Suchergebnisse

Purpose of the study: The Malaysian government had encouraged the adoption of integrated cattle and oil palm farming systems (ICOFS) since the year 1998. This is due to large areas of land suitable for ICOFS in Malaysia that can be well utilized. The efforts made in increasing the demand for meat nationwide and growing dependency on imported meat are among the reasons that ICOFS has become significant to be implemented today. Apart from that, Malaysia needs to increase the self-sufficiency level of national meat production to 32.7% by 2020 as stated in the National Agri-Food Policy 2011-2020. Despite this, only a small number of farmers have adopted ICOFS in Malaysia and less is known so far about the farmer's attitudes towards the ICOFS in Malaysia. Methodology: Therefore, this study aimed to explore the current practice as well as factors affecting and constraints to the adoption of ICOFS in Malaysia. Interviews of four selected experts in ICOFS were held to examine the current practice of ICOFS in Malaysia. Main Findings: Results from the interviews and literature review have been cross-compared to develop questionnaire instruments. Then, the survey questionnaire was carried out to 153 adopters and non-adopters of ICOFS in Johor, Malaysia to identify the key factors that influence the adoption of ICOFS. Applications of this study: The study found that information and know-how and availability of skilled labor are the significant factors that encourage farmers to adopt ICOFS. On the other hand, government support and policy constraint and production and on-farm constraint are the significant constraints hindering the adoption of ICOFS. Novelty/Originality of this study: Based on the findings of this study, one of the measures to increase the rate of adoption of ICOFS is by helping the farmers to hire extra labor and to have skills needed. Furthermore, the rate of ICOFS could also be increased by helping the farmers to have better control over weed, pests, and diseases on the farm as well as not interrupting their oil palm production. In addition, it is suggested to provide them with more opportunities for incentives, training, and technical support from the field officers. It is suggested for future research to explore the effect of factors affecting adoption and constraints to adoption on other attitudinal and psychological outcomes such as satisfaction, success, involvement, and degree of use.

Land constitutes productive space, as well as a commodity. For this reason, land has become a contestation arena for various interested actors of all scales. The strategists of knowledge construct a wide variety of knowledge frameworks relating to land access claims. This research identifies particular forms of knowledge on land access and examines how knowledge of land access claims is contested. This research will contribute to the debates on knowledge of land access, which have been shaped by historical contexts, political and economic interests, as well as access relations; while land has been contested in the name of livelihoods, economic growth, and power. This research used the multi-sited ethnography approach by following the actors, events, policies and stories within the dimensions of space and time. This research was conducted in the former Asialog forestry concession; specifically, in two places: Bungku Village in Batanghari District and Tanjung Lebar Village in Muaro Jambi District. I have used the term community to specify geographical and population units in my research location. The communities covered were Bungku Indah, Johor Baru, SAD 113, Ujung Aspal, Rantau Rasau, Kunangan Jaya 1, Kunangan Jaya 2, Tanjung Lebar, Portal, Pangkalan Ranjau, Pinang Merah, Alam Sakti, Tanjung Mandiri, Sei Jerat and Ulu Badak. In other words, I researched and analyzed all communities existing in southern Jambi to ensure a holistic, whole and complete coverage of the formation process of the Bungku and Tanjung Lebar villages. Throughout 2012-2016, I interviewed a total of 187 community scale actors. I also carried out repeated structured interviews of 170 academics and scientists, government bureaucrats, and representatives of NGOs/mass organizations. In general, I conclude that knowledge constructions relating to land access claims can be classified into four categories: development knowledge, open access regime knowledge, adat land knowledge, and agrarian reform knowledge. Knowledge of access claims to land is meant to result in the establishment of territories of various scales. Development knowledge from the state will result in the form of state territorialization of various kinds, such as concession territories and conservation/restoration territories. Whereas other knowledge can be utilized to form local territories that are constructed by communities accessing land. This formation of territories is dynamic, and determined by knowledge and access relation dynamics. Finally, the answer to the question of who will come out as the most powerful party in defending territorial claims, whether for forest territorialization or village territorialization, is very dependent on the knowledge being employed by the access relation actors

