In the 1970s, public archaeology, a major theme in anthropology, sought to articulate the field's new orientation toward engaging the nonprofessional, general public, particularly in the realm of cultural resource management (CRM). Over the decades that followed, this approach evolved to focus increasingly on ways to connect archaeological heritage to different kinds of publics. Through this work, among the most important publics that emerged were groups who claimed descent from the ancient peoples archaeologists studied. By the end of the 1990s, a significant branch of archaeological practice had shifted toward new theories and methods for directly and meaningfully engaging descendant communities. This article focuses on how in the United States, and beyond, research with Native peoples in particular has created a rich dialogue about such wide-ranging themes as ethics, collaboration, indigeneity, and multivocality. Although critiques have emerged, the increasingly active role of descendant communities has fundamentally shifted the way museums present culture and contributed to community development, tribal heritage management programs, social justice, and the advancement of the CRM industry. Descendant communities have helped to fundamentally transform archaeology into a science that is driven by an ethical engagement with key publics invested in the interpretation and management of the material past.
Amidst the upheaval of American society in the 1960s, the University of Mississippi's administration found itself in a precarious position. A long-standing institution that prided itself on its ties to the Old South, the university was being challenged by integrationists and liberal notions of equality and social justice. The university was forced to decide between abetting the alumni that padded university pockets and the tides of change that were rippling through the university campus. Their main way of combatting this was through the surveilling of students and the vetting of potential guest speakers who may spread "controversial ideas." While students tended to be in favor of allowing anyone on campus to speak, university officials and alumni saw this as a potential threat against the Mississippi "way of life." As a means of appeasing overbearing alumni and state government officials, the university began taking measures to limit free speech on campus, thus lessening the spread of liberal ideas. This thesis provides an in-depth look into the actions the university took to limit free speech on campus between 1955 and 1970.
The article analyzes the basic provisions of the United Nations Minimum Standard Rules on the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("Beijing Rules") and responded to the worldwide trend of juvenile delinquency by scholars and practitioners from many countries around the world. These rules are designed to take into account the diversity of legal systems and the social development of states and should be the basis of national legislation in need of reform. In addition, the basic principles declared in the Beijing Rules should be reflected in the juvenile policy of the states.The legal analysis made it possible to highlight such important principles as ensuring the welfare of a minor and social justice; Reduction of interference by law and fair and humane treatment of a teenager in conflict with the law; the " principle of proportionality" (limitation of punitive sanctions) and the individualizat ion of the responsibility of minors, taking into account the act committed; expedient use of measures of influence on minors, limited use of punishments, prohibition of the death penalty and corporal punishment, etc.It has been concluded that the improvement of the juvenile justice system under the Beijing Rules is primarily consistent with the general tendency to humanize the rights and protect the rights of children and adolescents, in particular those who are in conflict with the law. Their implementation into national law enables the development of juvenile policy of the state, the system of juvenile law and juvenile justice on the basis of modern international legal standards, which in turn should help to increase the effectiveness of legal influence and reduce the level of juvenile delinquency. ; В статье анализируются основные положения Минимальных стандартных правил ООН, которые касаются отправления правосудия по отношению к несовершеннолетним («Пекинские правила») и стали реакцией ученых и юристов из многих стран мира на общую тенденцию роста подростковой преступности. «Пекинские правила» ознаменовали собой новый этап развития правосудия для несовершеннолетних. Разработанные с учетом разнообразия правовых систем и общественного развития государств, минимальные стандарты ООН должны стать фундаментом национальных законодательств, нуждающихся в реформировании. А основные принципы, задекларированные в «Пекинских правилах», должны отражаться в ювенальной политике государств.Проведенный правовой анализ позволил выделить такие важные принципы как обеспечение благополучия несовершеннолетнего и социальной справедливости; уменьшение вмешательства со стороны закона; гуманного обращения с подростком, который находится в конфликте с законом; «принцип соразмерности» (ограничение уголовных санкций) и индивидуализации ответственности несовершеннолетних с учетом совершенного деяния; принципы целесообразного использования мер воздействия на несовершеннолетних, ограниченного применения наказаний, запрета применения смертной казни и телесных наказаний.Сделаны выводы, что совершенствование системы правосудия в отношении несовершеннолетних согласно «Пекинским правилам» прежде всего соответствует общей тенденции гуманизации права, защиты прав детей и подростков, оказавшихся в конфликте с законом. Их имплементация в национальное законодательство дает возможность разработать ювенальную политику государства, системы ювенального законодательства и ювенальной юстиции на основе современных международно-правовых стандартов, что в свою очередь должно способствовать повышению эффективности правового воздействия и снижению уровня подростковой преступности. ; У статті аналізуються основні положення Мінімальних стандартних правил ООН, які стосуються відправлення правосуддя щодо неповнолітніх («Пекінські правила»)і стали відповіддю вчених та юристів-практиків з багатьох держав світу на загальну тенденцію росту підліткової злочинності.