Suchergebnisse

Цель. Изучить структуру и корреляционные взаимосвязи факторов риска (ФР) сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) у молодых мужчин. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 115 военнослужащих мужского пола. Сформированы три группы пациентов: с гипертонической болезнью (ГБ), нейроциркуляторной астенией (НЦА) по гипертоническому типу и с ФР при отсутствии ССЗ. Обследование включало: опрос по стандартной анкете для выяснения ФР ССЗ, антропометрию, измерение артериального давления (АД) традиционным и мониторным методами, определение общего холестерина (ОХС). Результаты. ФР ССЗ широко представлены среди обследованных. Наибольший суммарный риск ССЗ отмечен в группе пациентов с ГБ. Корреляционный анализ ФР выявил большее количество достоверных ассоциаций между обозначенными показателями в группе ГБ. Заключение. Высокая частота ФР ССЗ среди военнослужащих требует их активного выявления и контроля в дальнейшем, обучения принципам здорового образа жизни и немедикаментозной профилактики ССЗ. ; Aim. To study the prevalence and correlations between cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) in young men. Materials and methods. We examined 115 military young men. Were formed three groups of patients: with arterial hypertension (AH), neurocirculatory asthenia (NCA) on hypertensive type and with the RFs in the absence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The examination included: the standard questionnaire to determine the RFs of CVD, anthropometry, measurement of the blood pressure (BP) and ambulatory BP monitoring, determination levels of the total cholesterol (TCH). Results. RFs of CVD are well represented among the surveyed. The highest total cardiovascular risk observed in patients with AH. Correlation analysis revealed a greater number of RFs associations between the marked indices in the group AH. Conclusion. High frequency RFs of CVD among young men requires their active detection and control in the future, learning the principles of healthy living and non-pharmacological prevention of CVD.

"The HIV epidemic has created over 10 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa and countless other children are affected by the disease, whether by living with a parent who is chronically ill or living in a household that is hosting orphans. Mortality rates for adults are rising rapidly, for women now faster than men. While efforts are aimed at preventing future orphans, many more children will lose their parents before the epidemic is under control. One of the major challenges facing governments, international organizations and NGOs in their response is the lack of data on the situation of orphans and the quality and effectiveness of their interventions. Continuous assessments of national strategies aimed at improving the welfare of orphans are needed in order to assess the effectiveness of these interventions. A key area is the food and nutrition situation of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. Inconsistent findings make it difficult to assess if orphans and other vulnerable children have specific nutritional needs separate from other children. This report looks to answer this question by establishing the present nutritional status of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa by examining a large number of countries in the region. Specifically, the report answers: a) To what degree is child anthropometry and household food security affected by orphan-hood and chronic sickness?, b) Is underweight the most appropriate indicator to measure the nutritional status of orphans?, c) Which types of households are most affected by food insecurity and which indicators show promise for future monitoring?, and d) How does the concept of vulnerability relate to food security?" -- from Author's Introduction." ; IFPRI-6; GRP33; Theme 4; Health, Diet and Nutrition; RENEWAL ; PHND ; Non-PR ; 80 p.

BACKGROUND—The Roma people originated in northern India and have been known in Europe for nearly a thousand years. For much of that time they have been the subjects of discrimination and oppression, culminating in the extermination of half a million Roma in the Nazi death camps. While it is widely believed that the health of Roma people is often poorer than the majority population, these inequalities remain largely unresearched. METHODS—Published literature on the health of the Roma people was identified using Medline. Opinion pieces were excluded, as were papers relating to anthropometry and to genetic markers. The resultant papers were analysed by country of study and by disease type or care group. RESULTS—Some 70% of papers identified related to just three countries; Spain and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Much literature concentrates upon communicable disease or reproductive health. The limited evidence suggests increased morbidity from non-communicable disease, but there is little published on this topic. Evidence on health care, though fragmentary, suggests poorer access to health services and uptake of preventative care. DISCUSSION—Published research on the health needs of the Roma population is sparse. The topics that have received attention suggest a focus on concepts of contagion or social Darwinism, indicating a greater concern with the health needs of the majority populations with which they live. There is a need for both further research into the health of Roma people; with particular emphasis on non-communicable disease; and also for interventions that improve Roma health. Such research must, however, be handled with sensitivity, recognising the social and political context of the society concerned. Keywords: gypsies; inequalities; ethnicity; social exclusion

High blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and sodium consumption is related to high BP. Moreover, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) influence BP. For this reason, we investigated whether: 1) children with risk of elevated BP had a higher consumption frequency (CF) of energy-dense salty foods (EDSF), high-sugary foods (HSF) and SSB or a low DASH score; and 2) children with a higher CF of EDSF showed a worse anthropometric and metabolic profile. Anthropometry, BP and general biochemical parameters were measured in 687 Spanish children (5–16 years) with normal or excess weight. A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate EDSF, HSF and SSB consumption, and modified DASH score. Results showed that sex and pubertal stage influenced modified DASH score. Diastolic hypertension was associated to higher CF of EDSF in the whole sample and to higher CF of SSB in pubertal children, both independently of nutritional status. In addition, CF of EDSF was positively associated with CF of HSF and SSB and inversely associated with modified DASH score. Targeted policies and intervention programs, specific for different age ranges, should be established that aim to reduce salt consumption from snacks and processed foods, which could reduce HSF and SSB consumption as well ; Funded by the Ministry for Science and Innovation (GENOBOX PI11/01425, PI11/02042, PI11/02059; PUBMEP PI16/00871, PI16/01301, PI16/012) and SAMID (RD08/0072/0028) and CIBEROBN (CB15/00131, CB15/00043) networks. AIR was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Formación stipend (FJCI-2014-19795). GPG was funded by a predoctoral fellowship from the Government of Aragón ; SI

This study analyzed how maternal obesity affected fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and their association with infant growth and cognition to raise awareness about the programming effect of maternal health and to promote a healthy prenatal weight. Mother–child pairs (n = 78) were grouped per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): normal-weight (BMI = 18.5–24.99), overweight (BMI = 25–29.99) and obese (BMI > 30). Colostrum and mature milk FAs were determined. Infant anthropometry at 6, 18 and 36 months of age and cognition at 18 were analyzed. Mature milk exhibited lower arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), among others, than colostrum. Breast milk of non-normal weight mothers presented increased saturated FAs and n6:n3 ratio and decreased α-linolenic acid (ALA), DHA and monounsaturated FAs. Infant BMI-for-age at 6 months of age was inversely associated with colostrum n6 (e.g., AA) and n3 (e.g., DHA) FAs and positively associated with n6:n3 ratio. Depending on the maternal weight, infant cognition was positively influenced by breast milk linoleic acid, n6 PUFAs, ALA, DHA and n3 LC-PUFAs, and negatively affected by n6:n3 ratio. In conclusion, this study shows that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI can influence breast milk FAs and infant growth and cognition, endorsing the importance of a healthy weight in future generations ; This research was funded by the European Commission (DynaHEALTH-HORIZON 2020 GA No: 633595) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2012-40254-C03-02). Further support was obtained from, Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Science (Junta de Andalucía), Excellence Projects (P06-CTS-02341). ADLGP thanks the Mexican government and the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT) for her PhD grant ; SI

Indigenous populations respond to colonial expansion. This book examines the effects of the Spanish mission system on population structure and genetic variability in indigenous communities living in northern Florida and southern Georgia during the 16th and 17th centuries. Data on tooth size were collected from 26 archaeological samples representing three time periods: Late Precontact (~1200-1500), Early Mission (~1600-1650), and Late Mission (~1650-1700) and were subjected to a series of statistical tests evaluating genetic variability. Predicted changes in phenotypic population variability a

"This paper examines the effects of early childhood nutrition on schooling inputs and outcomes to assess the dynamic nature of human capital production, using panel data from South Africa. Height-for-age Z-score is used as a measure of health and nutritional status in early childhood. Based on a comparison of siblings, this analysis concludes that improving children's health significantly lowers the age when they start school, increases grade attainment, and decreases grade repetition in the early stage of schooling. However, this positive effect diminishes at later stages. The results also show that households allocate more of their resources (such as school fee expenditure) to healthy children at the early stage, although wealthier households may invest more in less well endowed children in an attempt to reduce sibling inequality. However, fewer resources are allocated to healthy children at later stages. By the time of transition from primary to secondary school, the healthy child can increase household income by seeking employment in the labor market. In other words, while health capital augments the efficiency of investment in schooling at the early stage, it may increase opportunity costs at the later stage, which may deter investment in schooling." -- Authors' Abstract ; ISI; IFPRI3; GRP26 ; FCND ; PR