This paper discusses the Jambi kingdom and its existence as a country located on the international trade route. This is interesting to study because the period of its existence coincided with the golden age of trade between nations which involved emporium countries that were located along the trade route from China in the east to the Mediterranean in the western tip. This period is said by historians to be the prosperous era of the Asian emporium. By using a multi-dimensional approach and supported by the application of historical methods that refer to scientific historical research procedures, the results of this study are expected to provide an explanation of the main problems posed and thus contribute to the development of science, especially about Jambi's local history. In addition, it can be used as material for consideration by related institutions in order to preserve historical and cultural values and for regional development. The results of the study show that the Jambi region has been involved in international trade networks since the beginning of the century AD, but its nature has experienced ups and downs. From the 3rd century to the 7th century Jambi's involvement was evident in the existence of the Koying, Tupo, Kantoli and Malay kingdoms. From the 7th century to the 11th century that role declined because the Malay kingdom was controlled by Srivijaya, which was centered in Palembang. When Srivijaya weakened in the 11th century, Malays broke away and re-emerged as an important trading port in the archipelago. Entering the 12th century, this role has declined again due to competition from other trading ports located on the east coast of North Sumatra, as well as direct trade to the interior. The Jambi kingdom was re-established at the end of the 15th century, reaching its peak in the 17th century when pepper became an important commodity in international trade. As a large pepper producing country, Jambi emerged as an important trading port which was visited by both foreign and Nusantara traders. But since the end of the 17th century, Jambi has been in decline. The cause was Jambi's defeat of Johor in repeated wars between 1667 and 1673. Other reasons were the internal conflict of the kingdom, and the Dutch intervention in the affairs of the royal government, as well as the falling price of pepper on the international market. The decline in the price of pepper led to a decrease in the income of the kingdom and the community, thus causing the reluctance of traders to come to Jambi Port. In the 19th century the port of Jambi was no longer visited by maritime merchants of the archipelago.

Ratu Kalinyamat adalah putri dari Sultan Trenggana dan merupakan penguasa wanita abad ke-16 di Jepara. Ratu Kalinyamat muncul pada panggung sejarah Indonesia ketika Kerajaan Demak mengalami kemunduran karena konflik politik dan perebutan kekuasaan antara keturunan Raden Patah. Ratu Kalinyamat merupakan tokoh yang mempunyai peranan penting di Jepara. Sikap tegas, berani mengambil keputusan serta kemampuan memimpin yang ada pada diri Ratu Kalinyamat membuatnya berhasil menjadi seorang penguasa besar wanita di pesisir utara Jawa. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai (1) Apa yang melatarbelakangi Ratu Kalinyamat menjadi penguasa Jepara pada tahun 1549-1579; (2) Bagaimana Ratu Kalinyamat membangun Jepara setelah runtuhnya Demak pada tahun 1549; (3) Bagaimana kondisi Jepara di bawah kekuasaan Ratu Kalinyamat pada tahun 1549-1579. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu tahap pengumpulan sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber dalam penelitian ini didapat melalui observasi peninggalan Ratu Kalinyamat yang berupa Masjid Mantingan dan Komplek Makam Mantingan, wawancara dengan juru kunci masjid dan kompleks Makam Mantingan beserta literatur pendukung lainnya yang diperoleh dari ANRI. Tahap kedua adalah kritik sumber dengan bentuk kritik intern untuk mendapatkan data sejarah yang kredibel. Tahap ketiga, interpretasi data. Dari berbagai literatur, hasil observasi serta wawancara, dapat diperoleh penafsiran bahwa Ratu Kalinyamat sebagai penguasa wanita yang tegas, berani dan kemampuannya dapat menjadikan Jepara sebagai kota dagang dan pelabuhan besar abad ke-16. Keempat, historiografi untuk menuliskan hasil penelitian karya sejarah secara kronologis sesuai dengan tema penelitian. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan Ratu Kalinyamat merupakan putri Sultan Trenggana yang berhasil mengatasi konflik Kerajaan Demak. Pengangkatan Sunan Prawata sebagai raja Demak menimbulkan kecemburuan Arya Penangsang. Pembunuhan Sunan Prawata oleh Arya Penangsang didasarkan pada dendam masa lalu yaitu pembunuhan Pangeran Seda Lepen (ayah Arya Penangsang). Arya Penangsang juga membunuh Sultan Hadlirin suami Ratu Kalinyamat. Ratu Kalinyamat adalah adik Sunan Prawata yang kemudian menjadi penguasa wanita di Jepara. Ratu Kalinyamat dapat menjadi penguasa karena sistem genealogi dalam pewarisan tahta kerajaan. Sebagai putra dari pewaris Kerajaan Demak, Ratu Kalinyamat mempunyai posisi kuat dalam pemerintahan. Sebagai pewaris kerajaan, mempunyai sikap tegas dan berani dalam mengambil keputusan, Ratu Kalinyamat menggunakan wewenang politiknya untuk mengatasi konflik di Demak. Penobatan Ratu Kalinyamat menjadi pemimpin di Jepara ditandai sengkalan "trus karya tataning bumi" yaitu sekitar tahun 1549 Masehi. Ratu Kalinyamat menerapkan kebijakan untuk memajukan dan memulihkan Jepara kembali berjaya yaitu dengan menerapkan sistem commenda dalam perdagangan jalur laut. Perkembangan ekonomi yang cukup pesat selama pemerintahan Ratu Kalinyamat menjadi faktor pendukung pertahanan politik Jepara. Kemajuan ekonomi Jepara membuat Jepara memiliki armada laut yang kuat sehingga perdagangan, pelayaran serta interaksi banyak dilakukan di Pelabuhan Jepara. Ratu Kalinyamat juga bekerja sama dengan wilayah lain seperti Johor, Aceh, dan Hitu untuk menyerang Portugis ketika menguasai Malaka karena politik Portugis yang bertentangan dengan Islam. Ratu Kalinyamat kemudian mengirimkan 4000 tentara dan 40 buah kapal untuk menangkal serangan Portugis di Malaka. Sebagai pemerintahan yang bercorak Islam, Ratu Kalinyamat membangun masjid yang terletak di Desa Mantingan, Kecamatan Tahunan sebagai simbol politik dan kebesaran kekuasaan Ratu Kalinyamat. Kata Kunci: Ratu Kalinyamat, Penguasa Wanita, Jepara

Michael Leifer : selected works on Southeast Asia -- Contents -- Director's Message -- Preface -- Foreword -- Introducing Southeast Asia -- 1. Southeast Asia -- Part I: International Relations -- Introduction to Part I -- Southeast Asia: Conflict and Co-operation -- 2. Sources of Regional Conflict -- 3. Regional Association: Sources of Conflict -- 4. The Vietnam War and the Response of Southeast Asian Countries -- 5. Regional Association: From ASA to ASEAN -- 6. The Limits of Functionalist Endeavour: The Experiences of Southeast Asia -- ASEAN and Regional Order -- 7. Regionalism, the Global Balance, and Southeast Asia -- 8. ASEAN's Search for Regional Order -- 9. Indochina and ASEAN: Seeking a New Balance -- 10. The ASEAN Peace Process: A Category Mistake -- 11. ASEAN as a Model of a Security Community? -- 12. Regional Solutions to Regional Problems? -- 13. Truth about the Balance of Power -- 14. The Merits of Multilateralism -- 15. The Limits to ASEAN's Expanding Role -- The Cambodia Conflict -- 16. The Indochina Problem -- 17. Vietnam's Intervention in Kampuchea: The Rights of State v. the Rights of People -- 18. Cambodia Conflict: Interests and Roles of the External Powers -- 19. UNTAC Fulfils Its Mission -- External Actors and Southeast Asia -- 20. Anglo-American Differences over Malaysia -- 21. Astride the Straits of Johore: The British Presence and Commonwealth Rivalry in Southeast Asia -- 22. China and Southeast Asia: Interdependence and Accommodation -- 23. Taiwan and Southeast Asia: The Limits to Pragmatic Diplomacy -- 24. Who's It that Really Needs to be Engaged? -- 25. The European Union, ASEAN, and the Politics of Exclusion -- 26. The Peace Dividend: Israel's Changing Relationship with Southeast Asia -- Between Regions: ASEAN and the EC/EU -- 27. Regional Decision-Making and Corporate Foreign Policies -- 28. Europe and Southeast Asia -- 29. Regionalism Compared: The Perils and Benefits of Expansion -- Security and Order: The Maritime Dimension -- 30. The Maritime Regime and Regional Security in East Asia -- 31. The Straits Are Not Protected -- 32. Stalemate in the South China Sea -- Part II: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policies -- Introduction to Part II -- Cambodia -- 33. The Failure of Political Institutionalization in Cambodia -- 34. Problems of Authority and Political Succession in Cambodia -- 35. Rebellion or Subversion in Cambodia? -- 36. Cambodia and Her Neighbours -- 37. Kampuchea in 1980: The Politics of Attrition -- 38. The Anguish of Cambodia -- 39. Challenges Remain in Cambodia -- 40. Tune Back In, Friends of Cambodia, the Crisis Show Isn't Over -- Malaysia -- 41. Politics and Constitutional Stability in Malaysia -- 42. Adverse Conceptions of Malaysia: Consequences of Communal Violence -- 43. Malaysia after Tun Razak: Tensions in a Multi-racial State -- 44. Anti-Semitism without Jews: The Malaysian Example -- 45. Anglo-Malaysian Alienation Revisited -- Singapore -- 46. Singapore in Malaysia: The Politics of Federation -- 47. Triumph of the Will -- 48. Backseat Driver -- 49. Overnight, an Oasis May Become a Desert -- 50. Israel's President in Singapore: Political Catalysis and Transnational Politics -- 51. Singapore in Regional and Global Context: Sustaining Exceptionalism -- 52. Coping with Vulnerability -- Indonesia -- 53. Whither Indonesian Nationalism? -- 54. Uncertainty in Indonesia -- 55. The Challenge of Creating a Civil Society in Indonesia -- 56. Lesson from a Downfall -- 57. Indonesia's Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity -- 58. The Islamic Factor in Indonesia's Foreign Policy: A Case of Functional Ambiguity -- 59. Indonesia's Dilemmas of Engagement with China -- Vietnam, Brunei, the Philippines, and Thailand -- 60. Vietnam's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Coping with Vulnerability -- 61. Vietnam's Changing Relations with China -- 62. The Predicament of the Brunei Sultanate -- 63. Brunei: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy -- 64. The Philippines and Sabah Irredenta -- 65. Thailand: The Politics of "De-Stalinization" -- 66. Can Democracy Last in Thailand? -- Bibliography -- Index.