out that among 111 objects 18 are Memorial, 10 of them - and devoted to the events of war (8 events of the Second World War). As a result of research summarizing conducted in the memorial park in Kyiv during 2011-2016 we made complex evaluation of territory of the objects involved into the research using method of evaluating the cultural and historical values and means of expression of the ideological burden memorial parks. We defined the most valuable - 2 objects, valuable - 4, low value parks - parks 1 and not having a memorial values - 3.According to the research results the most valuable objects are the park "Slava(Glory)" and Pechersk Landscape Park which include a significant influence on urban planning and compositional structure of the city, occupies a prominent place in the landscape of Kyiv Right Bank. The value of these objects are not limited to historical, cultural, educational and recreational functions, as these items are examples of landscape art where indirect means of compositional expression were used for playing ideological and symbolic meaning.As valuable memorial parks, we defined "Babyn Yar" which is not only a symbol of he victims of the war but also an historical place those tragic events, and now it has the status of National Historical and Memorial Preserve. The main disadvantages of the park are a compositional inconsistency of memorial elements and other components of the park space with each other, discrepancy planing structure to the current city development situation and recreational load cause placing of playgroundThe "Sailors" park is a unique memorial object but at the current state it has a bunch of disadvantages which have a negative impact on the integrity of its volume-spatial composition. Along with an important memorial value, the park is a valuable recreational center and is the only landscaped object of general use on the island of Rybalsky. So "Babyn Yar" and the "Sailors" park are important memorial objects which perform informational and educational functions, illustrate the tragic events of the history of Ukraine in the first half of the twentieth century.The "Victory" park is connected with the tragic events of the Second World War, Its main subject is the victory over Nazism and it was Associated with a holiday. The idea of celebrating the victory resulted in the co-location of mournful memorials and amusement rides within the territory of the park. Similar features of the landscape organization can be traced also in the park of "Partisan Glory", its memorial zone has insignificant area. Which makes it impossible to dominate and define the memorial function as the main one. Characteristic of both parks is a striking contradiction between the entertainment and memorial functions of these objects - the nearby attractions and memorials devoted to World War II level out the functional and ideological significance of each other. Such contradictions were laid in the design of parks, which is evidence of the Soviet cult of war. Therefore, the ideological principles laid down in the creation of Parks "Victory" and "Partisan Glory" are aimed at Soviet propaganda "cult of war" and "great victory" and contradict modern concepts based on the tragedy of war as such and the memory of its victims. One of the solutions can be the adaptation of these parks for family rest, which needs to be solved at the legal and organizational levels.The Puskin park belongs to invaluable objects in the memorial, but is an important recreational center.A similar situation is observed in the park of General Potapov. In this regard, it is expedient to adapt the parks to modern conditions, radically changing their function and zoning. For objects that do not have a memorial value, there are two, completely different in their peculiarities and the idea of the park "Taraschanets" and park of International Warriors. their Combined by mismatch of the components to the park space of the memorial function, which determines the expediency of changing their functional purpose, taking into account modern recreational, urban, social realities and ideological considerations.According to results of complex evaluation of memorial park in Kyiv the most valuable memorial objects were the park "Glory" and Pechersk Landscape Park which have a significant influence on the town-planning and compositional structure of the city, take a prominent place in the landscape of the Right Bank of Kyiv. The most controversial in the ideological plan are such objects as "Victory" and "Partisan Glory" parks, which have an entertaining character that contradict the tragedy of war itself, but is subordinated to the Soviet ideology of education of youth. ; У статті надано результати комплексного дослідження сучасного стану меморіальних парків воєнної тематики м. Києва, що здійснювалося упродовж 2011-2016 рр. з урахуванням методики оцінювання культурно-історичної цінності та засобів вираження ідейного навантаження меморіальних парків. За результатами комплексного оцінювання меморіальних парків Києва визначено, що найціннішими меморіальними об'єктами є парк «Слава» та Печерський ландшафтний парк, які вирізняються суттєвим впливом на містобудівну та композиційну структуру міста, займають визначне місце у пейзажі Правобережної частини Києва. Найсуперечливішим в ідеологічному плані є такі об'єкти як парки «Перемога» та «Партизанської слави», які мають розважальний характер, що суперечить, власне, трагізму війни, а підпорядковується радянській ідеології виховання молоді і не відповідає сучасним ідеологічним поняттям про Другу світову війну, її причин та наслідків.