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The cities of the Spanish colonisation represent the realisation of a project of urban order and of taking control of space and people. This common history still leaves a strong mark on the urban fabric: a large part of the cities were laid out according to a regular checkerboard pattern around a central square and the distribution of traditional functions followed the same pattern of structuring intra-urban space. The model of centrality and the colonial layout, which gave a certain homogeneity to the functioning of Mexican cities, have been challenged for several decades now by the pressure of urban growth, the dynamics of the housing markets and the fragmentation of central functions. In the contemporary city, the heritage policy has allowed the individualisation of a central urban sub-space, known as the "historic centre", and the Mexican practice of heritage protection appears to be one of the few systematic attempts to protect the entirety of urban spaces at the end of the nineteenth or beginning of the twentieth century. The integration of the central working-class neighbourhoods within protected areas sanctioned the end of major renovation programmes without, however, allowing the implementation of rehabilitation policies. While Latin American cities are often characterised by deficient public policies, by dynamics resulting from the free play of individual actors within the framework of investment, speculation or survival strategies, this work takes as its object the role of urban development policies. The actions of public authorities and the relationship of private actors to norms and regulations condition, as much as historical legacies and economic dynamics, the evolution of central spaces. The study of the specificity of the central spaces of Mexican cities and the analysis of the dynamics at work in the four main metropolises (Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara and Puebla) makes it possible to give an account of a particular form of the relationship of Mexican society to its historicity and its ...

The cities of the Spanish colonisation represent the realisation of a project of urban order and of taking control of space and people. This common history still leaves a strong mark on the urban fabric: a large part of the cities were laid out according to a regular checkerboard pattern around a central square and the distribution of traditional functions followed the same pattern of structuring intra-urban space. The model of centrality and the colonial layout, which gave a certain homogeneity to the functioning of Mexican cities, have been challenged for several decades now by the pressure of urban growth, the dynamics of the housing markets and the fragmentation of central functions. In the contemporary city, the heritage policy has allowed the individualisation of a central urban sub-space, known as the "historic centre", and the Mexican practice of heritage protection appears to be one of the few systematic attempts to protect the entirety of urban spaces at the end of the nineteenth or beginning of the twentieth century. The integration of the central working-class neighbourhoods within protected areas sanctioned the end of major renovation programmes without, however, allowing the implementation of rehabilitation policies. While Latin American cities are often characterised by deficient public policies, by dynamics resulting from the free play of individual actors within the framework of investment, speculation or survival strategies, this work takes as its object the role of urban development policies. The actions of public authorities and the relationship of private actors to norms and regulations condition, as much as historical legacies and economic dynamics, the evolution of central spaces. The study of the specificity of the central spaces of Mexican cities and the analysis of the dynamics at work in the four main metropolises (Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara and Puebla) makes it possible to give an account of a particular form of the relationship of Mexican society to its historicity and its ...

The cities of the Spanish colonisation represent the realisation of a project of urban order and of taking control of space and people. This common history still leaves a strong mark on the urban fabric: a large part of the cities were laid out according to a regular checkerboard pattern around a central square and the distribution of traditional functions followed the same pattern of structuring intra-urban space. The model of centrality and the colonial layout, which gave a certain homogeneity to the functioning of Mexican cities, have been challenged for several decades now by the pressure of urban growth, the dynamics of the housing markets and the fragmentation of central functions. In the contemporary city, the heritage policy has allowed the individualisation of a central urban sub-space, known as the "historic centre", and the Mexican practice of heritage protection appears to be one of the few systematic attempts to protect the entirety of urban spaces at the end of the nineteenth or beginning of the twentieth century. The integration of the central working-class neighbourhoods within protected areas sanctioned the end of major renovation programmes without, however, allowing the implementation of rehabilitation policies. While Latin American cities are often characterised by deficient public policies, by dynamics resulting from the free play of individual actors within the framework of investment, speculation or survival strategies, this work takes as its object the role of urban development policies. The actions of public authorities and the relationship of private actors to norms and regulations condition, as much as historical legacies and economic dynamics, the evolution of central spaces. The study of the specificity of the central spaces of Mexican cities and the analysis of the dynamics at work in the four main metropolises (Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara and Puebla) makes it possible to give an account of a particular form of the relationship of Mexican society to its historicity and its ...