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Corporate image dan Peceived Value terhadap Purchase Intention Tiket melalui M-Tix dengan Viral Marketing sebagai variabel moderating pada XXI Transmart Pontianak. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian asosiatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh masyarakat kota pontianak. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik purposive sampling dengan kriteria responden harus berusia diatas 15 tahun. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 142 orang responden yang siap diolah. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah moderated regression analysis.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa corporate image tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap purchase intention, perceived value memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap purchase intention, dan viral marketing tidak memoderasi perceived value terhadap purchase intention.Kata Kunci: Corporate Image, Perceived Value, Purchase intention, Viral Marketing. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abdullah Q Bataineh (2015) "The Inpact of Perceived e-WOM on Purchase Intention : The Mediating Role of Corporate Image" Departement of Marketing Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University Jordan.Alhidari, Almeshal (2017) "Determinants of Purchase Intention in Saudi Arabis: A Moderating Role of Gender" Departement of Marketing King Saud Univercity, Saudi Arabia.Andini, Suharyono, Sunarti (2014) "Pengaruh viral marketing terhadap kepercayaan pelanggan dan keputusan pembelian (Studi pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya Angkatan 2013, yang melakukan pembelian online melalui media sosial Instagram)" Program Studi Ilmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya Malang.Anggreani, Maya (2015) "Pengaruh Perceived Value dan Brand Image Terhadap Repurchase Intention Melalui Word Of Mouth Sebagai Variabel Intervening Smartphone Samsung Galaxy Series. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Diponegoro.Chinho Lin, Yi-Shuang Wu, Jeng-Chun (2013) "Electronic Word of Mouth: The Moderating Roles of Product Involvement and Brand Image" Tecnology Inovation and Industrial Management, Phuket Thailand.Fayumi, Endang (2014) "Pengaruh citra perusahaan dan kepuasan terhadap kepercayaan dan dampaknya pada loyalitas" Universitas Stikubank Semarang.Gultom, Hary (2017) "Pengaruh viral marketing dan gaya hidup terhadap keputusan pembelian produk smartphone melalui media sosial Instagram" Skripsi Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak.Listyorini, Maya, Naili (2015) "Pengaruh perceived value dan brand image terhadap repurchase intention melalui word of mouth sebagai variabel intervening smartphone Samsung galaxy series" Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Diponegoro.Mal, Gede Agus (2018) "Pengaruh harga, promosi, dan kualitas layanan terhadap keputusan pembelian tiket pesawat secara online di situs traveloka.com" Pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Humaniora Universitas Dhyana Pura Bali.Meng-meng, Jian, Ling (2018) "Understanding the effects of eWOM social ties on purchase intention: A moderated mediation investigation" Faculty of Management and Economics, Dalian University of Technology China.Morella, Mulyadina (2017) "Pengaruh tanggapan afektif, kognitif, dan lingkungan konsumen terhadap viral marketing pada trailer film Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 melalui perilaku konsumen sebagai variabel moderating" Skripsi Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak.Nur Heliyana, Mohd Shoki Md, Norhuzaimah Mohd Som, Norhayati Zakuan (2016) "The Mediating Effect of Brand Image between Electronic Word of Mouth and Purchase Intention in Social Media" Departement of Business Administration, Faculty Of Menegement , University Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.Padmayanto, Siti (2014) "Pengaruh kualitas produk terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dengan kepuasan sebagai variabel moderasi" Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.Permatasari Indah Meirina (2015) "Analisi Pengaruh Consumer Ethnocentrism dan Perceived Value Terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Dengan Peran Brand Image Sebagai Mediator (Studi Kasus Pada Konsumen Batik Semarang)" Skripsi Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Dipenogoro, Semarang.Prasetyo, Stefanus