Suchergebnisse

In Democratic Justice and the Social Contract Albert Weale endorses the principle that producers should receive the full fruits of their labour (net of some deductions). This article argues that the fact that producers in some pre-capitalist societies would endorse the principle gives us little reason to do so and that operationalising such a principle for a complex modern society is impractical and undesirable.

Ethiopia has a diverse agroecology and many areas are suitable for growing temperate, subtropical or tropical fruits. Substantial areas receive sufficient rainfall and many lakes, rivers and streams could also be used to support fruit production. Despite this potential, the total land area under fruits is very small and mainly smallholder-based. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD), the area under fruits is about 43,500 ha with a total annual production of about 261,000 metric tonnes of which less than 2% is exported. Many supply and demand reasons are associated with the poor performance of the sub-sector including technical, organisational and institutional factors. The lack of sufficient supply of planting materials of improved fruit varieties/cultivars and accompanying knowledge were identified as key constraints during a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) study conducted by the IPMS project in 2005. This is because the source of planting materials for tropical, sub-tropical improved and temperate fruits are limited to a few mostly government operated sites, which are located far away from potential planting places. To alleviate this problem, IPMS in collaboration with district Offices of Agriculture and Rural Development (OoARD) initiated smallholder farmer-based improved fruit seedling supply system in many of its project districts. This initially required the establishment of improved mother trees and farmer capacity building on nursery and fruit tree management, among others. The objective of this paper is, to share the IPMS experiences in the establishment of sustainable farmer-based improved fruit seedling supply system which contributed to the improvement of livelihoods of many farmers. Nursery operators earned between 100 and 11,000 USD equivalent from sale of seedlings/suckers or fruits in a season. The lessons learnt indicate that farmer-based fruit nurseries a) can be established by linking the right public and private sector actors for knowledge, skills development and input supply b) are cost effective compared to the current suppliers, in most cases c) convinced all actors that farmers can handle the seemingly difficult grafting/budding techniques d) created employment opportunities for the landless youth, individual male and female farmers, e) generates a significant income for nursery operators, f) reduce transport cost of the seedlings significantly. This paper also uses a spatial analysis tool, DIVA-GIS software, to analyse likelihood of adaptability of four fruit species to a wider area within the study districts and the likely production potential and value. ; Canadian International Development Agency

The traceability of agricultural products is essential to guarantee food security, monitor the production chain and is a requirement of Brazilian legislation. The optimization of this activity can be performed with the use of digital technologies. The present study verified the efficiency of a mobile app to track agricultural products and use it as a digital field book. The study was developed with 13 participants who used the mobile app to record agricultural activities: input pesticide sprays and fertilization; cultural management and registration of georeferenced harvest lots. The use of the app simplified the registration of tasks as digital field book and tracked agricultural products throughout the productive chain. An alert system for withholding period and maximum limit for pesticide sprays had been developed and enabled greater control, both are considered critical points in traceability system. QR-code of fruit lots were produced in each harvest and reports of costs, production, yield and fruit quality were generated by the app. Thus, mobile app was efficient to track agricultural production and use it as digital field book. In addition, managing of agricultural activities and production costs were produced and it has been shown that an innovative and low-cost technology that can be used by fruit producers. ; A rastreabilidade de produtos agrícolas é essencial para garantir a segurança de alimentos, acompanhar a cadeia produtiva e é uma exigência da legislação brasileira. A otimização dessa atividade pode ser realizada com o uso de tecnologias digitais. O presente estudo verificou a eficiência de um aplicativo mobile para a rastreabilidade de produtos agrícolas e o uso como um caderno de campo digital. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 13 participantes que utilizaram um aplicativo mobile para o registro das atividades agrícolas: aplicações de insumos fitossanitários e fertilizantes; manejos culturais e registro de lotes de colheita georeferenciados. O uso do aplicativo facilitou o registro das atividades no caderno de campo digital e monitorou os produtos agrícolas em toda a cadeia produtiva. Um sistema de alertas para a carência e o limite máximo de aplicações fitossanitárias foi desenvolvido e possibilitou um maior controle de produtos utilizados. Ambos processos são considerados pontos críticos no sistema de rastreabilidade. Para cada lote de colheita foram gerados um QR-code e relatórios de custos, produção, produtividade e qualidade das frutas pelo aplicativo. Desse modo, o aplicativo mobile foi eficiente para a rastrear a produção agrícola e serviu como um caderno de campo digital. Além de permitir o gerenciamento das atividades agrícolas e seus custos de produção, resultando em uma tecnologia inovadora e de baixo custo que pode ser utilizada por produtores de frutas.

Jurisdiction — Law of the flag — Matters governed by — Meaning of doctrine of internal economy of ship — The law of the United States of America.Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Legislation alleged to conflict with earlier treaty — Consular Convention and Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Liberia — Municipal labour relations legislation — The law of the United States of America.Jurisdiction — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Scope of municipal labour relations statute — Application to charge of unfair labour practices of national owner of foreign-flag vessels with alien crews regularly visiting domestic ports — Evaluation of contacts with State of forum and flag State — Claim of conflict posed by application of statute with provisions of Consular Convention and Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Liberia — The law of the United States of America.

Development of fruit growing and fruit science in Latvia has always been closely linked to the development of the whole country. After the founding of the independent Latvia state in 1918, fruit growing developed rapidly. Although in the Soviet times the situation was not favourable for quality fruit growing, research and breeding continued with good results. After Latvia regained independence, private land property rights were restored, and interest in intensive orchard establishment and growing technologies increased rapidly, which demanded change in the research focus. At present, the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing is the leading institution in this field, working in cooperation with Pūre Horticultural Research Centre, Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre, Institute of Agrobiotechology, and Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia. Research is carried out in the following directions: breeding and cultivar evaluation; genetics and molecular biology; plant pathology and entomology; orchard management; experimental processing and storage.