Наведено концептуальні підходи зміни функціонального зонування малоцінних у меморіальному плані парків м. Києва («Таращанець», ім. генерала Потапова, ім. Ф. Пушиної), що ґрунтується на результатах комплексного оцінювання дослідних об'єктів, сучасних підходах адаптації паркових територій до потреб населення. Запропоновано підходи до адаптації меморіальних парків воєнної тематики на прикладі м. Києва, спрямовані на узгодження сучасних ідеологічних міркувань історичним подіям шляхом акцентування уваги на їхньому інформаційному та культурно-просвітницькому значенні за межами політичного контексту.
The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli; hereafter: CRG) is one of the world's most endangered and least studied primates. CRG exist only in a patchy distribution in the southern portion of the Cameroon-Nigeria border region and may have as few as 300 individuals remaining, divided into 14 fragmented subpopulations. Though Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla spp) probably once inhabited much greater ranges throughout West Africa, today CRG represent the most northern and western distribution of all gorillas and are isolated from Western lowland gorilla populations by more than 250 km. CRG have proved challenging to study and protect, and many of the remaining subpopulations currently exist outside of protected areas. Very little is known about where the various subpopulations range on the landscape or why they occur in a patchy distribution within seemingly intact habitat. Active efforts are currently underway to identify critical habitat for landscape conservation efforts to protect the CRG in this biodiversity hotspot but, to date, a lack of understanding of the relationship between CRG ecology and available habitat has hampered conservation endeavors. This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of CRG ecology and distribution to inform conservation management decision making. This research has four main components. First, I describe the plant diet of one CRG subpopulation (the Mone subpopulation). Successful habitat management for primate conservation requires understanding which plants are important and how these plants vary in availability across the landscape. Using feeding trail sign collected over a 10 month period, I record the components of the CRG diet, evaluate CRG selectivity among herbaceous food species, compare Mone CRG diet to that of another CRG subpopulation, and examine differences in herbaceous food availability in areas used and unused by the CRG. During the study period, the CRG ate 141 different plant parts from 102 different species, 23 of which were quantitatively important in the diet. Similarly to other Western lowland and CRG populations, Landolphia, Aframomum, and Palisota spp, were important staple species for the Mone CRG and Marantochloa purpurea played an important fallback role in their diet. By contrast, Araceae species, like Cercestis camerunensis, may be more important to the CRG at Mone than elsewhere. My results suggest that CRG in the Mone-Mt. Oko region prefer certain foods in their diet, and may also selectively use areas with higher availability of preferred foods. Second, I estimate the Mone subpopulation range and assess both the effects of model choice on resulting range estimates and the conservation utility of various models. Measuring and characterizing the area utilized by a population or species is essential for evaluation of conservation status and for effective allocation of habitat to ensure population persistence. Models considered in this study range from basic traditional approaches (e.g. Minimum Convex Polygon) to newer home range techniques such as Local Convex Hull (LoCoH). I used overlap analysis comparing sub-sampled to complete data sets to evaluate the robustness of various modeling techniques to data limitations. I employed Likelihood Cross Validation Criterion to compare core range model performance. Results suggest that differing LoCoH models produce similar range estimates, are robust to data requirements, provide a good fit for core habitat estimation, and are best able to detect unused habitat within the subpopulation range. LoCoH methods may thus be useful for studies of habitat selection and factors limiting endangered species distributions. However, LoCoH models tend to overfit data, and Kernel methods may provide similar information about animal space use while supporting protection of larger swaths of critical habitat. Subpopulation range analyses for conservation/management planning should therefore explore multiple modeling techniques, and employ both qualitative and quantitative assessments to select the best models to inform decision making for species of conservation concern.Third, I review current use of Least Cost Path modeling