Suchergebnisse

There is no life without water. Water is a driver for development: it is vital for human nutrition and health and essential for ecosystem management, agriculture, energy, economic development, peace, and security. Yet, billions of people around the world are continuing to suffer from poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Some 2.2 billion people around the world lack access to safely managed drinking water services, 4.2 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and 3 billion lack basic handwashing facilities. Many societies are further confronted with increasing water scarcity, lowering water quality and the indirect impacts of climate changes on water system functions and services. In addition, in many regions of the world, governance and institutions and financial resources dedicated to water management are insufficient for reaching a sustainable trajectory for water management. The current challenges related to water are therefore multi-dimensional, multi-scale and complex, and intertwined with the many other challenges of the sustainable development agenda. Addressing these complex challenges needs multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, and expertise from different scientific disciplines. This should be grounded on a thorough understanding of the water system, the water system processes and associated water services and functions. The Circle U. is a recently created European university alliance that aims constructing, by 2025 an inclusive, research-intensive and interdisciplinary European university. Students, staff and partners from civil society, businesses and the public sector will collaborate to jointly develop competencies and solutions for keeping Europe and the planet healthy, peaceful, democratic and prosperous. Louvain4water is a transdisciplinary consortium that develops basic and applied research, advanced training and services in the field of water at UCLouvain. The expertise available in the Circle U. alliance, or in local platforms of participating universities like the Louvain4water platform yields excellent opportunities for consolidating the science base needed to address the current water challenges. Yet, such expertise should be better mapped and linked in order to empower the capacities of participating institutions of the Circle U. alliance in addressing water challenges. The overall goal of this symposium is to strengthen the conceptual interdisciplinary scientific framework that is needed to address the current multidimensional water challenges and to bring together expertise from different partner institutions of Circle U. in the water science domain. The specific objective is to illustrate and discuss on how interdisciplinarity can be boosted to address the complex water challenges and to draw a roadmap to set-up interdisciplinary activities in the water science domain in the realm of Circle U.

There is no life without water. Water is a driver for development: it is vital for human nutrition and health and essential for ecosystem management, agriculture, energy, economic development, peace, and security. Yet, billions of people around the world are continuing to suffer from poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Some 2.2 billion people around the world lack access to safely managed drinking water services, 4.2 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and 3 billion lack basic handwashing facilities. Many societies are further confronted with increasing water scarcity, lowering water quality and the indirect impacts of climate changes on water system functions and services. In addition, in many regions of the world, governance and institutions and financial resources dedicated to water management are insufficient for reaching a sustainable trajectory for water management. The current challenges related to water are therefore multi-dimensional, multi-scale and complex, and intertwined with the many other challenges of the sustainable development agenda. Addressing these complex challenges needs multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, and expertise from different scientific disciplines. This should be grounded on a thorough understanding of the water system, the water system processes and associated water services and functions. The Circle U. is a recently created European university alliance that aims constructing, by 2025 an inclusive, research-intensive and interdisciplinary European university. Students, staff and partners from civil society, businesses and the public sector will collaborate to jointly develop competencies and solutions for keeping Europe and the planet healthy, peaceful, democratic and prosperous. Louvain4water is a transdisciplinary consortium that develops basic and applied research, advanced training and services in the field of water at UCLouvain. The expertise available in the Circle U. alliance, or in local platforms of participating universities like the Louvain4water platform yields excellent opportunities for consolidating the science base needed to address the current water challenges. Yet, such expertise should be better mapped and linked in order to empower the capacities of participating institutions of the Circle U. alliance in addressing water challenges. The overall goal of this symposium is to strengthen the conceptual interdisciplinary scientific framework that is needed to address the current multidimensional water challenges and to bring together expertise from different partner institutions of Circle U. in the water science domain. The specific objective is to illustrate and discuss on how interdisciplinarity can be boosted to address the complex water challenges and to draw a roadmap to set-up interdisciplinary activities in the water science domain in the realm of Circle U.