Heri (2015) "Pengaruh Perceived Value terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Smartphone Android dengan Word Of Mouth positif sebagai variabel moderasi" Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta.Putra, Srikandi, Kadarisman (2015) "Pengaruh citra perusahaan terhadap minat berkunjung dan keputusan berkunjung" Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya Malang.Putri, Afni Andita (2017) "Peran Islamic value marketing dalam viral marketing terhadap keputusan pembelian" Skripsi Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam Institut Agama Islam Negeri Surakarta.Ristania, Jeryy S (2012) "Analisis pengaruh harga, promosi dan viral marketing terhadap keputusan pembelian pada online shop s-nexian melalui facebook" faculty of BINUS Business School.Shabnan, Reza, Mehran (2014) "Investigating the Effect of Electronic Word of Mouth on Costemer's Purchase Intention of Digital Product" Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Sugiyono, (2015). Metode Penelitian Tindakan dan komprehensif. Bandung Alfabeta.Syahreza, Ibnu (2018) "Pengaruh Word of Mouth, Online Customer Review, dan Online Customer Rating terhadap Minat Beli dengan Gender sebagai variabel Moderasi (Studi Kasus pada Online Marketplace Tokopedia di Pontianak)" Skripsi Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak.Wahyuni Ika (2016) "Strategi Viral Marketing Melalui UI Instagram dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif pada Selfie Contest Avoskin Beauty)". Skripsi Mahasiswa Program Studi Komunikasi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Universitas Islam Negri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta.Wilopo, Saiful, Suharyono (2013) "Pengaruh perceived price dan perceived value pada produk bundling terhadap minat beli" Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya.Yuliana, Heru Triatmaja (2016) "Pengaruh perceived value dan social influence terhadap purchase intention smartphone 4G pada pelanggan bandung elektronik center" Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Telkom. https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplax_21_Group

"Southeast Asian Affairs, first published in 1974, continues today to be required reading for not only scholars but the general public interested in in-depth analysis of critical cultural, economic and political issues in Southeast Asia. In this annual review of the region, renowned academics provide comprehensive and stimulating commentary that furthers understanding of not only the region's dynamism but also of its tensions and conflicts. It is a must read."-Suchit Bunbongkarn, Emeritus Professor, Chulalongkorn University"Now in its forty-fifth edition, Southeast Asian Affairs offers an indispensable guide to this fascinating region. Lively, analytical, authoritative, and accessible, there is nothing comparable in quality or range to this series. It is a must read for academics, government officials, the business community, the media, and anybody with an interest in contemporary Southeast Asia. Drawing on its unparalleled network of researchers and commentators, ISEAS is to be congratulated for producing this major contribution to our understanding of this diverse and fast-changing region, to a consistently high standard and in a timely manner."-Hal Hill, H.W. Arndt Professor of Southeast Asian Economies, Australian National University

En Asia Oriental, al igual que en las distintas regiones geográficas del mundo, se pueden agrupar los países según sus principales características. China es el gigante que crece rápidamente; Indonesia, Malasia, Filipinas, Tailandia y quizás Vietnam, son las potentes economías emergentes. Mientras que Laos, Camboya y Myanmar no han podido, hasta el momento, superar una pobreza crónica. El mapa se completa con el primermundista Japón y con los famosos "tigres asiáticos". El estudio de Corea del Sur, Taiwán, Hong Kong y Singapur no es nuevo, pero siempre es interesante conocer su realidad. Luego de cuarenta años de reformas, Singapur se destaca por su interacción con un vecindario tercermundista.La excolonia británica, que alcanzó su independencia en 1965 luego de separarse de la Federación de Malasia, es una ciudad-estado de un tamaño cercano al de Montevideo, pero con más del triple de población (4.7 millones de personas). Desde un comienzo, el régimen hibrido que gobierna Singapur (que combina democracia con autoritarismo) se propuso metas de primer mundo. Sin lugar a dudas lo logró con creces: en cuarenta años mejoró su Producto Bruto Interno (PBI) per capita de 500 dólares en uno que hoy ronda los 50.000.Una recorrida por esta diminuta nación permite observar claramente que Singapur es de las naciones más globalizadas del mundo. La tecnología inunda las calles del City Center, siendo un claro ejemplo los peajes electrónicos que se cobran por circular a determinadas horas. La arquitectura y el centro financiero en la bahía se encuentran rodeados por el gran puerto que da a las