«Пекінські правила» ознаменували собою новий етап розвитку правосуддя для неповнолітніх. Зазначені правила розроблені з врахуванням різноманітності правових систем та суспільного розвитку держав і мають стати основою національних законодавств, що потребують реформування. А основні принципи, задекларовані у «Пекінських правилах», повинні відображатися у ювенальній політиці держав.Проведений правовий аналіз дозволив виділити такі важливі принципи як забезпечення благополуччя неповнолітнього та соціальної справедливості; зменшення втручання з боку закону та гуманного поводження з підлітком, який знаходиться у конфлікті із законом; «принцип співмірності» (обмеження карних санкцій) та індивідуалізації відповідальності неповнолітніх осіб з урахуванням вчиненого діяння; принципи доцільного використання заходів впливу на неповнолітніх, обмеженого застосування покарань, заборони застосування смертної кари та тілесних покарань тощо.Зроблено висновки, що вдосконалення системи відправлення правосуддя по відношенню до неповнолітніх згідно «Пекінських правил», перш за все, відповідає загальній тенденції гуманізації права та захисту прав дітей та підлітків, зокрема тих, що опинилися у конфлікті з законом. Їх імплементація у національне законодавство дає можливість розробити ювенальну політику держави, системи ювенального законодавства та ювенальної юстиції на основі сучасних міжнародно-правових стандартів, що у свою чергу, має сприятипідвищенню ефективності правового впливу та зниженню рівня підліткової злочинності.
У статті аналізуються основні положення Мінімальних стандартних правил ООН, які стосуються відправлення правосуддя щодо неповнолітніх («Пекінські правила»)і стали відповіддю вчених та юристів-практиків з багатьох держав світу на загальну тенденцію росту підліткової злочинності.«Пекінські правила» ознаменували собою новий етап розвитку правосуддя для неповнолітніх. Зазначені правила розроблені з врахуванням різноманітності правових систем та суспільного розвитку держав і мають стати основою національних законодавств, що потребують реформування. А основні принципи, задекларовані у «Пекінських правилах», повинні відображатися у ювенальній політиці держав.Проведений правовий аналіз дозволив виділити такі важливі принципи як забезпечення благополуччя неповнолітнього та соціальної справедливості; зменшення втручання з боку закону та гуманного поводження з підлітком, який знаходиться у конфлікті із законом; «принцип співмірності» (обмеження карних санкцій) та індивідуалізації відповідальності неповнолітніх осіб з урахуванням вчиненого діяння; принципи доцільного використання заходів впливу на неповнолітніх, обмеженого застосування покарань, заборони застосування смертної кари та тілесних покарань тощо.Зроблено висновки, що вдосконалення системи відправлення правосуддя по відношенню до неповнолітніх згідно «Пекінських правил», перш за все, відповідає загальній тенденції гуманізації права та захисту прав дітей та підлітків, зокрема тих, що опинилися у конфлікті з законом. Їх імплементація у національне законодавство дає можливість розробити ювенальну політику держави, системи ювенального законодавства та ювенальної юстиції на основі сучасних міжнародно-правових стандартів, що у свою чергу, має сприятипідвищенню ефективності правового впливу та зниженню рівня підліткової злочинності. ; The article analyzes the basic provisions of the United Nations Minimum Standard Rules on the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("Beijing Rules") and responded to the worldwide trend of juvenile delinquency by scholars and practitioners from many countries around the world. These rules are designed to take into account the diversity of legal systems and the social development of states and should be the basis of national legislation in need of reform. In addition, the basic principles declared in the Beijing Rules should be reflected in the juvenile policy of the states.The legal analysis made it possible to highlight such important principles as ensuring the welfare of a minor and social justice; Reduction of interference by law and fair and humane treatment of a teenager in conflict with the law; the " principle of proportionality" (limitation of punitive sanctions) and the individualizat ion of the responsibility of minors, taking into account the act committed; expedient use of measures of influence on minors, limited use of punishments, prohibition of the death penalty and corporal punishment, etc.It has been concluded that the improvement of the juvenile justice system under the Beijing Rules is primarily consistent with the general tendency to humanize the rights and protect the rights of children and adolescents, in particular those who are in conflict with the law. Their implementation into national law enables the development of juvenile policy of the state, the system of juvenile law and juvenile justice on the basis of modern international legal standards, which in turn should help to increase the effectiveness of legal influence and reduce the level of juvenile delinquency. ; В статье анализируются основные положения Минимальных стандартных правил ООН, которые касаются отправления правосудия по отношению к несовершеннолетним («Пекинские правила») и стали реакцией ученых и юристов из многих стран мира на общую тенденцию роста подростковой преступности. «Пекинские правила» ознаменовали собой новый этап развития правосудия для несовершеннолетних. Разработанные с учетом разнообразия правовых систем и общественного развития государств, минимальные стандарты ООН должны стать фундаментом национальных законодательств, нуждающихся в реформировании. А основные принципы, задекларированные в «Пекинских правилах», должны отражаться в ювенальной политике государств.