The article analyzes the legal nature, essence and content of the international disputes between Ukraine and the Russian Federation over the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, ensuring free navigation in the Kerch Strait, and access of the Ukrainian naval vessels to the Azov Sea. It is significantly focused on the difficulty to classify this type of disputes, positive and negative sides of the phenomenon for the national interests of Ukraine and possible prospects of the conflict resolution. It is emphasized on the inadmissibility of delay from the Ukrainian side in taking protective and preventive measures in the process of the international conflict development in order to encourage the opposite side in peaceful resolution. At the same time, it is focused on the absence of active effect of the third parties' involvement in the peaceful dispute resolution, absence of mediators and proper interest from the international organizations that tighten Ukraine's political maneuver possibilities.Particular emphasis is put on the Russian Federation's tactics and strategies of the international dispute resolution; its well-planned and intercorrelated policy of escalation, extension and alteration of intergovernmental allegations, abuse of rights, application of double standards, substitution of concepts, usage of international analogies to disguise its intentions and interests. It is confirmed the Russian Federation's dominant position in the relationship with Ukraine and permanent gain of benefits, even minimal, from any situation, including the exchange of Ukrainian captured sailors.The article suggests the wider use of the information constituent of preventive measures to underestimate or devalue object and subject of the international dispute in order to distract the opposite side's interest from the dispute. It is analyzed the feasibility of the building of the channel through the Crimean isthmus discussion.Key words: international situation; international dispute; protective measures in the international dispute; preventive measures in the international dispute. ; Проаналізовано правову природу, суть та зміст міжнародних протиріч України та Російської Федерації, пов'язаних із анексією Криму, забезпеченням свободи судноплавства Керченською протокою та доступу військових суден України до акваторії Азовського моря. Значну увагу зосереджено на проблемах класифікації такого виду суперечностей, позитивних і негативних сторонах явища для національних інтересів України та можливих перспективах розвитку врегулювання. Наголошено на неприпустимості зволікань української сторони із застосуванням захисних та превентивних засобів у процесі розвитку міжнародного спору з метою заохочення протилежної сторони до мирного врегулювання. Водночас акцентовано увагу на відсутності дієвого ефекту участі третіх сторін у спробах мирного врегулювання протиріччя, відсутності посередників та належного інтересу з боку міжнародних організацій, що звужують можливість політичного маневру України.Особливу увагу зосереджено на тактиці та стратегії розв'язання міжнародного спору Російською Федерацією, її продуманій та взаємопов'язаній політиці нагнітання, розширення чи видозміни міждержавних претензій, зловживання правом, застосування подвійних стандартів, підміни понять, використання міжнародних аналогій для маскування мети поведінки та власних інтересів. Підтверджено домінуючу позицію РФ у взаєминах з Україною та перманентне отримання вигоди, навіть – мінімальної, з будь-якої ситуації, включаючи обмін полонених українських моряків.Запропоновано ширше використання інформаційної складової превентивних заходів з метою применшення або знецінення об'єкту та предмету міжнародного спору задля відвернення інтересу протилежної сторони до спору. Проаналізовано доцільність розгляду питання щодо будівництва каналу через Кримський перешийок Ключові слова: міжнародна ситуація; міжнародний спір; захисні засоби у міжнародному спорі; превентивні засоби у міжнародному спорі.

Even though the subject of military service of Jews in the Lithuanian army in the years 1918 to 1940 is not completely new in historiography, many aspects hitherto covered in academic literature remain relevant to this day. The statistics for Jewish soldiers in the interwar Lithuanian army are without doubt one of those aspects. That is why in this article the aim is not just to identify the scale of participation by the Lithuanian army's Jewish soldiers in the Lithuanian War of Liberation, but also to analyse statistical data relating to Jewish soldiers serving in the interwar Lithuanian army in peacetime.