costas del estrecho que lleva el nombre del país. Las distintas zonas de esta nación se completan con barrios en donde predominan los complejos habitacionales estatales, organizados por Vivienda y la Junta de Desarrollo del gobierno nacional. El Estado tuvo un rol central desde el comienzo de las reformas, el país avanzó hacia una economía de mercado con disposiciones planificadoras. La estrategia productiva se centró en las actividades multinacionales, buscando atraer matrices de las principales empresas a nivel mundial. Hoy en día, Singapur es el cuarto centro financiero del mundo, donde las finanzas representan un 25% del PBI. El pequeño país es líder en servicios portuarios y posee el segundo puerto de mayor trafico de contenedores, con un movimiento de 28.4 millones de TEU (unidad equivalente a un contenedor de 20 pies). En comparación, el puerto latinoamericano con más tráfico es Santos, en Brasil, con 1.8 millones. Con un territorio sin agricultura y carente de recursos naturales, la única opción viable para Singapur fue la innovación. Las políticas educativas (incentivando una población que lea y entienda más de un idioma), la capacitación científica, técnica y el enfoque en la administración de empresas, son aspectos fundamentales para haber obtenido los resultados actuales. En el Índice Global de Innovación, que mide el ambiente y los logros reales de la misma, se ubica tercero. Con respecto a la facilidad para hacer negocios, lidera el ranking de Doing Business elaborado por el Banco Mundial. Como si fuera poco, ocupa el segundo lugar en el Índice de Competitividad Global, siendo uno de los países que brinda más altos niveles de prosperidad a sus ciudadanos.Gracias a su apertura económica, Singapur se ha convertido en un centro de almacenaje y redistribución de mercaderías en la región. La exportación de manufacturas domesticas y la prestación de servicios internacionales bancarios, de transporte y comunicaciones (siendo uno de los principales exportadores de sistemas de control para aeropuertos y puertos) son claves para entender este modelo.El comercio exterior es fundamental en el desarrollo económico de un país que produce para el resto del mundo. Su economía depende básicamente de las exportaciones, la electrónica, productos farmacéuticos y lo que se denomina tecnología de la información. Singapur es un gran exportador de discos duros y otras piezas de computadoras. Como miembro de la Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN) comparte una tarifa preferencial común con el resto de los integrantes, reservándose ítems como el petróleo, vehículos y tabaco entre otros. La política comercial le permite poseer mercados diversificados y no depender de fluctuaciones de los vecinos. Malasia (11%), Hong Kong (11%), China (10%), Indonesia (9%) y Estados Unidos (6%) son sus mayores compradores. Con respecto a los proveedores, sus socios son similares: Malasia (11%), Estados Unidos (11%), China (10%) y Japón (7%), siendo los productos minerales, químicos, alimenticios y de consumo, los principales rubros de importación.El primer Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) fue el área de negocios acordada con la ASEAN en 1993. A posteriori, Singapur firmó 18 acuerdos regionales y bilaterales con 24 países. Los tratados permiten que esta ciudad - estado esté intercomunicada con su región, incluyendo potencias (China e India), países desarrollados (Japón, Corea, Australia y Nueva Zelanda) y el vecindario más cercano (Malasia, Indonesia y Tailandia, entre otros). La política comercial no se ha quedado allí: apuntando hacia el pacífico, firmó acuerdos con Panamá, Perú, Chile y Estados Unidos, a los que se le pueden sumar México y Canadá, con quienes se encuentra en etapa de negociaciones.Singapur saca provecho de una zona del mundo que ha entendido las ventajas del regionalismo. El denominado triangulo de crecimiento subregional es un ejemplo de ello, combinando gobiernos y el sector privado. Singapur, el estado malayo de Johor (que limita con la isla), y la isla Riau de Indonesia han establecido contratos para trabajar conjuntamente. De esa manera, el gobierno puede brindar a sus inversores un espacio en donde las empresas puedan acceder a mano de obra más barata y menores costos para las industrias.Las naciones tercermundistas buscan justificar su desarrollo moderado por las características propias de su economía, cultura de su población o por su vecindario. En cuarenta años, una nación diminuta y sin recursos naturales logró convertirse en un lugar muy codiciado para vivir. Tomar países como ejemplo o modelo es una tarea complicada, ya que no se pueden transpolar circunstancias. Lo que sí podemos imitar es la forma de entender el progreso; "nosotros decidimos que seríamos un oasis en una región de tercer mundo" fue como lo definió el ex ministro Lee Kwan Yew. Singapur se convirtió de esta manera en un centro regional de referencia, la puerta de entrada al fascinante mundo asiático.*Licenciado en Estudios Internacionales.FACS - Universidad ORT Uruguay.