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Richard Yates, most remembered for his Revolutionary Road (1961), was also the author of two fine and exceptionally well-crafted collections of short stories, Eleven Kinds of Loneliness (1963) and Liars in Love (1981). Yates was a writer of exceptional perception and unflinching clarity, yet some have criticized his work as drawing too heavily on autobiographical content. This article seeks to examine Yates' 1963 story "Builders" to gain insight into this extraordinary author's understanding of the writing process, his use of autobiographical or semi-autobiographical content, and to suggest new approaches for work on this still under-appreciated twentieth century author. ; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland ; Karl Wood is on the staff of the Department of Anglophone Literatures in English at Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland, where he teaches courses in American Cultural Studies. His research interests and publications have included several shorter works on the work of Richard Yates and on twentieth century US-American culture, as well as work related to transnational spa culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He is a member of the Department's team participating in the Horizon-2020 DIGITENS project, an international research consortium on forms of sociability in the long eighteenth century. ; karlwood@ukw.edu.pl ; 49 ; 32 (1/2021) ; 61 ; Bailey, B. 2003. A Tragic Honesty. The Life and Work of Richard Yates. New York: Picador. ; Berriault, G., Vonnegut, K., Dubus, A., Conroy, F. et al. 1993. Richard Yates. An American Writer. Tributes in Memoriam. New York: Seymour Lawrence. ; Boyle, C. 2007. Consuming Autobiographies. Reading and Writing the Self in Post-War France. London: Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9781351195317 ; Bradfield, S. 1992. Follow the long and revolutionary road. The Independent, November 21, 31. ; Braudy, S. 1993. Remarks at the Richard Yates memorial service. Richard Yates. An American Writer. Tributes in Memoriam, 21-23. New York: Seymour Lawrence. ; Charlton-Jones, K. 2012. Dismembering the American Dream. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ; Dix, H. 2017. Autofiction: The forgotten face of French theory. Word and Text. A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics 17: 69-85. ; Ford, R. 2000. American beauty (Circa 1955). The New York Times. April 9. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/09/books/essay-american-beauty-circa-1955.ht ml (6 September 2020) ; Henry, DeWitt, Clark, G. & Yates, R. 1972. An interview with Richard Yates. Ploughshares vol. 1 no. 3: 65-78. DOI:10.2307/40349860 ; Jones, S.A. 2017. Richard Yates's autofictions and the politics of canonization. In: J. Daly (ed.), Richard Yates and the Flawed American Dream, 87-106. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ; Lacy, R. 2010. Richard Yates in Iowa. The Sewanee Review vol. 118 no. 3: 422-428. ; O'Nan, S. 1999. The lost world of Richard Yates. Boston Review, October 1. http://bostonreview.net/stewart-onan-the-lost-world-of-richard-yates (6 September 2020). ; Schmitt, A. 2010. Making the case for self-narration against autofiction.a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 25:1, 122-137, DOI:10.1080/08989575.2010.10815365 ; Stanton, M. 1993. Remarks at the Richard Yates memorial service. Richard Yates. An American Writer. Tributes in Memoriam, 49-52. New York: Seymour Lawrence. ; Tower, R. 1981. Richard Yates and his unhappy people. The New York Times, November 1. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/01/books/richard-yates-and-his-unhappy-people.html?pag (6 September 2020) ; Vonnegut, K. 1993. Remarks at the Richard Yates memorial service. Richard Yates. An American Writer. Tributes in Memoriam, 13-15. New York: Seymour Lawrence. ; Yates, R. Builders. The Collected Stories of Richard Yates, 141-173. New York: Henry Holt.

The 'Chinese dream' sums up China's goals in the twenty first century. Since its first appearance in 2012, the concept of the Chinese dream has been the core of Xi Jinping's «new thoughts, new ideas and new arguments». At the nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China it was elevated as one of the guiding principles of 'Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era', which represents the latest effort towards the sinicization of Marxism. This paper aims at casting light on whether the discourse on the Chinese dream carries new contents or is based on old concepts 'camouflaged' as new. To do so, it will analyze the ideological implications of those 'creative metaphors' that compose the discursive mosaic of the Chinese dream as used by Xi Jinping in his political speeches. Drawing on the studies on conceptual metaphors and frame analysis, this study analyzes those metaphorical expressions which are purposely outlined in the transcription of the speeches with the aim of signaling the originality of «Xi's language style». The final aim is to provide insight into what these 'creative metaphors' are doing in contemporary China. Results show that 'creative metaphors' in the discourse on the Chinese dream are meant to set the agenda on revitalizing morality within the Party as well as 'unifying' values in today's Chinese society, and most of them are far from being new in Chinese political discourse. ; The 'Chinese dream' sums up China's goals in the twenty-first century. Since its first appearance in 2012, the concept of the Chinese dream has been the core of Xi Jinping's "new thoughts, new ideas and new arguments". At the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China it was elevated as one of the guiding principles of 'Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era', which represents the latest efort towards the Sinicization of Marxism. This paper aims at casting light on whether the discourse on the Chinese dream carries new contents or is based on old concepts 'camouflaged' as new. To do so, it will analyse the ideological implications of those 'creative metaphors' that compose the discursive mosaic of the Chinese dream as used by Xi Jinping in his political speeches. Drawing on the studies on conceptual metaphors and frame analysis, this study analyses those metaphorical expressions that are purposely outlined in the transcription of the speeches with the aim of signaling the originality of "Xi's language style". The final aim is to provide insight into what these 'creative metaphors' are doing in contemporary China. Results show that 'creative metaphors' in the discourse on the Chinese dream are meant to set the agenda on revitalising morality within the Party as well as 'unifying' values in today's Chinese society, and most of them are far from being new in Chinese political discourse.

The paper presents considerations of the research on the Serbian political tradition in the work of Slobodan Jovanović (1869-1958), a famous Serbian lawyer, historian, writer and politician, who had a very important role in the development of the Serbian political thought. His work is extensive and varied, but in essence, it relates to the whole of political life in Serbia in the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. Almost all the elements that make up the Serbian political tradition can be observed in his work. All these elements are contained in the discussion of political institutions in the 19th century Serbia, the rule of the Obrenović dynasty, political parties and party leaders, political ideas and movements in Serbia and Yugoslavia, extreme political behavior and Serbian national character. Jovanović found the origins of Serbian political tradition in the epic poetry and the Kosovo myth, as well as in the poetry of Njegoš. This was a decisive factor in the formation of general ideas about the Serbs as a freedom-loving, heroic and justice-loving people. At the same time, this is where the origins of the idea of Serbs as a disunited nation can be found. Jovanović paid the greatest attention to issues concerning the content of Serbian political tradition, namely: constitutional system, political institutions, parliamentary life, inter-party struggles, political events, the role of the individual in politics and culture, authoritarianism and political violence. He pointed to the political ideas that were coming from the West and which were accepted with mistrust by the patriarchal Serbian society. He appreciated the role of political parties in the democratization of political life, but he also warned of the dangers that threatened national unity: party favouritism and intolerance. In the analyses of the Serbian national character, Jovanović was of the opinion that the Serbs are predominantly a 'Dinaric type' people, which is characterised by the highly developed sense of justice but not of legality, because it was difficult for them to get accustomed to the laws and could not rid themselves of the biasin favour of relatives and friends in their public life. Regarding Yugoslavism, Jovanovic was its critic, but he pointed out to the rational reasons for the unification of Serbs and Croats, which could be established on a compromise of Serbian and Croatian nationalism. He particularly devoted his attention to the Serbian cultural pattern and indicated that, in its absence, it often came to the corruption in public life, which was most noticeable in politics. That is why he advocated the formation of a humanistic cultural pattern, which would be directed to the development of people and would cover the whole of the spiritual life. The work of Slobodan Jovanović expressed a very critical approach to many issues of Serbian political tradition, but it also expressed very clear Enlightenment appeals for the necessity of humanistic education for the development of democratic political culture in Serbia.