techniques for connectivity conservation, and highlight both weaknesses and ways to improve application for species like the Cross River gorilla. Promoting connectivity between areas utilized by isolated subpopulations is essential to maintain population viability in fragmented species like the CRG, where each subpopulation contains relatively few individuals. The most common approach to connectivity design is the Least Cost Path (LCP) analysis, which has been applied to the CRG landscape. This review highlights three weaknesses common in recent LCP analyses. First, LCP models typically rely on remotely-sensed habitat maps, but few studies assess whether such maps are suitable proxies for factors affecting animal movement or consider the effects of adjacent habitats. Secondly, many studies use expert opinion to assign costs associated with landscape features, yet few validate these costs with empirical data or assess model sensitivity to errors in cost assignment. Thirdly, studies that consider multiple, alternative movement paths often propose width or length requirements for linkages without justification. LCP modelling and similar approaches to linkage design guide connectivity planning, yet often lack a biological or empirical foundation. Ecologists must clarify the biological processes on which resistance values are based, explicitly justify cost schemes and scale (grain) of analysis, evaluate the effects of landscape context and sensitivity to cost schemes, and strive to optimize cost schemes with empirical data. Research relating species' fine-grain habitat use to movement across broad extents is desperately needed, as are methods to determine biologically relevant length and width restrictions for linkages. While data on such fine grain habitat use have to date been lacking for the Cross River gorilla, this dissertation research aims to improve our understanding of these variables.Thus, finally, I use hierarchical resource selection functions (RSFs) to examine habitat selection and requirements of the CRG at multiple scales to inform connectivity modeling and conservation planning. Specifically, I employ generalized additive models at the scale of the subpopulation range and conditional logistic regression at the scale of individual movements. Understanding resource and habitat selection by endangered species will better inform conservation planning for protection of both critical habitat, and essential linkages between subpopulations. Results indicate that CRG habitat selection is highly scale dependent. Localized measures of habitat quality strongly influenced selection at the subpopulation or landscape scale, while human activity and food availability are the best predictors of selection at finer scales. Understanding why CRG do not occur in seemingly suitable habitat is crucial for designating critical habitat both within and between CRG subpopulations. My results indicate that conservation planning to maintain critical habitat and connectivity among CRG populations will require an integrative, multi-scale planning approach incorporating large-scale landscape characteristics, human use patterns and CRG food availability. Further fine-scale data collection across the landscape will be necessary to use RSF results in connectivity models to inform conservation of important linkages between subpopulations.This research marks a significant addition to the current limited knowledge about the CRG dietary and spatial ecology and conservation biology. My study results complement past and ongoing research by other PhD students, conservation NGOs, and government officials, and compiling these various works will likely provide us with a more complete understanding of CRG ecology for effective conservation decision making
A STUDY OF TURN-TAKING USED IN INTERVIEW TV PROGRAM "INDONESIA NOW EXCLUSIVE AGNES MONICA WITH DALTON TANONAKA" ON METRO TV Ari Nugroho English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University Ari.cicit@yahoo.com Lisetyo Ariyanti, S.S., M.Pd. English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University lisetyo.a@yahoo.com Abstrak Percakapan sebagai perilaku manusia terjadi ketika ada dua peserta atau lebih yang membahas sesuatu . Dalam percakapan , giliran untuk bicara memiliki struktur dasar yang adalah hanya satu peserta yang dapat bicara pada satu waktu kemudian yang lain seperti yang dinyatakan oleh Levinson (1983:296) bahwa percakapan yang ditandai dengan turn taking , yaitu: salah seorang peserta , A , bicara , berhenti ; yang lain , B , mulai berbicara , dan berhenti jadi dapat distribusi dari A-B-A-B-A-B pada dua peserta . Tesis ini tentang pengambilan giliran berbicara dalam acara wawancara TV Indonesia Now eksklusif Agnes Monica dengan Dalton Tanonaka di Metro TV . Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan cara peserta dalam mengambil dan membangun giliran untuk berbicara . Ada tiga pertanyaan penelitian yang muncul dalam tesis ini , pertama adalah sistem pengambilan berbicara seperti apa yang digunakan oleh peserta dalam wawancara program televisi Indonesia Now , kedua adalah bagaimana peserta membangun giliran mereka dalam percakapan dan yang terakhir adalah efek pada alur sesi program dan peserta saat menggunakan giliran mengambil strategi yang didasarkan pada latar belakang budaya percakapan mereka. Desain tesis ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan menggunakan beberapa teori dari Sacks , et al ( 1974 ) teori tentang sistem pengambilan giliran dan juga Tannen (2005) , dan Yule ( 1996) teori tentang strategi mengambil giliran berbicara seperti tumpang tindih , gangguan dan backchannel sinyal , dan Kurylo ( 2013 ) tentang latar belakang budaya percakapan dalam menggunakan strategi mengambil giliran. Proses analisis data yaitu menggambarkan data, kemudian mengklasifikasi , setelah itu menghubungkan ke teori dan penelitian sebelumnya tentang mengambil giliran berbicara. Setiap orang memiliki cara sendiri saat mengambil giliran untuk berbicara . Mereka hanya tidak menyadari bahwa dalam setiap sistem dan strategi mengambil giliran dalam percakapan memberikan banyak efek kepada para peserta, program , dan juga penonton . Data analisis ini menunjukkan banyak fenomena tentang mengambil giliran untuk berbicara dan juga menemukan hal baru tentang gangguan yang memiliki hubungan dengan tumpang tindih . Kata Kunci: percakapan, pengambilan giliran Abstract Conversation as human behaviour happens when there are two or more participants who are discussing something. In a conversation, the turn to talk has a basic structure that only one participant can talk at a time then another as Levinson (1983:296) stated that conversation is characterized by turn taking, that is: one participant, A, talks, stops; another, B, starts, talks, stops and so we obtain as A-B-A-B-A-B distribution of across two participants. This thesis is about turn-taking in interview TV program Indonesia Now exclusive Agnes Monica with Dalton Tanonaka on Metro TV. The aim of this thesis is to find the way participants in a conversation take and construct the turn to talk. There are three research questions that arise in this thesis, first is what turn-taking systems are used by the participants in interview TV programme Indonesia Now, second is how do the participants construct their turn in conversation and the last is hat are the effects to the flow of session of the programme and to the participants while using the turn taking strategies based on their cultural background of conversation. The design of this thesis is descriptive qualitative and use some theories from Sacks, et al (1974) theory about turn-taking systems and also Tannen (2005), and Yule (1996) theory about turn taking strategies such as overlap, interruption and backchannel signal, and Kurylo (2013) about the cultural background of conversation in using turn taking strategies. The processes of data analysis are describing the data, then classifying, after that connecting to the theory and previous study about turn taking approach. Every people have their own way while taking the turn to talk. They are just not realize that in every systems and strategies of turn taking in conversation give a lot of effects to the participants, programme, and also the audiences. The data of this analysis shows a lot of phenomena about taking the turn to talk and also find new thing that interruption have relation with overlap. Keywords: conversation, turn-taking Introduction Every person always interacts with others to socialize their lives in order to understand each other. They have their own way to do it. In this case, they use a different language conversation to show what their purpose and expectations. Conversation as discourse type has been defined by Cook (1989:51) in the following way, it is not primary necessitated by a practical fast, any unequal power of participants is partially suspended, the number of participants is small, turns are quite short and talk is primarily for the participants and not for an outside audience. In a conversation, people mutually explicate intents and purposes using a variety of ways. The conversation has a number of reasons why it could happen, such as where that conversation took place, How close they get to know each other, Topics of conversation, how do they convey what is in their minds, when they get a turn to talk. For example, when someone was jogging in the park, and then saw someone falling over due to the stumbling stone, the first person will start a conversation to offer help even though they didn't know each other, then automatically the first speaker will directly show the intention and the objective without further small talks. This contrasts with an incident where there was a conversation that occurs between people who know each other. Most of them start a conversation with a greeting or a bit of humour, such as "Hi", "wow you are so cute like a puddle". Conversation is a natural human behaviour that always occurs when there are two or more participants. Levinson (1983:296) stated that conversation is characterized by turn taking, that is: one participant, A, talks, stops; another, B, starts, talks, stops and so we obtain as A-B-A-B-A-B distribution of across two participants. This explains that only one participant speaks at a time then another when the turn is possible. But in every conversation there is definitely some phenomenon of