The Province of Zambales is a peaceful place where you want to consider as a retirement place because of the beautiful nature site seeing. But there is particular problems that majority of the municipality in the province of Zambales, Philippines particularly in the towns of Subic and Castillejos cannot solve and there is a big problem that we are facing at night which is there are no street lights and CCTV Camera that can monitor the activity of the road during at night and in the morning because accidents are prone in the busy road during at night. There are so many violators in the National Road specially in rush hours, they do not follow the stipulated law related to National Road. Even enforcers don't implement the said policy and guidelines because they don't care about the possible impact and danger on the road. It's been 2 years from now, since we experienced this kind of situation, even there is a law constituting the implementation of road courtesy under the Department of International and Local Government (DILG) Memorandum Circular No 2020-036 concerning the STRICT BAN OF TRICYCLES AND PEDICADS ALONG ALL NATIONAL HIGHWAYS to prevent from accidents. Now since most of the enforcer cannot monitor the national road event there is signage, the researcher is proposing to develop and come-up with a system that can be powered by a solar panel and can generate electricity to run the CCTV Camera and Street lights. İn this way it can help our enforcer to monitor the traffic within the National Road of Zambales and this can also save electricity and to prevent from any accidents that may occur and can send real-time report to the concerned offices. İn conclusion, the implementation of this kind of system is a big help to our government and to our constituent and drivers

The practice of statebuilding is employed by a broad spectrum of multilateral organisations and national governments as a tool to stabilise fragile states, including those that are recovering from conflict. However, much of the existing literature focuses on weighing up the ethical arguments concerning statebuilding rather than analysing its impact on the societies in which it takes place. This assessment combines data from Fund for Peace's Fragile States Index, financial data harvested from relevant publicly available databases, and an extensive survey of the academic and policy literature to examine whether statebuilding is an effective means of preventing post-conflict states from relapsing into war. By exploring the cases of Burundi, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, and Nepal, it demonstrates that although statebuilding can help to achieve this goal, certain conditions and methods are required for it to be effective. When such conditions and methods are absent, donors' resources are employed to build regimes rather than states and leave the recipient country at risk of returning to conflict. ; Milt Lauenstein

The professionalization of transitional justice (TJ) has received extensive academic attention in TJ and related international relations and peacebuilding scholarship. This article adds an element that has received hardly any attention: namely the presence of activism even among professional and usually donor-funded TJ work. I argue that noticing activism in professional contexts requires attention to the 'everyday', meaning to life in between, aside and beyond high politics and officially important actors, actions, processes and events. Based on field research in Sierra Leone and Kenya, I describe and discuss everyday examples of a specific form of activism, namely tacit activism that I encountered with three key interlocutors, one Sierra Leonean and two Kenyan nationals involved in professional donor-funded TJ work. Their activism was 'tacit' in the sense that it was not part of their official project activities and my interlocutors did not advertise their extra plans and efforts to (prospective) donors. And yet, it was precisely through these tacit plans and efforts that they hoped to meet at least some of the expectations that had been raised in the context of professional TJ projects.

International audience ; In 2016, the disarmament of ETA begins, followed in 2018 by the self-dissolution of the group after a conflict of sixty years with the Spanish State. A cycle of political violence is thus ending, with no sign of lasting stability in the country. We will analyse the conditions in which this cycle came to an end in order to consider the reciprocal relationship between the parties involved in the conflict and the future of the political situation in Basque country. In order to assess this situation, we undertook a qualitative survey of 69 activists formerly involved in Basque non-governmental armed organisations. We will analyse the final stages of this cycle of political violence in detail. We will then highlight the pitfalls of the process considering the assessments made by the so-called radical stakeholders in the conflict. Finally, we will discuss the existence of favourable conditions for the sustainability of a peaceful political situation in the Basque country. ; En 2016 s'amorce le désarmement d'ETA dont l'autodissolution advient en 2018 après un conflit de soixante années avec l'État espagnol. S'achève de la sorte un cycle de violence politique dont les aléas ne permettent pas de présager d'une stabilité pérenne sur le territoire. Nous analyserons les conditions dans lesquelles ce cycle s'est achevé pour considérer le rapport réciproque des parties prenantes du conflit et l'avenir de la situation politique sur le territoire basque. Pour apprécier cette dernière, nous nous appuierons sur une enquête qualitative auprès de 69 militants anciennement impliqués dans des organisations armées basques non gouvernementales. Nous parcourrons, dans le détail, les dernières étapes de ce cycle de violence politique. Nous en soulignerons ensuite les écueils à la lumière des appréciations formulées par la partie prenante dite radicale du conflit. Enfin nous aborderons l'existence de conditions favorables à la pérennité d'une situation politique pacifiée sur le territoire.