The historical relations between Africa and Cuba run deep. Cuba significantly contributed to the African national liberation struggle and Africa contributed towards the development of Cuban identity and culture. This article is concerned with the latter aspect. African elements in the development of Cuban culture have historically been manifested in the development of Cuban religions, in particular the Congolese and Bantu derived Regla Conga (Palo Monte), the Yoruba derived Regla Ocha (Santeria), the Benin derived Regla Arara and Vodoo, and the Sociedad Secreta Abakua whose origins are Old Calabar and southwestern Cameroon. These religions were syncretised with Christian symbols to produce Cuban national identity. I will dwell on the Sociedad Secreta Abakua which has historically consisted of male only mutual associations. The society is the only one of its kind in the Americas and is located in the cities of Havana, Matanzas, and Cardenas.
I will examine the historiography on the origins of the society and offer a political economy approach which dwells on the development of the social formation of the societies of Old Calabar and the emergence of the male only Ekpe and Ngbe or Leopard Societies whose functions were those of a state apparatus which provided religious and ideological legitimacy for an emerging merchant class in the eighteenth and the second half of the nineteenth centuries. Membership of the Ekpe and Ngbe was not only restricted to the dominant lineages but also included freemen and slaves. Most of the historiography consider the two secret societies as the origin of the Sociedad Secreta Abakua. It will be suggested that its origins may also lie in the Nka lyip (Association of Blood Men) whose membership was mainly slaves in Old Calabar. The origins of the Blood Men may have been much earlier, possibly in the eighteenth century. The Abakua Secret Society may also have emerged much earlier than 1836 and possibly in the late eighteenth century.
The next level will dwell on its development as a contested Cuban institution based in the port cities of Havana, Matanzas and Cardenas. Based in poor neighbourhoods, its members became a source of labour on the wharves, in warehouses for over 100 years. Its membership underwent transformation from black only to mixed white and black and later Chinese ex‐indentured labour. It became transculturised, drawing its religious pantheons and rituals from Old Calabar, Yoruba and Bantu elements, as well as Roman Catholic symbols. In the colonial and neo‐colonial periods the Abakua were demonised and persecuted. Through the contract system of labour, its members were manipulated and exploited by unscrupulous intermediaries. Some of these intermediaries held leadership positions or plazas in its ranks. But its secret character was politically positive as its fearless, valiant male members actively participated in the struggles against slavery, against Spanish colonialism, labour unions, and the defeat of United States aggression against the young Cuban revolution in 1961.

GREAT BRITAINEllen Wedemeyer Moore. The fairs of medieval England: an introductory survey.Graham Platts. History of Lincolnshire IV: land and people in medieval Lincolnshire.Colum Giles. Rural houses of west Yorkshire, 1400‐1830.Lucy Caffyn. Workers'housing in west Yorkshire, 1750‐1920.Paul S. Seaver. Wallington's world: a puritan artisan in seventeenth‐century London.J. M. Beattie. Crime and the courts in England, 1660‐1800John V. Pickstone. Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region 1752‐1946.Biancamaria Fontana. Rethinking the politics of commercial society: the Edinburgh Review, 1802‐1832.John Belchem. Orator Hunt': Henry Hunt and English working‐class radicalism.Roy Church (with the assistance of Alan Hall and John Kanefsky). The history of the British coal industry. Volume 2: 1830‐1913. Victorian pre‐eminence.T. C. Smout. A century of the Scottish people, 1830‐1950.D. C. M. Platt. Britain's investment overseas on the eve of the First World War: the use and abuse of numbers.Eric Taplin. The Dockers'union: a study of the National Union of Dock Labourers, 1889‐1922.Anthony Sutcliffe (Ed.). Metropolis, 1890‐1940.S. N. Broadberry. The British economy between the wars; a macroeconomic survey.J. M. Winter. The Great War and the British people.Alec Cairncross. The price of war: British policy on German reparations, 1941‐1949.Stephen Wagg. The football world: a contemporary social history.George Gordon (Ed.). Regional cities in the United Kingdom, 1890‐1980.GENERALDonald Reid. The miners of Decazeville: a genealogy of de‐industrialization.Steven Laurence Kaplan and Cynthia J. Koepp (Eds.). Work in France: representations, meaning, organization and practice.Richard J. Evans and W. R. Lee (Eds.). The German peasantry: conflict and community in rural society from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries.A. Heerding. (Translated by Derek S. Jordan.) The history of N. V. Philips'gloeilampenfabrieken. Volume 1. The origin of the Dutch incandescent lamp industry.Juan Hernaandez Andreu. España y la crisis de 1929.Witold Kula. (Trans, by Richard Szreter.) Measures and men.S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies (Eds.). Materials for a balance of the Soviet national economy, 1928‐1930.John M. Hemphill II. Virginia and the English commercial system, 1689‐1733: studies in the development and fluctuations of a colonial economy under imperial control.Leonard S. Reich. The making of American industrial research: science and business at GE and Bell, 1876‐1926.Naomi R. Lamoreaux. The great merger movement in American business, 1895‐1904.D'ann Campbell. Women at war with America: private lives in a patriotic era.Lewis R. Fischer and Gerald E. Panting (Eds.). Change and adaptation in maritime history: the north Atlantic fleets in the nineteenth century.Dianne Newell. Technology on the frontier: mining in old Ontario.Andrew Gordon. The evolution of labor relations in Japan: heavy industry, 1853‐1955.Jane Rendall. The origins of modern feminism.Michael Turner (Ed.). Malthus and his time.Nathan Rosenburg and L. E. Birdzell. How the west grew rich: the economic transformation of the industrial world.Charles P. Kindleberger. Keynesianism vs. monetarism and other essays in financial history.Publications of The Economic History Society