turn-taking that often occurs as Yule given example about turn-taking below ; Mr. Strait : What's your major Dave? Dave : English—well I haven' really decided yet. (3 seconds) Mr. Strait : So—you want to be a teacher? Dave : No—not really—well not if I can help it (2.5 seconds) Mr. Strait : Wha—//Where do you— go ahead Dave : I mean it's a—oh sorry //I em— (adapted from Yule, 1996: 73) George Yule has given an example in his book "Pragmatics" of overlap interaction between a student and his friend's father during their first meeting. The conversation above shows that there are very short pauses which marked by a line are hesitations, but longer pauses became silence. When there is a silence from the speaker, and another speaker tries to take his or her turn in that conversations as Mr. Strait speech "wha—//where do you— go a head", then Dave try to take his turn at that time and Mr. Strait tries to complete his speech, then Mr. Strait stop and gave Dave the opportunities to talk by said "go ahead". That's call as an overlap. Note that the overlaps marked by double slash (//) at the beginning of overlapping talk. Some people may have their cultural background of conversation or taking the turn to talk such as for English man, overlap and interrupt may not tolerated in a conversation as stated by Sacks et al (1974) that U.S. English-style turn taking overwhelmingly includes quick speaker changes and little overlapping speech. It means that for English man, when in a conversation, they tend to minimize the gap and avoid the overlap that can be interruption of speech because they want to each speaker finish their speech to get full information and this makes the flow of conversation itself run smoothly. It could also happen in a talk show where the host when being asked to the guest star, at the same time the guest stars suddenly answer when the question has not yet been completed. Even then the emcee also interrupted because the answer was nothing like what he wants. Here the host has full power to regulate turn of speech. These events sometimes interfere in the enjoyment of the viewers who are watching it and the speaker who get the overlapping talks due to they use the overlap as the device to get the turns. In this case, the host has full power to regulate a turn to talk. Turn as the organization of talk in conversation and the opportunity of the speaker to get the right of speak is fundamental in conversation because people may not be continuously talk, they need to take a breath for a while then the next speaker tries to get the turn of speak. But sometimes it is inversely proportional to the fact that some people often can't wait until their turns is possible and the researcher wants to know why they did that. To covering the phenomenon as explained above, Conversation Analysis (CA) is useful device to find the observable rules and procedures by which participants manage their conversation behaviour such as who gets the next turn, when the turn is possible and so on. CA aims as discovering how participants understand and respond to another in the turns at talk with a central focus on how sequence of actions generated. Through out the course of a conversation or talk in interaction, speaker display in the next turns an understanding of what the prior turn was about. CA also the device to analysing the way that what speaker say dictates the type of answer expected and that speakers take turns when they interact. Several previous study mention them only marginally, mostly merely presenting a definition of turn-taking, usually categorised in turn-taking system, while the system needs to proved in the use of turn taking strategies and show the effect while using it. An outstanding study concerning turn-taking system was introduced by Indri Manisha, Diponegoro University about The Turn – taking System used in TODAY'S DIALOGUE broadcast On METRO TV March 8th 2011 just analyse about the type and again about the kind of turn taking systems that used in the data. From that phenomenon, the researcher chooses Indonesia Now as the main data of this research. This program broadcasts once a week on Tuesday on Metro TV at 9.30 p.m to 10.30 p.m. It is hosted by Danton Tanaka as the interviewer and Agnes Monica, the international singer as the interviewees. The researcher curiosity in finding out how the turn is accepted, held, and why the participants some time can't wait the possible turn. The topic of the main data is about Agnes's experiences in becoming international singer. RSEARCH QUESTION Based on the phenomena in the background of the study above, it is intended to answer some of the research questions as follows; 1. What turn-taking systems are used by the participants in interview TV programme Indonesia Now? 2. How do the participants construct their turn in conversation? 