Проведенный правовой анализ позволил выделить такие важные принципы как обеспечение благополучия несовершеннолетнего и социальной справедливости; уменьшение вмешательства со стороны закона; гуманного обращения с подростком, который находится в конфликте с законом; «принцип соразмерности» (ограничение уголовных санкций) и индивидуализации ответственности несовершеннолетних с учетом совершенного деяния; принципы целесообразного использования мер воздействия на несовершеннолетних, ограниченного применения наказаний, запрета применения смертной казни и телесных наказаний.Сделаны выводы, что совершенствование системы правосудия в отношении несовершеннолетних согласно «Пекинским правилам» прежде всего соответствует общей тенденции гуманизации права, защиты прав детей и подростков, оказавшихся в конфликте с законом. Их имплементация в национальное законодательство дает возможность разработать ювенальную политику государства, системы ювенального законодательства и ювенальной юстиции на основе современных международно-правовых стандартов, что в свою очередь должно способствовать повышению эффективности правового воздействия и снижению уровня подростковой преступности.
The current study draws on two cohorts of African American youths from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, Longitudinal Cohort Study to examine whether perceived racial discrimination directly and indirectly affects juvenile delinquency. The analyses reveal that racial discrimination may foster offending by increasing (1) the likelihood that African American youths will drop out of school and (2) the degree to which they associate with delinquent peers. Evidence supporting the pathway between racial discrimination, associating with delinquent peers, and offending was found after introducing controls for demographic, social, and individual trait factors. In a society that remains racialized, it thus appears that a full explanation of African Americans' offending should take into account the ways in which racial subordination may place African American youths on pathways that lead toward criminal involvement.
"The History, Evolution, and Current State of Female Offenders: Recommendations for Advancing the Field summarizes what the field has learned about females and crime; details the status of legislation and criminological research focused on female criminality; and provides recommendations for advancing the field. Van Gundy and James present the material from a gendered approach with the goal of analyzing the current understanding of the relationship between gender and crime. Tracing the intellectual history of feminist criminology from its foundations to the present time, the authors follow four primary themes: What do we know about the relationship between gender and crime? What special needs do female offenders have? What works and doesn't work for female offenders? What can or should we do from here? Reaching back to Carol Smart's seminal 1976 book, "Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique" (available through Routledge Revivals), the authors note that in some ways, modest progress has been made, but large gaps in research and policy still exist. This much-needed book provides an overarching view of the history and evolution of the understanding of the relationship between gender and crime, detailed analysis of seminal work and criminological studies, an exploration of incarceration, reentry and programing, and concrete recommendations for future research. These recommendations focus on the importance of creating and utilizing theoretical models that measure the role of gender and identity, inclusion of female-specific variables when examining and responding to criminality, and the necessity of policy makers and legislators to address female criminality from a gendered lens. The book will appeal to those who are interested in females and criminality, race and ethnicity, policy and evaluation, criminal behavior, criminology, and students in courses in sociology, psychology, women and gender studies, social justice, black world studies, gerontology, and criminology/criminal justice, as well as policymakers and practitioners in the field. It will inspire researchers to ask the kinds of questions that will advance the field of feminist criminology in the future"--
The idea of human development as an increase of capabilities, which is moved away from the utilitarian paradigm, has been introduced, within the framework of a theory of justice, by the theorists of the capability approach Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. This theoretical-normative framework criticizes theutilitarian model for its idea of quantitative human development and focuses on what the individuals are capable to be and to do to have a decent life following their values. The capability approach looks at the real conditions of the individuals in the society and asks itself what the democratic institutions can do to realize a just society. What should be redistributed? Surely not enough, as Rawls asserts, that the institutions redistribute primary goods because they don't show how people really live or how much freedom they can exercise. Sen and Nussbaum propose a new theory of justice that it is based on the combined capabilities development. A just society respects the right of every individual to choose and express their choice of the life they want to lead. The framework of capabilities allows us to examine the real capabilities of the individuals to choose and grab the real opportunity to realize their substantial freedom to beand to do something. The education of substantial freedom is necessary to realize at the institutional and also social level the new horizon of sense proposed by the capability approach. Development needs to be a development of capabilities that can ensure that everyone is able to grasp real opportunities to express one's substantial freedom. The school environment will then be the fertile ground on which one can build and implement an idea of democratic society and citizenship based on a sense of horizon that end humandignity and social justice. In this article, we will therefore seek to understand how education is necessarily linked to justice and how they can structure a pedagogical road at a theoretical and applicative level capable of achieving equally freedom to do and be ...