International audience ; Mining conflicts are among the most widespread issues linked to natural resources development and management in mineral-rich countries. Guinea mining industries development presents a huge challenge in promoting integrated, prosperous, peaceful, and sustainable mining. The scramble of companies to exploit bauxite in the Boké region is correlated with a wave of protests and violent conflicts. This article explores the reasons for the resurgence of conflicts in the Guinea Republic, proposes some strategies for better mining conflicts prevention, management in Boke region. Thus, through a survey carried out in 7 Municipalities of the region and other mining localities of the country, we use a quantitative approach through descriptive statistic elements to identify the causes of the outburst of the conflict in Boke which seriously hinders the climate of socioeconomic activities for local development. The outcomes of this study reveal that youth employment, water and electricity supply, the weakness in the management of compensation mechanism are the main reasons for conflict escalation in Boke. Although, solutions proposed by the state and some NGOs appear to be hopeful. However, better management of public services and good governance based on more innovative public-private partnerships, and changes in government policy to better benefit the local communities could solve these problems holistically. The implementation of a better strategy (approach) in the management of relations with the surrounding communities by considering the depths and the sociohistorical, cultural, economic characteristics of the region would guarantee an environment of peaceful cohabitation between the local communities and the companies.

The article, based on the analysis of the troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine at the present stage of development identifies the main problems of logistics as a management body for the military property of the troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and suggests ways to solve them. The issues of using common terms and concepts to ensure the defense forces in peacetime and special periods are considered. The authors identify one of the main problems - the creation of an effective system of defense forces of Ukraine, which is able to plan and manage the process of providing troops (forces) with military property both in peacetime and in special periods and will be compatible with NATO. The only effective functioning of the systems of providing military property troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is an urgent task for public administration bodies that organize the provision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Establishment of military property support systems (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as a material flow management system, solves the problem of unification of existing types of logistics and technical support, placing them in NATO standards. The support system is considered as a methodology for developing rational methods of managing the provision of military property of the troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, aimed at optimization, with minimal labor and material resources. Finally, the directions of further research on improving the system of support of the Defense Forces of Ukraine are formulated. ; В статье на основе проведенного анализа обеспечения войск (сил) Вооруженных Сил Украины на современном этапе развития определенны основные проблемы логистики как органа управления системой обеспечения военным имуществом войск (сил) Украины и предлагаются пути их решения. Рассматриваются вопросы использования единых терминов и понятий по обеспечению сил обороны в мирное время и особый период. Авторы определяют одну из главных проблем - это создание эффективной логистической системы сил обороны Украины, которая способна осуществлять планирование и управление процессами обеспечения войск (сил) военным имуществом, как в мирное время, так и в особый период и будет совместима с системой НАТО. Единственное эффективное функционирование системы обеспечения военным имуществом войск (сил) Вооруженных Сил Украины составляет актуальное задание для органов военного управления, которые организуют обеспечения Вооруженных Сил Украины. Создание системы обеспечения военным имуществом войск (сил) Вооруженных Сил Украины, как системы управления материальными потоками выдвигает задачу про объединение в единственную систему действующих видов тылового та технического обеспечения, приближаючи их к стандартам НАТО. Система обеспечения рассматривается, как методология разработки рациональных методов управления обеспечения военным имуществом войск (сил) Вооруженных Сил Украины, направленых на оптимизацию, с минимальными затратами трудовых и материальных ресурсов. В конце статьи сформулированы направления дальнейших исследований по совершенствованию системой обеспечения сил обороны государства. ; У статті на основі проведеного аналізу забезпечення військ (сил) Збройних Сил України на сучасному етапі розвитку визначені основні проблеми логістики як органу управління системою забезпечення військовим майном військ (сил) Збройних Сил України та пропонуються шляхи їх вирішення. Розглядаються питання використання єдиних термінів та понять щодо забезпечення сил оборони в мирний час та особливий період. Автори визначають одну з головних проблем - це створення ефективної системи забезпечення сил оборони України, яка спроможна здійснювати планування та управління процесами забезпечення військ (сил) військовим майном як у мирний час, так і в особливий період та буде сумісною із системою НАТО. Єдине ефективне функціонування системи забезпечення військовим майном військ (сил) Збройних Сил України становить актуальне завдання для органів військового управління, які організовують забезпечення Збройних Сил України. Створення системи забезпечення військовим майном військ (сил) Збройних Сил України, як системи управління матеріальними потоками висуває завдання щодо об'єднання в єдину систему існуючих видів тилового та технічного забезпечення, наближаючи їх до стандартів НАТО. Система забезпечення розглядається, як методологія розробки раціональних методів управління забезпеченням військовим майном військ (сил) Збройних Сил України, направлених на оптимізацію, з мінімальними затратами трудових і матеріальних ресурсів. Наприкінці сформульовані напрямки подальших досліджень щодо удосконалення системи забезпечення сил оборони України.