The article highlights the peculiarities of the legal regulation formation of land relations in Galicia as part of the Austrian Empire (late XVIII ‒ early XIX centuries). It is argued that the legal framework for the regulation of land relations in Austria (since 1867 ‒ Austria-Hungary) was laid for a long time on the basis of customary and codified civil law, taking into account the experience of individual European countries (France, England, German states). A kind of legal eclecticism was designed to take full account of public, but this often led to the emergence of certain contradictions and conflicts in Austrian law. It is described that Galicia, annexed to the Habsburg monarchy as a result of the first partition of the Rzeczpospolita in 1772, was an agrarian region with a rather low crop culture and a whole set of unresolved problems in the field of agrarian relations. And although the annexed crown land ‒ the Austrian-created Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien) ‒ was territorially the largest within the Habsburg Empire (total area was more than 83 thousand km2 with a population of 2.5 million people), its economic weight in the state was insignificant. In the economic system of the empire, Galicia was seen as a potential supplier of bread for the whole state. It is shown that the first steps of the Austrian authorities in Galicia in the field of agriculture can be called the introduction of basic order in order to implement more efficient management. The situation with the settlement of land relations in Galicia turned out to be much more complicated, where there was a significant agrarian overpopulation ‒ significantly more than in other regions of Europe at that time.It is found that between 1785 and 1788 the first general land census was compiled in Austria – the land cadastre, known as the Josephine Metric (named after Emperor Joseph II). The introduction of such a cadastre was determined by the need to obtain information about land as a source of wealth and taxation. The Austrian cadastre was a detailed census and assessment of available land. As a result of the measurement, a protocol of land measurements was drawn up, where land plots were indicated with the establishment of their number, size (in yards), area and yield. Important in terms of reforming land relations in Galicia was the "Urban Patent", issued on February 10, 1789 by Emperor Joseph II. All peasant duties were to be set in proportion to the amount of land in use.It is established that after the abolition of the serfdom of peasants in Galicia and cadastral reform, a number of other orders and patents were adopted, which regulated the sphere of land relations. The innovations concerned the responsibility of lords for restricting and violating the rights of peasants, additional duties, settlement of serfdom on bad days (a situation when a peasant could work serfdom days in the field on rainy days instead of bad weather). The authorities abolished the patrimonial judging of the lords against the peasants and introduced the positions of special judges – justices, who were to deal with the court cases of the peasants. However, the landlords continued to pay for their activities and they acted as their de facto proxies.It is noted that the Austrian reforms in the field of agriculture and land relations in the late XVIII ‒ early XIX centuries guaranteed peasant land ownership and protected it from encroachment by landlords. They clearly outlined the framework of the peasant economy, the peasant community itself and defined their place in the structure and functioning of the state until the mid-nineteenth century. Another change in the legal regulation of agrarian relations in Galicia took place after the "Spring of Nations" revolution. In March 1848, a revolution began in the Austrian Empire, the participants of which sought the proclamation of civil rights and freedoms, the elimination of the remnants of the Middle Ages. Influenced by popular demands and the political situation, Emperor Ferdinand I made concessions and on April 25, 1848, signed the first constitution for the whole empire. The constitution retained the monarchical-constitutional order, but introduced limited democratic rights and freedoms of citizens, declaring the division of power into three branches – executive, legislative and judicial. Under the conditions of the revolution and the signing of the first Austrian constitution in 1848, peasant movements intensified in Galicia, whose representatives, among other things, raised the issue of regulating land relations. ; Висвітлено особливості становлення правового регулювання земельних відносин у Галичині в складі Австрійської імперії (наприкінці XVIII – початку ХІХ століть). Зазначено, що австрійські реформи у сфері сільського господарства і земельних правовідносин наприкінці XVIII – початку ХІХ століть гарантували селянське землеволодіння і захистили його від посягань поміщиків. Вони чітко окреслили межі селянського господарства, самої селянської громади та визначили їх місце у структурі та функціонуванні держави аж до середини ХІХ століття. Чергові зміни у правовому регулюванні аграрних відносин у Гали­чині відбулися після революції "весни народів". У березні 1848 року в Австрійській імперії розпочалася революція, учасники якої домагалися проголошення громадянських прав і свобод, ліквідації пережитків ще епохи Середньовіччя. Під впливом народних вимог і політичної кон'юнктури імператор Фердинанд І пішов на поступки і 25 квітня 1848 року підписав першу конституцію для всієї імперії. Конституція залишала монархічно-консти­туційні порядки, однак впроваджувала обмежені демократичні права і свободи громадян, декларуючи розподіл влади на три гілки – виконавчу, законодавчу і судову. В умовах революції та підписання першої австрійської конституції 1848 року у Галичині активізува­лися селянські рухи, представники яких з-поміж іншого порушували питання регулювання земельних відносин.