Egypt has witnessed waves of events which affected its political instability and eventually resulted in economic disruption. In late 2010, uprisings started in Tunisia. Not long after, specifically in January 2011, Egypt caught the wave and people took to the street expressing dissatisfaction with the economic situation and calling for "Freedom, Dignity, and Social justice!". These events resulted in political unrest, followed by economic disruption which affected social classes, economic sectors and geographical regions, differently. In a second wave, after over two years of disruption and an environment of political and economic uncertainty, a new wave of uprisings began to call for a change of system, expressing dissatisfaction with government decisions, services and quality of infrastructure especially the power supply. During this period of instability, economic disruption took place where foreign investments shied away from Egypt, businesses where affected differently, and power supply to households as well as to companies was disrupted. Using firm level data, the thesis researches the impact of Egypt's political transition and economic disruption on its export performance through three angels: The impact of ownership type and ownership conversion on firms' export performance, the impact of electricity outages on firms' export performance, and the effect of events by type on firms' export performance ; L'Égypte a été témoin de vagues d'événements qui ont affecté son instabilité politique et qui ont finalement entraîné des perturbations économiques. Fin 2010, les soulèvements ont commencé en Tunisie. Peu de temps après, particulièrement en janvier 2011, l'Égypte a pris la vague et des gens sont descendus dans la rue pour exprimer leur insatisfaction face à la situation économique et réclamer « Liberté, Dignité et justice sociale !». Ces événements ont entraîné des troubles politiques, suivis de perturbations économiques qui ont affecté différemment les classes sociales, les secteurs économiques et les ...
Egypt has witnessed waves of events which affected its political instability and eventually resulted in economic disruption. In late 2010, uprisings started in Tunisia. Not long after, specifically in January 2011, Egypt caught the wave and people took to the street expressing dissatisfaction with the economic situation and calling for "Freedom, Dignity, and Social justice!". These events resulted in political unrest, followed by economic disruption which affected social classes, economic sectors and geographical regions, differently. In a second wave, after over two years of disruption and an environment of political and economic uncertainty, a new wave of uprisings began to call for a change of system, expressing dissatisfaction with government decisions, services and quality of infrastructure especially the power supply. During this period of instability, economic disruption took place where foreign investments shied away from Egypt, businesses where affected differently, and power supply to households as well as to companies was disrupted. Using firm level data, the thesis researches the impact of Egypt's political transition and economic disruption on its export performance through three angels: The impact of ownership type and ownership conversion on firms' export performance, the impact of electricity outages on firms' export performance, and the effect of events by type on firms' export performance ; L'Égypte a été témoin de vagues d'événements qui ont affecté son instabilité politique et qui ont finalement entraîné des perturbations économiques. Fin 2010, les soulèvements ont commencé en Tunisie. Peu de temps après, particulièrement en janvier 2011, l'Égypte a pris la vague et des gens sont descendus dans la rue pour exprimer leur insatisfaction face à la situation économique et réclamer « Liberté, Dignité et justice sociale !». Ces événements ont entraîné des troubles politiques, suivis de perturbations économiques qui ont affecté différemment les classes sociales, les secteurs économiques et les ...