3. What are the effects to the flow of session of the programme and to the participants while using the turn taking strategies based on the cultural background of conversation ? PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the creation of this research is to provide the answer of the research question described above, namely; 1. To know about the turn-taking systems are used in interview TV programme Indonesia Now 2. To find out how the participants construct their turn to speak 3. To know the effects of the flow of the programme and participants if they use the turn strategies which they are from different cultural conversation background METHOD This study uses descriptive qualitative method which is not focus on number but tends to focus on the phenomenon of words, phrases, and sentences. According to Munhall (2007), descriptive qualitative research is not reducible to numbers and categories but it situated in the person's life and the participant's words to understand social interaction. The object of this study is the turn-taking system and strategies used by the participants in interview TV program Indonesia Now on Metro TV. This study uses their turn-taking systems and strategies as the research by noting the transcript of the object in data collection. The participants in interview TV program Indonesia Now exclusive Agnes Monica with Dalton Tanonaka on Metro TV become sources of the data, specifically the host, and the guest star. The data are in form of speech times, utterances, words and phrases. In the process of collecting the data, the use of observation data technique is important to get an easy way while choosing the data to be analysed. According to Bloomer (1998:186), observation is a technique of collecting the data for studies in psycholinguistics, first-language acquisition, second-language acquisition, literacy, accent and dialect studies, sociolinguistics, language and gender, and conversation analysis. In this technique, the data can be finds out in various ways such as secret or open observation, recording from TV or radio program, or reusing previous study which contain of transcriptions and notes relating to the object. The researcher as the key instrument in this study uses his science and ability to collect the data as explained by Heigham (2009: 11) that in qualitative research, the researcher is the primary research instrument and researchers use themselves to collect the data. The researcher is one of English Department student in State University of Surabaya, specifically focus on Linguistics. When the data was got, the phenomena of the way the participants talk which is sometimes irregular was became the main problem to analysed next. In order to get a good data including well audio and video, after observation was done, then continued with record the data by using a tool which was called tape-recording. This will support many types of work or project such as sociolinguistics, accent and dialect studies, conversation analysis and so on, where it may help to make notes of transcript and avoid missing important information as explained by Bloomer (1998: 153) that the use of collecting recorded data is to listen over and over again for the detail. It would be badly need of a good video and audio, because some people are often unclear in utter the words. In this part, the data was recorded by using a video tape recorder. In order to get a good data involve well audio and video, the use of one of internet's most popular sites, namely YouTube was choose. After the data was found, then it was downloaded. The need of well audio and video was to get the transcripts and well understand about the phenomenon of the TV programme really occurs. Once all the data is obtained, it is now time to analyse. In this study, the researchers used the technique of data analysis from Dey (1993:31-56) which show the way to analyse qualitative research. According to Dey, the qualitative analysis includes processes of describing phenomena, classifying it, and seeing how the concepts interconnect. the data used to conduct this study will be described first in order to give the information about the phenomenon that is found in this research as explained by Dey (1993: 32) that the first step in qualitative analysis is to develop thorough and comprehensive descriptions of the phenomenon under study. It was continued by classifying the data as Dey (1993; 41) stated that without classifying the data, we have no way of knowing what it is that we are analysing. This means that by classifying data, the researcher will be able to analyse a research. In this part, the researcher makes a table of list about the turn-taking systems and the thing that doesn't related to the object will not be entered into the list. Describing and classifying is not finish yet, the researcher must continue the analysis by making connection between data and theories. This part is to make building blocks which mean that the researcher has to connecting the data with the theories in order to keep it on topic and goals analysis. DISCUSSION After analyzing the data, it can be found that the participants use the systems in different way and words. The table below are the most commonly system used by the participants; No Turn-Taking Systems Type of Words 1 Turn-Constructional Component Single Word Yeah Okay Because Really Sure Confidence Yes No Exactly Single Phrasal I don't I listen Work harder I can Out of window Of course Single Clausal Is there one of good thing? But then becomes harder? But that's the goal So you admit it? It just happens? But you say you plan thing? 