Introduction: Sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) is a serious under-diagnosed chronic disease, which often coincides with arterial hypertension (AH). The U.S. Joint National Committee considers SAS to be the most common cause of secondary arterial hypertension. Objective: To determine the incidence of arterial hypertension in patients diagnosed with SAS in an accredited sleep laboratory (ASL) in Bratislava in the years 2013-2022. Methods: The monitored group consisted of 688 patients examined in an ASL in Bratislava who underwent an initial examination (anamnesis, anthropometry, sleep questionnaire) and a diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (nocturnal polysomnography) in order to confirm or refute the diagnosis of OSAS. Data collection also took place by using a copy of the patients' medical records (presence of AH). We used Microsoft Excel and statistical software SPSS, version 21.0 to process the obtained data. We considered the result to be statistically significant if p ≤ 0.05. Results: We demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the incidence of AH in patients with SAS compared to patients without SAS, i.e., there was a statistically significantly higher incidence of AH in patients with SAS compared to patients without SAS (39% vs. 17.5%; OR=3.0; p<0.001). We also demonstrated that the higher the AHI value in patients with SAS, the higher the incidence of AH (p=0.002; 95% CI 1.4 – 4.4). In addition, there was a 1.9 times higher risk of developing AH in patients with a moderate degree of SAS compared to patients with a mild degree of SAS (p=0.014) and up to a 2.8 times higher risk of developing AH in patients with a severe degree of SAS compared to patients with moderate SAS (p<0.001) regardless of BMI. Conclusion: Due to the high coincidence (1/3) of arterial hypertension and sleep apnoea syndrome in the monitored group, it is necessary to focus on effective screening of SAS in high-risk persons as well as effective screening of SAS in persons with present AH.

OBJECTIVES: Nutrition during fetal and early postnatal life impacts brain development, however evidence from randomized trials from low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) is limited. We evaluated effects of maternal nutrition supplementation before and during pregnancy on neurodevelopment and vision in children from 4 LMIC with high rates of stunting, using a simplified assessment tool. METHODS: Women First was an individually randomized trial comparing the impact of maternal nutrition supplementation initiated preconception vs at ∼12 wk gestation vs no supplement; interventions were discontinued at delivery in trial sites in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, India, and Pakistan. Neurodevelopment and visual acuity and visual contrast sensitivity were assessed at 24 mo using the INTER-NDA and the Cardiff tests, respectively, in a random sub-set, representing ∼1/3 of infants with valid birth measurements from the WF trial. Anthropometry and Family Care Indicators (FCI) were also obtained at 24 mo. RESULTS: 667 and 634 children (91% and 86% of sub-set) were included in INTER-NDA and vision analyses. Arm-proportionate contribution was 32.2–32.8%. Overall, we observed the following percentage of children with delays: 66.6% cognitive; 87.4% fine motor; 91.3% gross motor; and 11.7% language; 25.9% had positive behavior problems; and 26.0% and 21.0% had low acuity and contrast sensitivity scores, respectively. WF intervention arm was not significant for INTER-NDA scores, rates of mild-to-moderate or severe delay (F = 0.004–1.518, p = 0.28–0.99; X(2 )= 3.81–5.92, p = 0.18–0.42; X(2 )= 3.81–6.33, p = 0.18–0.43); or for low acuity and contrast sensitivity (X(2 )= 0.91, p = 0.63 and X(2 )= 1.64, p = 0.44). LAZ(24mo) was significantly associated with cognitive, motor, language, and behavior scores; maternal education predicted cognitive, language, and vision; and FCI was significantly associated with fine motor, language, and behavior after adjusting for other covariates (R(2) 0.33 cognitive; 0.40 language; 0.12 ...

The pandemic burden caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus constitutes a global public health emergency. Increasing understanding about predisposing factors to infection and severity is now a priority. Genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors can play a crucial role in the course and clinical outcome of COVID-19. We aimed to investigate the putative relationship between genetic factors associated to obesity, metabolism and lifestyle, and the presence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 249 volunteers (178 women and 71 men, with mean and ± SD age of 49 ± 11 years) characterized for dietary, lifestyle habits and anthropometry, were studied for presence and severity of COVID-19 infection, and genotyped for 26 genetic variants related to obesity, lipid profile, inflammation, and biorhythm patterns. A statistically significant association was found concerning a protective effect of APOE rs7412 against SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.039; OR 0.216; CI 0.084, 0.557) after correction for multiple comparisons. This protective effect was also ascribed to the APOɛ2 allele (p = 0.001; OR 0.207; CI 0.0796, 0.538). The genetic variant rs7412 resulting in ApoE2, genetic determinant of lipid and lipoprotein levels, could play a significant role protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection. ; The authors want to express their gratitude to the GENYAL Platform of Clinical Trials in Nutrition and Health of IMDEA Food Institute for their support, as well as the Counceling of Education of the Community of Madrid for their support in the constitution of GENYAL, and all the volunteers participating in this study. This research was funded by the Plan Nacional I + D + i PID2019 ‐110183RB ‐C21, FACINGLCOVID-CM project. Funding REACT EU Program (Comunidad de Madrid and The European Regional Development Fund. ERDF. European Union). Regional Government of Community of Madrid (Y2020/BIO-6350). Genomic Laboratory GENYALLab (REDLAB, the laboratories network of the Community of Madrid, under the registration number 440). GENYAL LAB ...