Egypt has witnessed waves of events which affected its political instability and eventually resulted in economic disruption. In late 2010, uprisings started in Tunisia. Not long after, specifically in January 2011, Egypt caught the wave and people took to the street expressing dissatisfaction with the economic situation and calling for "Freedom, Dignity, and Social justice!". These events resulted in political unrest, followed by economic disruption which affected social classes, economic sectors and geographical regions, differently. In a second wave, after over two years of disruption and an environment of political and economic uncertainty, a new wave of uprisings began to call for a change of system, expressing dissatisfaction with government decisions, services and quality of infrastructure especially the power supply. During this period of instability, economic disruption took place where foreign investments shied away from Egypt, businesses where affected differently, and power supply to households as well as to companies was disrupted. Using firm level data, the thesis researches the impact of Egypt's political transition and economic disruption on its export performance through three angels: The impact of ownership type and ownership conversion on firms' export performance, the impact of electricity outages on firms' export performance, and the effect of events by type on firms' export performance ; L'Égypte a été témoin de vagues d'événements qui ont affecté son instabilité politique et qui ont finalement entraîné des perturbations économiques. Fin 2010, les soulèvements ont commencé en Tunisie. Peu de temps après, particulièrement en janvier 2011, l'Égypte a pris la vague et des gens sont descendus dans la rue pour exprimer leur insatisfaction face à la situation économique et réclamer « Liberté, Dignité et justice sociale !». Ces événements ont entraîné des troubles politiques, suivis de perturbations économiques qui ont affecté différemment les classes sociales, les secteurs économiques et les ...
The establishment of a Schengen-area of "freedom of movement" without border control is deemed a major achievement of European integration. Developments since 2015 have shown a renewed salience of internal borders: several countries have introduced temporary (maintained) border control, but also adjacent border-regions are increasingly invested with strategic importance. Intensified (national) border-area police-checks (art. 23 Schengen Borders Code) and enhanced bilateral police cooperation were also recommended by the European Commission as possible "alternatives" to border control, inter alia to counter so-called "secondary movements". Both the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and explicitly the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement (CISA) encourage bilateral police cooperation between member states, foreseeing particular measures for countries sharing a common border. This dissertation examines the intersection of such so-called cross-border police cooperation (CBPC) with the control of differential mobility rights. Specifically, this study concentrates on joint police centres/PCCCs, (joint) border-area patrols, and bilateral simplified fast-track readmissions. Multisited ethnographic research combined fieldwork with officers in several member states (2017-2019) and the study of policy, laws and document sources. The study fills gaps that are both of scholarly and political importance, and contributes to theoretical debates on legal pluralism, security and (b)ordering. CBPC is conceptualised in this study as policing-mobilities in the border-strip. Legal pluralism and interlegality (Boaventura-de-Sousa 1987) are analytical tools suited to a context in which the mobility of police across borders takes place within hyperlegalised and multinormative spaces. This enables to engage with, and to go beyond, what in policing scholarship and policy is often described as the "fragmented legal terrain" of police cooperation (e.g. Sheptycki 2001, p.153). Negotiations of (legal) orders - plural in scale, field and temporality - and the interdependency between law-as-text and as-practice are analysed by examining the institutionalisation and spatial-legal regimes that regulate CBPC and by discussing qualitative fieldwork data of officers' experiences and (interpretative) practices regarding analytically differentiated generations of border-area measures. In explaining why and how the border-strip has turned into a viapolitical (Walters 2015) strategic zone, it is argued that the policing powers in the border-strip are deemed capable of providing a mediating solution to the 'dilemma' of how to enforce differential mobility rights, but they are also invested with the hope of providing a spatial (re)solution (Delaney 2003) to conflicting forces within the reform of the Dublin system and to border-struggles at the heart of the EU order. By placing policing-mobilities into the legal, interpretative, as well as broader operational and longterm historical-political context, this study addresses, for example, the role of border-strip diplomacy in uniform, how an ethos of a 'joint task' plays out in joint patrolling, and how a specific approximation between border-area and border control materialises through "spot [and] check". Migratisation is proposed to allow for a complementary view upon securitisation. Ultimately, by analysing re-configurations of border(-area) police-work at the crossroad of social science and law, this dissertation advances situated and timely insights into transformations of governance and power within the political and legal order of the EU.