The enthusiasm in the Tahfidz House (TH) education program especially for children shows an increasing trend in Padang, a modeling city in developing Islāmic character for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Tahfidz House program trends development in early childhood in Padang. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection tools, namely inter- views, direct observation, and document analysis. The results showed that: First, the Tahfidz House program attracted public interest because it offered dimensions of character formation such as in- creasing Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient. Second, there is a theo- logical reason in the landscape of local people to think that the Qur'an offers a blessing concept in our lives. Third, Tahfidz House existences as non-formal education has two dominant affiliations, namely pure education and based on market interests or capitalization. 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Maritime piracy is still one of the most interesting manifestations of human activity by reason of the fact that it has, directly or indirectly, a number of points of contact between different problems of social, religious, political, economical and, of course, historical matter. Specifically, South-east Asia is a great example of how history, politics and religion are strongly and crucially imbued with the maritime banditry phenomenology. During the era of great maritime political entities exercising dominion along the Malay and Indonesian coasts, predation assumed character of endemicity going to fit firmly within the society, politics and economy networks. Inside Zhu Pan Zhi, the reports of the Song Dynasty about the barbarian peoples, is it possible to read about the piracy in the Great Southern Ocean (Nanyang) «the foreign ships were often attacked by pirates. The captives were the favourite of pirates, one captive can sell for 2 liang or 3 liang gold, the piracy prevents the merchants from visiting the ports» . Of great interest it is also the description of piracy in waters near Singapore (Temasek) and south of the straits that, in 1349, appeared in these terms: «The Dragon-teeth Strait (longyamen) is between the two hills of Temasek barbarians, which look like dragon's teeth'. Through the centre runs a waterway. The fields are barren and rice harvest is poor. The climate is hot with heavy rain in April and May. The inhabitants are addicted to piracy […] when junks sail to the European Ocean (Indian Ocean), the local barbarians allow them to pass unmolested, but when the junks reach the Auspicious Strait (Jilimen) on their return voyages, some 200-300 pirate prahus (boats) will put out to attack the junks for several days, the crew of junks have to fight with their arms and setting up cloth screen as a protection against arrows. Sometimes, the junks are fortunate enough to escape with a favouring wind; otherwise, the crews are butchered and the merchandise becomes pirates' booty» . As can be seen from the text, also the physical elements (water, poor soil, distress sea routes, monsoon climate) play an important role in explaining the aforementioned endemicity of pirate phenomenon: in one of the most relevant work by Anthony Reid, a supporter of the Braudelian method of historical investigation, it is reported that few major areas of the world have been so deeply marked by nature such as South-east Asia, going to emphasize the importance of geography in the study of human activities. During the first part of my research, a question to which I have tried to answer was to understand the extent to which individuals, who are placed in a given geographical and historical context, act in a manner consistent with that particular geo-cultural system and how, external elements in that system, can help to change the perspective of action; in essence, I have tried to study how and to what extent India, China and Europe (Western Culture) have affected the history of the indigenous population of South-east Asia and the Straits of Malacca and Singapore in particular. The constitution of the great European colonial empires stretched from the Malacca Straits to the South China Sea, marked the beginning of a progressive modification process of maritime piracy both in terms of objectives to be achieved and also procedures to be followed; Nicholas Tarling lucidly points out in this regard "the old empires decayed, but were not replaced, and with their boundaries marauding communities appared, led by the adveturous Sharifs, or deprived aristocracies, or hungry chiefs" . The main ethnic groups who practiced piracy, the Riau-Lingga Malay, Bugis and Dayak of East Malaysia and Brunei, and Ilanun Balangingi from the southern Philippines and the Sulu sea, became corsairs in the pay of the colonial authorities and all those princes or sultans deprived of their possessions. However, alongside the politically motivated piracy, continued to resist a kind of maritime banditry conducted by fishing associations, outcasts or Chinese immigrants and so-called nomads people of the sea (Orang Laut), clanic and personalistic in nature whose cultural substrate was made up of bonds of friendship, kinship and blood. The remarkable fact is that the two