The juristic protection of cultural heritage in Libya has been divided into two distinct periods. The first before 1869 was characterized by the absence of specific legislation. Apparent remains and transportable archaeological pieces were exposed to pillage and bargaining, while intangible heritage was transmitted through a popular memory that lost part of its cultural heritage over time. The second period, from the mid-nineteenth century, is marked for the Libyan heritage by a desire for protection. From 1869 to the present and after independence, it has had different stages and varying degrees in the preservation of cultural property from a legal point of view.This doctoral research is particularly interested in the last 150 years when the definition of the heritage and the vision of the Muslim law on the heritage were taken into account, because the religious heritage remains deeply in the minds of the people and constitutes an obstacle to the acceptance of several forms of cultural heritage.From the various powers that have been exercised in Libyan territory, it is possible to understand the contributions and limits, the influences and developments, the stakes and the actors, the normative provisions and their application during the Ottoman period, Italian occupation and finally the British military administration. These two European countries have focused on the protection of the tangible cultural heritage and its rediscovery. As in other areas, intangible heritage has received special attention from both administrations.After the proclamation of independence, interest in cultural heritage was lessened despite the many laws and resolutions promulgated favorable to the emergence of a national heritage law and intended to protect cultural wealth due to the discovery large quantities of oil. The country then directs its economy towards the exploitation of a rent implying the abandonment of the other resources of the country. The economy was privileged and the state gave no importance to the development of archaeological tourism.In addition, awareness of the importance of heritage as a constituent part of the cultural identity of the people has not been anchored in the minds of most citizens, in particular because of educational programs that do not Heritage issue. On the other hand, they were saturated with discriminatory nationalist subjects to combat internal and external cultural diversity. The propaganda of the old regime has tried to do so over the decades. With the collapse of the regime of Colonel Gaddafi in 2011, a new patrimonial legislation made it possible to take into consideration new areas. Possible developments can be expected from the influence of international conventions.This thesis, by analyzing the evolution of the legal protection of the Libyan cultural heritage and making available the normative corpus elaborated over the centuries, is a first step for future research on cultural heritage and more broadly on the question Of Libyan law. ; La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie a connu deux périodes distinctes. La première avant 1869 se caractérisait par l'absence de législation spécifique. Les vestiges apparents et les pièces archéologiques transportables étaient exposés au pillage et au marchandage tandis que le patrimoine immatériel se transmettait par une mémoire populaire qui perdait au fil du temps une partie de son héritage culturel. La seconde période, à partir du mitan du XIXe siècle, est marquée pour le patrimoine libyen par une volonté de protection. Il a connu depuis 1869 jusqu'à nos jours et après l'indépendance, différentes étapes et divers degrés dans la préservation de biens culturels d'un point de vue juridique.Cette recherche doctorale s'intéresse particulièrement à ces quelques 150 années où l'intérêt a été porté à la définition du patrimoine et à la vision de la loi musulmane sur le patrimoine car l'héritage religieux reste très ancré dans l'esprit des gens et constitue une entrave à l'acceptation de plusieurs formes de patrimoine culturel.A partir des différents pouvoirs qui se sont exercés sur le territoire libyen, il est permis de saisir les apports et les limites, les influences et les évolutions, les enjeux et les acteurs, les dispositions normatives et leur application pendant la période ottomane puis l'occupation italienne et enfin l'administration militaire britannique. Ces deux pays européens se sont intéressés à la seule protection du patrimoine culturel matériel et à sa redécouverte. Comme en d'autres espaces, le patrimoine immatériel n'a bénéficié d'une attention particulière de ces deux administrations.Après la proclamation de l'indépendance, l'intérêt porté au patrimoine culturel a été moindre malgré les nombreuses lois et les résolutions promulguées favorables à l'émergence d'un droit national du patrimoine et destinée à protéger les richesses culturelles en raison de la découverte d'importantes quantités de pétrole. Le pays alors oriente son économie vers l'exploitation d'une rente impliquant l'abandon des autres ressources du pays. L'économie a alors été privilégiée et l'Etat n'a donné aucune importance au développement du tourisme archéologique.Par ailleurs, la conscience de l'importance du patrimoine comme constitutive de l'identité culturelle du peuple n'a pas été ancrée dans l'esprit de la plupart des citoyens, notamment à cause des programmes d'enseignement ne faisant pas état de la question patrimoniale. Par contre, ils étaient saturés de sujets nationalistes discriminatoires pour lutter contre la diversité culturelle intérieure et extérieure. La propagande de l'ancien régime s'est efforcée d'agir ainsi durant les décennies. Avec la chute du régime du colonel Kadhafi en 2011, une nouvelle législation patrimoniale a permis de prendre en considération de nouveaux domaines. De possibles évolutions sont à attendre de l'influence des conventions internationales.Cette thèse, par une analyse de l'évolution de la protection juridique du patrimoine culturel libyen et la mise à disposition du corpus normatif élaboré au cours des siècles, est une première étape pour de futures recherches relatives au patrimoine culturel et plus largement à la question du droit libyen.