2 Turn-Allocation Component Self Selecting Selecting by another From the table above shows how the participants use the systems in conversation. It can be described that the participants use the first system Turn-Constructional Component which divided into three parts, single word, single phrasal, single clausal with many kind of words. For the first, single word, the participants which are the host Dalton Tanonaka and the guest star Agnes Monica use the word yeah, okay, because, really, sure, confidence, yes, no, and exactly as the way in using this system. From those data, the participants didn't use the same way or word while constructing their turn by using single word, single phrase and single clause component because this is only a single unit types and it will not be usable if use in the same way as Sakcs, et al (1974;702) stated that the use of unit-types lacking feature in the same way may not be usable. The use of single word, single phrase, single clause turn and also the allocation component which are self-selecting and selecting by other in taking the turn to talk are the techniques to make a bridge to know their turn status in conversation and the way of turn to talk was allocated as stated by Sacks, et al (1974;699) that there are techniques for the construction of utterances relevant to their turn status and the allocation of speaker. In a conversation, sometime the speakers can't wait for the TRP or the possible sentence completion to get the turn to talk. They tend to use the strategies in taking the turn which are overlap, interruption and backchannel signal. Overlap Here the overlap and interruption have a connection in use. In the analysis of this study, the participants in interview TV program Indonesia Now use overlap strategies as a way in taking the turn and also show their enthusiasm of the topic in conversation. As Tannen (2005;98) stated that overlap, and latching of utterances are devices by which some speakers show solidarity, enthusiasm, and interest in others' talk, that's can be called as cooperative overlap. Why the overlap strategy has a connection with overlap because the overlap tends to be positive way in taking the turn and interruption is the negative. The overlap will be useful for the participants and the flow of the program itself can be more interest to watch. According to Coates (2004:113), overlaps are instances of slight over anticipation by the next speaker, instead of beginning to speak immediately following the current speaker's turn, and the next speaker begins to speak at the end of the current speaker's turn (TRP). This could be the way of next speaker anticipate the silence of the current speaker's talk by following the current speaker's turn and topic of conversation. Interruption Meanwhile, interruption is begun by overlap but in wrong place and seems like competing the turn to talk because the next speaker was difficult to find the last word where the turn was come. Coates (2004:113-114) stated that interruptions are violations of turn taking when the next speaker begins to talk while the current speaker is still speaking and the current speaker's turn could not be defined as the last word. Interruption can make the interlocutor angry because when the current speaker is talking about serious topic, next speaker tries to get the turn with overlap strategies but in wrong place and moment, so this become an interruption and broke the flow of the conversation in the program. The conversation below show how the participant uses overlap strategies in a right and wrong way; D: you have the performance skill, you know what I think will do for you? Just my limited experience in the broadcast, a movie role like things that need did for Zang ziyi or Michelle Yeoh, they take role in a serious movie, they serious actress and you can singing further because there is so many //singer A: Actually there has been over but I am not gonna// talk about it first ((laugh)) D: But you let us// know? A: OF COURSE OF COURSE I will definitely (scene 2, line 88-91) The conversation above shows that there are two arrows which are the first is overlap and second is overlap but become interruption. As the first arrow shows that when D didn't finish his talk yet, A overlap him as seen where the double slash (//) was the time A overlap D's talk. It was called as an overlap strategy because D didn't feel that A competing him in taking the turn. It contrast with second arrow which is an overlap became interruption as seen in A's talk in the last line. There are up arrow and bold letter which show that A felt angry because D forced her to answer his question which A didn't want to answer it in line 89 and when D forced her, A answer it with raising pitch. This proves that overlap can be interruption if the user can't place it in the right way. Backchannel Signal Meanwhile, the use of backchannel signal makes the flow of the program run smoothly, no overlap or interruption phenomena when the participants use this strategy. Backchannel signal as the way of participants indicate that they are listening the current speaker speech made the flow of conversation run attractively because the participants