In recent years, research found that populism employed a new strategy by using nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, as a communication tool to persuade citizens to support their political agendas. In populist campaigns, nostalgia is used to affectively link (alleged) crises with longing for a cherished past. In this article, we applied a mixed-methods approach to understand how populists exploit nostalgia in their communication and how nostalgic rhetoric has the potential to persuade people to support their claims. In Study 1, we conducted a case study based on a qualitative content analysis of Alternative for Germany's (AfD) online election campaign in the 2019 Thuringia election in East Germany. The analysis revealed that the campaign was built around the nostalgic narrative of the 1989 peaceful revolution as a proud historical moment for former German Democratic Republic citizens while at the same time creating a sense of crisis supposedly caused by false post-reunification politics. To further investigate the persuasiveness of nostalgia, Study 2 used a statement from the campaign and found that participants tended to agree more with populist statements if they contained nostalgic rhetoric (compared to non-nostalgic populist and control rhetoric). These findings suggest that right-wing populists can effectively exploit nostalgia and that it may 'sugarcoat' populist messages.

"We don't do politics!" Anyone who has dealt with international organizations (IOs) has heard this claim at least once. Building on the concept of depoliticization, this book provides a systematic analysis of IO apolitical claims and why they "hate" politics. It shows that depoliticization sustains IO everyday activities while allowing them to remain engaged in politics, even when they pretend not to. Delving into the inner dynamics of global governance, this book develops an analytical framework on IOs and depoliticization by bringing together practices and logics of depoliticization in a wide variety of historical, geographic and organizational contexts. With multiple case studies in the fields of labor rights and economic regulation, environmental protection, development and humanitarian aid, peacekeeping, among others, this book shows that depoliticization is enacted in a series of overlapping, sometimes mundane, practices resulting from the complex interaction between professional and individual habits, organizational cultures and deliberate tactics. By approaching the consequences of these practices in terms of logics, it addresses the instrumental dimension of depoliticization without assuming that IO actors necessarily intend to depoliticize their action or global problems.

We use detailed information on the location of agricultural and mining production to approximate international trade for different ethnic groups in order to study its impact on ethnic conflicts in Africa between 1993 and 2010. The goal is to go beyond the income effects of trade to study the residual effects of globalization on conflicts. We find that once we control for income but also for a wide variety of different factors in conflicts (using political variables and fixed effects), the international trade by ethnic groups has a pacific impact on conflicts. While this peaceful impact of trade is mainly found in the trade in agricultural products, it does not have a significant impact in the international trade in mining products. Finally, we propose an original two-step analysis showing that exports significantly reduce conflicts by affecting time-varying national characteristics. We interpret this result as an indication that globalization in Africa has participated in the formation of new national identities with peaceful effects between ethnic groups.