This Ph.D thesis entitled "Impairment of goodwill and corporate governance" explores the association between the impairment of goodwill according to the international and US accounting standards (IAS 36 and SFAS 142) and the corporate governance system. In brief, the research question aims at verifying if and how different corporate governance actors influence the impairment test choices. Indeed, the impairment of goodwill involves across-the-board most firm functions. The procedures needed to carry out the impairment test cannot be limited only to the accounting domain, being instead necessary merging the competences in the strategic and operational management, in organization and finance with the accounting-related ones. Underlying the impairment of goodwill there are indeed assumptions that are used for both the ordinary and the strategic decisions. The valuations underlying goodwill impairments are meaningful, revealing about internal politics and they are portentous of the management past (because goodwill originates from business combinations) and future (because goodwill is the expression of the expected benefits deriving from the synergies created or from the invisible intangibles of the acquired entity) strategy. The result of the periodic impairment test constitutes a signal of the future strategy of the firm or of the effectiveness of past strategies. Also, the assumptions underlying the impairment procedure derive from the forecasts, which are predicted at different levels within the firm. The development of my research takes into account a conceptual, historical and doctrinal analysis of the goodwill write-offs, mainly in the Italian accounting literature and with a brief overview on the International accounting literature. The reason to explore the evolution of the goodwill notion and treatment through the accounting history moves from the dense and puzzling debate that since the nineteenth century characterised the accounting panorama, leading the goodwill to be one of the most controversial assets. By common consent the process underlying the valuation of goodwill is associated to the entire process to determine the company economic value. From the introduction of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142 (SFAS 142) in the United States and of International Accounting Standard 36 (IAS 36) in the International Accounting Standards adopter countries, follows several critiques and reservations from academics, practitioners, standard setters and regulators. As far afield as that in recent years both the US Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group questioned whether prior amortisation process was more relevant and reliable. The corporate governance system may moderate the use of discretionary accounting choices, enforcing the overall reliability of financial reporting. On the one hand I investigate the impact that the internal corporate governance mechanisms have on the impairment test. On the other hand I verify whether the external corporate governance mechanisms are able to affect the decision of impairment. Within the internal corporate governance mechanisms I explore the board of directors, the managerial incentives, the insider ownership and the chief financial officer perception on the impairment of goodwill. Within the external corporate governance mechanisms I explore the institutional ownership, state ownership, external auditor and the analysts forecasts likely associations with discretional impairment of goodwill. This study is mainly grounded on the positivist agency theory, supposing that the agent, whether is the management, or the external auditor or different types of shareholders acts in its own interests which usually may not correspond to the best interests of the principal (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Fama and Jensen, 1983; Jensen, 1983; Eisenhardt, 1989). The empirical analysis comprises the use of diverse research methods such as archival and survey method. This thesis provides a threefold theoretical contribution, contributing to the studies on accounting history, on accounting and on corporate governance. First, it develops a path within the Italian accounting tradition that might be considered as trailblazing of the modern accounting standards. I retrace different approaches on the evaluation issues and on the concept of goodwill that some of the most influential Italian "Economisti Aziendali" emphasised in their writings. From the specific attention devoted to the long-lived assets financial evaluations one can appreciate the multidimensionality of our "Economia Aziendale", including operations, management and control. As a matter of fact, the impairment of assets constitutes the trait d'union between various functions within the firm, involving beyond accounting also strategy, finance, operation, internal and external control. I thus carefully explore the past accounting literature on the goodwill-related issues, employing a constructive and historical method that led me to build a personal interpretation. Second, as underlined by prior literature, the manipulation of goodwill write-offs makes allocating financial resources highly inefficient, both at the firm and at market levels, and compromises the role of financial reporting as an external control system (Beatty & Weber, 2006; Ramanna and Watts, 2012). Given the important economic and market implications, managers, directors, chief financial officers, shareholders and external auditors carefully assess the estimates underlying the goodwill write-offs (Gu and Lev, 2011; Ramanna and Watts, 2012). Despite this, prior research has not yet systematically investigated whether the corporate governance system influences the write-offs decisions. As a matter of fact, in literature there are conflicting findings on managerial incentives in manipulating the earnings through specific accruals and in detail through assets write-offs. Third, as far as I know there are still unexplored areas of corporate governance's influence on impairment of goodwill.

During the end of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, the city of Rio de Janeiro went through a series of socio-economic changes related to the process of the implementation of modernity and the consolidation of capitalism in Brazil. In this moment, local authorities, along with the elite of the country, created a modernization project whose goal was to eliminate the remaining aspects of the colonial period still present in the city, making it more similar to European capitals through urban reforms. These modifications expressed the desire for progress and civilization from the dominant Brazilian classes while also attempted to follow the example and the rhythm of social, cultural and economic development of Europe. In this context, the authorities from Rio de Janeiro imposed a transformation of habits and popular traditions with the purpose of ending the old customs from the colonial past and the elements of the popular culture that were considered primitive and barbaric. It was in this moment of great changes that Paulo Barreto wrote his work and created several characters. In his texts, he documented and pondered on the urbanization process and the transformations executed to the city of Rio de Janeiro, paying special attention to the alterations that this process caused to the population and its customs, interactions and sociability. Barreto's work reflects the impositions of a government concerned with the idea of civilizing the city and the life of its inhabitants in contrast with the reality of the daily life of that population. Through a close observation of the city in all its spheres and its quotidian life, he constructed relevant interpretations about the dynamics and the characteristics of modern life, as well as different representations of modernity. In this sense, this present research intends to analyse the representations of modernity constructed by Paulo Barreto throughout this work. ; Durant la fin du xixème siècle et les deux premières