El presente estudio consiste en una indagación sobre algunos conceptos relativos a la justicia y el desarrollo humano en la obra de Amartya Sen, atendiendo principalmente a su fundamentación del enfoque de la capacidad. Para la comprensión de la especificidad del pensamiento seniano, el Trabajo examina su propuesta de expansión de la libertad sustantiva en contraposición a los postulados de otras teorías éticas de las condiciones sociales. En términos generales, su propuesta se desenvuelve desde lo filosófico y normativo hasta lo técnico e instrumental. Este trabajo atiende principalmente al primer aspecto, no obstante, propone un breve ejercicio de aplicación del segundo. Así las cosas, se parte de la idea de que debido a la inconmensurabilidad teórica de la filosofía, la posibilidad de recurrir a ella en el estudio de realidades concretas abre el horizonte para una transformación razonable del mundo. Con este objetivo y esta metodología como guía, se ha planteado el Trabajo en tres capítulos. En el primero de ellos, se abordan los conceptos constitutivos del enfoque de la capacidad y su relación con las ideas de libertad y justicia. En un segundo momento, se presentan algunas críticas filosóficas a otras consideraciones éticas, en especial, a los postulados del utilitarismo y a la teoría de la justicia como equidad de John Rawls. En última instancia, se lleva a cabo una sucinta aplicación de la propuesta seniana al caso del gasto público social en subsidios en Colombia. ; This work is a research on some concepts related to justice and human development in Amartya Sen's work, paying special attention to his capability approach. For the comprehension of Sen's ideas, this work examines his theory of broadening individual's freedoms and contrast it with other ethical theories of social conditions. Generally speaking, Sen's work includes aspects from the philosophical and normative sphere to the technical and instrumental one. Here we mainly discuss the first aspect; however, a brief application of the second is also made. Hence, we assume that due to the theoretical incommensurability of Philosophy, its consideration for concrete situations can provide us with outstanding ideas for the transformation of the world. Once explained the objective and the methodology, this work has been composed in three chapters. The first chapter regards the foundations of the capability approach and its links with the ideas of justice and freedom. The second chapter presents some philosophical critiques to other ethical theories, specially, the utilitarianism and the theory of justice as fairness of philosopher John Rawls. At last, we make a brief application of Sen's ideas to the case of public expenditure in subsidies in Colombia.
Given its social and economic invisibility and the accompanying low social status, domestic work is often exploitative. This research was aimed to find out and formulate the substance of legal protection for domestic workers in legislation in the field of labor in terms of the perspective of justice. It uses a statute, case, and socio-legal approaches. It was conducted in 3 (three) major cities, namely Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Makassar. The results of research showed that the substance of legal provisions in general for the protection of domestic workers, especially in labor legislation basically has not been able to guarantee justice and legal certainty because the responsibility of State has not been implemented in the existing legal substance. The paradigm of harmonization and the principles of legal agreements in the field of labor have not guaranteed justice and legal certainty for domestic workers. It is evidenced by the view of the profession of domestic workers who are positioned as informal workers, in addition they are not being accommodated as an element protected by law, it is also related to the protection of basic rights and labor social security does not cover the existence of domestic workers.
Juan Luis Vives (Valencia 1492, Brujas 1540) reflexionó sobre el tema de la pobreza como un problema de justicia personal y social. El abandono en el que vivían los pobres, cuyo número iba en aumento en pleno siglo XVI, plantea no sólo problemas de orden social, sino también moral y religioso. Reflexionar sobre dicho asunto le ofrece a Vives la oportunidad para realizar una fuerte crítica, no sólo de aquellos que detentan el poder político y religioso, sino también para exigir un cambio de actitud, en el plano individual e institucional, y una reflexión sobre la propia esencia del cristianismo. Por todo ello, Vives ofrece no sólo un conjunto de medidas concretas para tratar de afrontar dicho problema, sino también un amplio abanico de razones morales y religiosas, con las que será muy difícil poder negar nuestra responsabilidad para con los pobres, a la vez que nos exhorta a que hagamos frente común contra la pobreza. ; Juan Luis Vives (Valencia 1492, Bruges 1540) reflected upon the matter of poverty as a problem of personal and social justice. As the number of poor was increasing all through the 16th century, their abandonment laid out not only social order problems, but also moral and religious ones. The fact of reflecting upon such a matter provides Vives with the opportunity to fulfill a strong criticism of those who hold the political and religious power, as well as to demand a change in the attitude, at an individual and institutional level, and a reflection on the own essence of Christianity. Therefore, Vives offers both a set of specific measures to try to face such a problem and a wide range of moral and religious reasons so as to complicate the possibility of refusing our responsibility towards the poor, while the author exhorts us to face poverty together.