La coexistencia entre cristianos y judíos se llevó adelante en el reino de Murcia en un marco en el cual se enfrentaron dos fuerzas opuestas. Por un lado, la visión cristiana del otro judío, la cual se construyó basada en una serie de estereotipos que favorecían el rechazo, y por otro la tolerancia promovida por las autoridades, motivada por la necesidad de contar con los judíos. En el periodo bajomedieval, esta minoría religiosa se vio obligada a sufrir con el progresivo deterioro de su situación en Castilla, promovido principalmente por la política cristiana que tenía como objetivo final la conversión al cristianismo de los miembros de la comunidad judía. De esta manera, las normas jurídicas que protegían a los judíos de los posibles ataques generados por el sentimiento antijudío extendido por toda la cristiandad, comenzaron a convivir con disposiciones jurídicas segregativas, que prohibían o restringían la vida de los judíos con el fin de empujarlos hacia la conversión. Frente a este escenario, las autoridades civiles murcianas privilegiaron el fomento de las buenas relaciones con la "aljama" judía y sus miembros, manteniendo una política favorable a la coexistencia pacífica. La periférica condición de Murcia, sumado a los embates continuos de guerras, violencia y enfermedades, llevaron a que los judíos fueran valorados por sus aportes a las villas y ciudades, en ámbitos diversos como el económico y financiero, la medicina y la defensa. ; The coexistence between Christians and Jews was carried out in the kingdom of Murcia in a context in which two opposing forces clashed. On one hand the Christian vision of the Jews, which was built based on a series of stereotypes that favored rejection, and on the other the tolerance promoted by the authorities, motivated by the need to have Jews. In the Late Medieval Period, this religious minority suffered with the progressive deterioration of its situation in Castile, promoted mainly by the Christian politic whose final objective was the conversion of the Jewish community to Christianity. In this way, the legal norms that protected the Jews from the possible attacks generated by the anti-Jewish sentiment, extended throughout Christendom, began to deteriorate. The Jews began to live with segregative legal regulations, which prohibited or restricted their life in order to push them towards the conversion. Faced with this scenario, Murcia's civil authorities privileged the promotion of good relations with the Jewish "aljama" and its members, maintaining a policy favorable to peaceful coexistence. The peripheral condition of Murcia, added to the continuous onslaught of wars, violence and diseases led the Jews to a more valuable perception for their contributions to towns and cities, in diverse fields such as economic and financial, medicine and defense.

This article deals with the issue of the independence of the judiciary in a context of social dissent and its function as guarantor of the rule of law and the respect of human rights standards in a situation of peaceful social protest aiming to challenge the authority of the state. Accordingly, it has been explored the role that an independent judiciary must play in order to assure the prevalence of the international human rights standards accepted by a State over its own national legislation on that regard. Conceptualizing the phenomenon of social dissent entails to identify the groups, contexts and scope of this practice, as well as the actors who usually participate in the processes of its criminalization through the use of criminal law. Thus, special attention has been made to identify the standards that the judiciary must observe in order to prevent itself from becoming a tool aimed at hindering the internationally recognized human rights of the demonstrators and, at the same time, ensure the operation of a democratic State governed by the rule of law. ; El presente artículo analiza el tema de la independencia del Poder Judicial durante una situación de conflicto social, así como su función de garante del respeto al Estado de derecho y a los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos en una situación de protesta social pacífica cuyo objetivo sea desafiar la autoridad del estado. En consecuencia, se ha explorado el papel que debe desempeñar un Poder Judicial independiente para asegurar la prevalencia de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos aceptadas por un Estado sobre su propia legislación nacional. Conceptualizar el fenómeno de la disidencia social implica identificar los contextos y grupos más afectados por esta práctica, así como los actores que generalmente participan en los procesos de criminalización mediante el uso del derecho penal. Además, se han determinado las obligaciones que debe cumplir el Poder Judicial para evitar que este estamento se convierta en una herramienta utilizada para obstaculizar el legítimo disfrute de los derechos humanos de los manifestantes y, al mismo tiempo, salvaguardar los principios democráticos del estado de derecho.