décennies du xxème la ville de Rio de Janeiro a vécu plusieurs transformations socio-économiques associées au processus d'implantation de la modernité et de consolidation du capitalisme au brésil. les autorités 'cariocas' ont créé un projet de modernisation qui visait, par des réformes urbaines, à mettre fin aux caractéristiques d'une ville coloniale en la rapprochant des grandes cités européennes. ces réformes signifiaient, pour l'élite brésilienne, un désir de progrès et de civilisation. en même temps, celles-ci correspondaient à une tentative du brésil de poursuivre les modèles et rythmes de développement des économies européennes ainsi que leurs développements culturels et sociaux. dans ce contexte les autorités ont imposé, aussi, une transformation des coutumes, habitudes et traditions de la population, toujours dans le but de faire disparaître les anciennes traditions coloniales et les éléments de la culture populaire considérés comme marques du primitivisme et de la barbarie. c'était à cette époque et dans ce contexte des intenses changements que Paulo Barreto a produit ses œuvres et a créé plusieurs personnages. dans ses œuvres il documentait et réfléchissait sur le développement de l'urbanisation et des changements de la ville en faisant attention aux transformations que ces processus provoquaient dans la population, ses coutumes, ses interactions et sa sociabilité. ses œuvres reflètent, donc, les impositions d'un gouvernement préoccupé à civiliser la ville et la vie des ses citoyens, contrastant avec la réalité du quotidien de la population. a partit d'une observation attentive de la ville de Rio de Janeiro dans toutes ses sphères diverses et dans toutes les situations possibles du quotidien de ses habitants, il a construit d´importantes interprétations sur la dynamique et les caractéristiques de la vie moderne, ainsi que les différentes représentations de la modernité. ; Durante o final do século XIX e as duas primeiras décadas do século XX, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro viveu uma série de transformações socioeconômicas associadas ao processo de implantação da modernidade e de consolidação do capitalismo no Brasil. Nesse momento, as autoridades cariocas, aliadas à elite do país, criaram um projeto de modernização que visava, através de reformas urbanas, acabar com as características coloniais da cidade aproximando-a das grandes capitais européias. Essas reformas expressavam o desejo de progresso e de civilização das classes dominantes brasileiras ao mesmo tempo em que correspondiam a uma tentativa do Brasil em seguir os modelos e os ritmos de desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico dos países europeus. Nesse contexto, as autoridades cariocas impuseram também uma transformação nos costumes, nos hábitos e nas tradições da população com o objetivo de acabar com as antigas tradições coloniais e com os elementos da cultura popular considerados como marca do primitivismo e da barbárie. É nessa época e nesse contexto de intensas mudanças que Paulo Barreto escreveu suas obras e criou seus inúmeros personagens. Nos seus textos, ele documenta e faz uma reflexão sobre o processo de urbanização e as mudanças sofridas pela cidade do Rio de Janeiro, prestando atenção nas transformações que esse processo provocou na população, seus costumes, suas interações e sua sociabilidade. Sua obra reflete as imposições de um governo preocupado em civilizar a cidade e a vida de seus cidadãos em contraste com a realidade do cotidiano da população. A partir de uma observação atenta da cidade em todas suas esferas e todas as situações possíveis do cotidiano de seus habitantes, ele construiu importantes interpretações sobre a dinâmica e as características da vida moderna, assim que diferentes representações da modernidade. Deste modo, esse trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo determinar as representações da modernidade brasileira construídas por Paulo Barreto no conjunto da sua obra.

-Louis Allaire, Samuel M. Wilson, Hispaniola: Caribbean chiefdoms in the age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xi + 170 pp.-Douglas Melvin Haynes, Philip D. Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xviii + 251 pp.-Dale Tomich, J.H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xii + 266 pp.-Myriam Cottias, Dale Tomich, Slavery in the circuit of sugar: Martinique and the world economy, 1830 -1848. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1990. xiv + 352 pp.-Robert Forster, Pierre Dessalles, La vie d'un colon à la Martinique au XIXe siècle. Pré-senté par Henri de Frémont. Courbevoie: s.n., 1984-1988, four volumes, 1310 pp.-Hilary Beckles, Douglas V. Armstrong, The old village and the great house: An archaeological and historical examination of Drax Hall Plantation, St Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990. xiii + 393 pp.-John Stewart, John A. Lent, Caribbean popular culture. Bowling Green OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1990. 157 pp.-W. Marvin Will, Susanne Jonas ,Democracy in Latin America: Visions and realities. New York: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1990. viii + 224 pp., Nancy Stein (eds)-Forrest D. Colburn, Kathy McAfee, Storm signals: Structural adjustment and development alternatives in the Caribbean. London: Zed books, 1991. xii + 259 pp.-Derwin S. Munroe, Peggy Antrobus ,In the shadows of the sun: Caribbean development alternatives and U.S. policy. Carmen Diana Deere (coordinator), Peter Phillips, Marcia Rivera & Helen Safa. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xvii + 246 pp., Lynne Bolles, Edwin Melendez (eds)-William Roseberry, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Lords of the mountain: Social banditry and peasant protest in Cuba, 1878-1918. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989. xvii + 267 pp.-William Roseberry, Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless liberators, political banditry and Cuban independence. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1989. x + 297 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Robert M. Levine, Cuba in the 1850's: Through the lens of Charles DeForest Fredricks. Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990. xv + 86 pp.-José Sánchez-Boudy, Gustavo Pérez Firmat, The Cuban condition: Translation and identity in modern Cuban literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. viii + 185 pp.-Dick Parker, Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the origins of the Cuban revolution: An empire of liberty in an age of national liberation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xi + 235 pp.-George Irvin, Andrew Zimbalist ,The Cuban economy: Measurement and analysis of socialist performance. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1989. xiv + 220 pp., Claes Brundenius (eds)-Menno Vellinga, Frank T. Fitzgerald, Managing socialism: From old Cadres to new professionals in revolutionary Cuba. New York: Praeger, 1990. xiv + 161 pp.-Patricia R. Pessar, Eugenia Georges, The making of a transnational community: Migration, development, and cultural change in the Dominican republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. xi + 270 pp.-Lucía Désir, Maria Dolores Hajosy Benedetti, Earth and spirit: Healing lore and more from Puerto Rico. Maplewood NJ: Waterfront Press, 1989. xvii + 245 pp.-Thomas J. Spinner, Jr., Percy C. Hintzen, The costs of regime survival: Racial mobilization, elite domination and control of the state in Guyana and Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. x + 240 pp.-Judith Johnson, Morton Klass, Singing with the Sai Baba: The politics of revitalization in Trinidad. Boulder CO: Westview, 1991. xvi + 187 pp.-Aisha Khan, Selwyn Ryan, The Muslimeen grab for power: Race, religion and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: Inprint Caribbean, 1991. vii + 345 pp.-Drexel G. Woodson, Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xxi + 217 pp.-O. Nigel Bolland, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas in slavery and freedom. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1991. viii + 184 pp.-Keith F. Otterbein, Charles C. Foster, Conchtown USA: Bahamian fisherfolk in Riviera beach, Florida. (with folk songs and tales collected by Veronica Huss). Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1991. x + 176 pp.-Peter van Baarle, John P. Bennett ,Kabethechino: A correspondence on Arawak. Edited by Janette Forte. Georgetown: Demerara Publishers, 1991. vi + 271 pp., Richard Hart (eds)-Fabiola Jara, Joop Vernooij, Indianen en kerken in Suriname: identiteit en autonomie in het binnenland. Paramaribo: Stichting Wetenschappelijke Informatie (SWI), 1989. 178 pp.-Jay Edwards, C.L. Temminck Groll ,Curacao: Willemstad, city of monuments. R.G. Gill. The Hague: Gary Schwartz/SDU Publishers, 1990. 123 pp., W. van Alphen, R. Apell (eds)-Mineke Schipper, Maritza Coomans-Eustatia ,Drie Curacaose schrijvers in veelvoud. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1991. 544 pp., H.E. Coomans, Wim Rutgers (eds)-Arie Boomert, P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, De rotstekeningen van Aruba/The prehistoric rock drawings of Aruba. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Presse-Papier, 1991. 228 pp.-J.K. Brandsma, Ruben S. Gowricharn, Economische transformatie en de staat: over agrarische modernisering en economische ontwikkeling in Suriname, 1930-1960. Den Haag: Uitgeverij Ruward, 1990. 208 pp.-Henk N. Hoogendonk, M. van Schaaijk, Een macro-model van een micro-economie. Den Haag: STUSECO, 1991. 359 pp.-Bim G. Mungra, Corstiaan van der Burg ,Hindostanen in Nederland. Leuven (Belgium)/ Apeldoorn (the Netherlands): Garant Publishers, 1990. 223 pp., Theo Damsteegt, Krishna Autar (eds)-Adrienne Bruyn, J. van Donselaar, Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands. Muiderberg: Dick Coutinho, 1989. 482 pp.-Wim S. Hoogbergen, Michiel Baud ,'Cultuur in beweging': creolisering en Afro-Caraïbische cultuur. Rotterdam: Bureau Studium Generale, 1989. 93 pp., Marianne C. Ketting (eds)

Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2004. All rights reserved. ; A broad definition of forestry would be the study of trees, forests, and their use by people. Modern science-based forestry is thought to have begun in the nineteenth century when Europeans looked to specialists to address questions of wood supply and extraction both in their forests at home and in their colonies. The threat of forest loss and wood scarcity resulted in concern for increased forest growth and management techniques for improved yield. By 1891 the United States had established publicly owned forest reserves. In 1900 the Society of American Foresters was established, as was the first School of Forestry in North American at Yale University. The U.S. Forest Service was formed three years later, and this combination of professional, scholarly, and governmental resources constitute the core of U.S. forestry research today. Since the mid-1940s the scope of forestry has grown in response to economics, demography, politics, and social change as well as developments in related fields of study. While at one time German was the primary language of forestry, since World War II most research is reported in English. Knowledge of inter-national research and practices has grown in importance since the 1980s. In addressing global forest concerns, international and local researchers have begun to discover reservoirs of indigenous knowledge concerning forests and their use. Modern forestry education has a tradition of integrating concepts from a variety of disciplines and creating new specialties. These include forest genet-ics, forest ecology, forest recreation, forest economics, forest engineering, urban forestry, plantation forestry, forest pathology, and wood science. The questions addressed by forestry are often interdisciplinary or require a deep understanding of a complementary discipline. As a result, a forest science collection will not be useful in isolation from access to sound collections in the natural, environ-mental, and agricultural sciences. Likewise, a wood science or forest engineer-ing collection will rely on user access to collections in the physical sciences and civil, mechanical, and chemical engineering. Finally, to address the interaction of humans and forest resources, whether looking at income generation, recreational use, traditional knowledge and practices, or conservation strategies, a forestry researcher will need access to collections in the social sciences. Given these assumptions about access to other collections, we can define a distinct serial literature for forestry. It is defined by the history of forestry and as a result is composed largely of government document series, international, and nongovernmental organization reports as well as trade, scholarly professional, and, more recently, scholarly commercial journals. The selected list of periodicals included here does not include government publications, although these are an important source of technical as well as scientific information. Governmental agencies such as the regional research and experiment stations of the U.S. Forest Service are vital sources of information on all aspects of forestry. Series titles such as the regional General Technical Reports are numerous. They are now published electronically in full-text and are available from the Forest Service web site. Canadian libraries will benefit from their easy access to this literature and that of the National Research Council of Canada's many serial publications. Although they are important sources of information, statistical series and serials available from nongovernmental, nonprofit international organizations and research institutions have not been included in this listing. Several statistical series and The State of the World's Forests are available as searchable datasets and in full-text online from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forestry Sector web site. There are numerous serial publications now available via the Internet from other nongovernmental, nonprofit agencies. These are particularly important for coverage of international forestry. The FAO Forestry Sector web site will help identify and serve as a portal to many of these resources as will the AgNIC Forestry web site. The selection of scholarly, academic, and trade journals is primarily representative and by no means exhaustive. Added to the list of forestry titles with this edition are Agroforestry Systems and International Review of Forestry as representative titles for international forestry, as well as Forest Policy and Economics and the JAWA Journal. Deleted from the list is Forestry Source because the nonmember highlights are now available from the Society of American Foresters web site. In reviewing the periodicals from the 11th edition and considering new titles, I looked for titles widely held by other libraries. In 2001, faculty members in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University were asked to list their most used or top ten journals. This listing provided me with evidence of the multidisciplinary underpinnings of forestry and new titles for consideration. In assessing scholarly titles, I looked for titles with high impact factors or a high journal citation half-life using the Journal Citation Reports from the Institute for Scientific Information. When deciding between comparable titles I took into consideration the journal subscription price, and gave preference to professional society publications over journals from commercial publishers. In the earlier editions of this section, Carol C. Green of the University of Washington has recommended using Literature of Forestry and Agroforestry, published by Cornell University Press in 1996.1 would like to acknowledge that I too have made use of this bibliography and reiterate its importance to anyone managing a forestry collection. In addition to giving a useful history of forestry, it identifies both monographs and serials that have provided the foundation for science-based forestry.