types of piracy are not mutually exclusive but, on the contrary, represented the two faces of a coin and it was not unusual for pirates and corsairs to exchange roles when political or economic contingencies were changed. Interesting in this regard it was been the reading and examination of archival documents found at the National Archives in London (The National Archives) showing exchanges of correspondence and minute of some of the leading authorities of the British Straits Settlements between the first and second half of the nineteenth century. A set of letters that, given its enormous historical and political significance I decided to bring entirely, contains the correspondence (1863-67) between the Straits Settlements Governor Orfeur Cavenagh, Abu Bakar ibn Temenggong Daing Ibrahim Temenggong of Johor and Inche Wan Ahmed, exiled prince of Pahang become rebellious and pirate. Proceeding with the analysis of the phenomenon and given the interest of the international community for the sea routes passing into the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, the next questions concerned what was the real impact of piracy on maritime trade, what costs in human and social terms it produced, which law enforcement measures riparian states and foreign countries (in colonial and post-colonial age) have come into force; in addition to these I had tried to understand who is the pirate, what are the main reasons for his actions, what is the connection, if does exist, between piracy, terrorism and organized crime. In this direction, starting from the definitions of piracy given by the International Maritime Organization and the International Maritime Bureau, I examined most of the international conventions and regional agreements in which the issue of maritime security and cooperation between states and supranational bodies is addressed, placing special attention to the rules and clauses contained in the treaties able to activate those mechanisms for cooperation and burden sharing (burden-sharing) indispensable to the solution or, more realistically, the containment of the problem. Of great relevance to this line of analysis it has proved useful the socio-anthropological approach by Carolin Liss on the links between maritime banditry, criminal syndicates and terrorist groups (criminal syndicate) and the statistical and methodological approach by Karsten von Hoesslin focused on quantity, quality and type of assaults committed at sea. Concluded the second part of the thesis, I went to compare what is written in both historical and contemporary perspective to understand what kind of conclusion emerged from the results of my research; I asked myself, therefore, a further question: taking as a fixed point the thought of Braudel and Reid, following the method of analysis of Liss and Hoesslin, examine the archival documents and translations of ancient texts on the subject (the Sejarah Melayu and Suma Oriental of Tome Pires), given the availability (more or less declared) from South-east Asian newly established states (post-independence) to cooperation and given the interest of third actors in the straits, is it conceivable and correct to sustain now, in the first half of the new millennium, the possibility of a modification of the ancient customs and traditions and entrenched rivalry between neighboring countries on the basis of a new collective consciousness directed to a harmonious resolution, conveyed by a general law, of the phenomenon of maritime piracy? Or are we facing with a false hub of history, with a point that falsely or inappropriately is considered the turnaround from a tradition that has its roots in the coastal kingdoms of the sixth century and which is the sub-cultural layer of those population who have made the sea their source of wealth and power? To say it once again with Braudel, has the longue durée history undergone a change of route or will it repeat and renew her cycle again and again, sweetened by new technological tools and new forms of politics and economics? And if a change is in place, why now and how does it happen? Will history repeat itself? To give an answer, as thoroughly as possible, to this question I tried to define some of those steps that the countries of ASEAN should follow in order to effectively combat maritime piracy, terrorism widespread locally and organized crime; what could be the milestones in the process of construction of a shared legal system able to provide answers to many of the legal issues including the lack of a common legislation on maritime security. The watchword in the near future will have to be 'mutual legal assistance' in view of the implementation, in national legal corpora, of all those rules necessary to give effect to the directions contained in international conventions. Eventually, I propose a different and further reading of all those theories that track in failure or in the great inefficiency of coordinating policies in the field of maritime safety, the proliferation of piracy. Though I substantially agree with some of those interpretations, two points are critical and deserves attention: the lack of a proper historical and historiographical perspective of analysis and what I have called the axiom of the ultimate solution.