seem like they are understand about the topic. Yule (1998) maintains that backchannels are "vocal indications of attention, e.g. uhhuh, hmm when someone else is talking". The effect in using the turn-taking strategies All of turn taking strategies has their own effect to the program even to the flow of the program itself. Here the host, Dalton Tanonaka as an American and Agnes Monica as an Indonesian have their own cultural background of conversation. As Robles in Kurylo (2013) stated that United States people tend to give quick response and answer just to minimize the gap and conversation and for outside U.S such as Indonesia, the longer pause may not be a problem in conversation as the conversation below show the participant (A) Agnes Monica didn't pay attention that when she was speaking, there was a longer pause up to 9 seconds; D: Now what could you be better act? A: ehhh (9 seconds) politics?(0.2)//may be probably D: pol politics? Playing the business and the industry and// A: But for now I mean I don't em I am not thinking of going into politics but if you know(.) if I was born// (scene 1, line 35-38) When the participants use an overlap strategy, the flow of the program become more interest and attractive because they use this strategy to show that they are enthusiasm while discussing the topic of conversation and make the audiences want to watch it until the program is end. It different with the use of interruption, the flow of the program become flat because the audience and the participants involve it competing the turn to talk and for the audiences, they can't enjoy the program as stated by Sacks et al (1974) that interruption is a violation of the current speaker's right to the floor and disruption to the flow of the conversation. On the other hand, Halliday in Paltridge (2006;14) argues that speech or spoken discourse are no less highly organized. There is no organization or rule of using overlap and interruption. A conversation or in the DA it was called as spoken discourse, no grammatical structure for spoken discourse and as natural aspect for speaker says something. People allowed to overlap or interruption someone speaks to ask for clarification to reach information clearly. For this, it may allowed for people outside U.S English community, because for the U.S English community, in a conversation, the gap, silence, overlap, and interruption must be avoided as Philips in Kurylo (2013;100) mentioned that In other speech communities within and outside of the United States, however, longer pauses may occur between speakers with more or less than the expected overlap. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion Basically, all theories of turn takings systems and strategies are applicable to analyse the phenomena of the use of turn taking systems and strategies based on their theories category. In preceding chapter, the background of the study here give a little view about turn taking, and anything about conversation that will be analysed next. In doing analysis, there are a lot of new phenomena in using the turn taking systems and strategies. For the turn taking systems, turn allocation component, self selecting system is always not a question. The use of strategies also given a lot of phenomena which is if the speaker uses overlap strategies, it will useful for the conversation become more interest but if the speaker use overlap in a wrong way, it will be interruption that can make the flow of the program was not interest and for the effect in using the turn taking strategies, the use of overlap and interruption may allowed for people outside U.S English community because for the U.S English speaker, in a conversation, the long pause, interruption and overlap phenomena must be avoided to minimize the gap and make the flow of the program run smoothly based on the rule in conversation which is the next speaker should wait until the TRP is come or in other word, the next speaker should wait for the current speaker finishes the speech. Suggestion Based on the result, the researcher thinks that conducting research of turn taking is very challenging. By using conversation analysis, turn taking approach, or other approaches, such as discourse analysis approach. For the net researcher, the researcher of this study suggests that in doing turn taking analysing phenomena, its better to choose the data that the background of the participants has a lot of information, knowledge and so on to get a lot of phenomena off turn taking. Turn taking phenomena is not only in interview TV program, but also in another forms of conversation. REFERENCES Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983) Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press. Coates, J. (2003) Men Talk, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Coates, J. (2004) Women, Men And Language: A Sociolinguistic Account Of Gender Differences In Language (3rd ed). Pearson ESL Cook, G. (1989) Discourse, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dey, Ian. (1993) Qualitative data analysis; A user-friendly guide for social scientists, London & New York, Routledge Heritage, J and Clayman, S. 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