Objectives: nutrition during fetal and early postnatal life impacts brain development, however evidence from randomized trials from low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) is limited. We evaluated effects of maternal nutrition supplementation before and during pregnancy on neurodevelopment and vision in children from 4 LMIC with high rates of stunting, using a simplified assessment tool. Methods: Women First was an individually randomized trial comparing the impact of maternal nutrition supplementation initiated preconception vs at ∼12 wk gestation vs no supplement; interventions were discontinued at delivery in trial sites in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, India, and Pakistan. Neurodevelopment and visual acuity and visual contrast sensitivity were assessed at 24 mo using the INTER-NDA and the Cardiff tests, respectively, in a random sub-set, representing ∼1/3 of infants with valid birth measurements from the WF trial. Anthropometry and Family Care Indicators (FCI) were also obtained at 24 mo. Results: 667 and 634 children (91% and 86% of sub-set) were included in INTER-NDA and vision analyses. Arm-proportionate contribution was 32.2–32.8%. Overall, we observed the following percentage of children with delays: 66.6% cognitive; 87.4% fine motor; 91.3% gross motor; and 11.7% language; 25.9% had positive behavior problems; and 26.0% and 21.0% had low acuity and contrast sensitivity scores, respectively. WF intervention arm was not significant for INTER-NDA scores, rates of mild-to-moderate or severe delay (F = 0.004–1.518, p = 0.28–0.99; X2 = 3.81–5.92, p = 0.18–0.42; X2 = 3.81–6.33, p = 0.18–0.43); or for low acuity and contrast sensitivity (X2 = 0.91, p = 0.63 and X2 = 1.64, p = 0.44). LAZ24mo was significantly associated with cognitive, motor, language, and behavior scores; maternal education predicted cognitive, language, and vision; and FCI was significantly associated with fine motor, language, and behavior after adjusting for other covariates (R2 0.33 cognitive; 0.40 language; 0.12 motor; 0.05 ...

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on cash transfers and child health. The main purpose of the research is to assess the effects of cash transfers on children's health and development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Systematization of the literary sources indicates that studies have justified cash transfer as social-income support that addresses a vital social determinant of health (income) for children in low-and-middle-income countries. The methodological basis of this study is a systematic review that searched a wide range of electronic databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate and ScienceDirect. Studies included in this review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, quasi-experimental and mixed methods studies of cash transfer interventions in children 0-18 years. Inclusion criteria were met by eight studies, four from Africa and four from Latin America. The systematic review presents the results of data synthesis of the included studies that mainly reported the effects of cash transfer programmes on child anthropometry outcomes, cognitive development, morbidity, and healthcare utilization. The review found cash transfer programmes to improve these variables among children in households receiving cash transfers. This systematic review has added to the debate on cash transfers and children's health outcomes. In general, the systematic review indicates that cash transfer programmes intended for children are effective at improving anthropometric, health, and cognitive outcomes, as well as access to healthcare. However, there is a need for more research to clarify the multiple pathways by which cash transfers can improve children's health and nutritional outcomes. It is also necessary to clarify what factors explain the variety of effects of cash transfer programs on child health and nutritional status. Finally, cash transfer interventions are not permanent mechanisms for promoting access to healthcare. Policymakers in developing countries should borrow ideas on how to finance healthcare services for improving the socio-economic wellbeing of citizens.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week concurrent training intervention on cardiometabolic health in obese men. Twelve obese men (42.5 5.3 years old) participated in the current 12-week randomized controlled trial with a parallel group design. The participants were randomly assigned to a concurrent training group or to a no-exercise control group. Anthropometry and body composition assessment were determined by electrical bio-impedance. Blood samples were obtained and a cardiometabolic risk Z-Score was calculated. Energy metabolismrelated parameters [i.e., resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and substrate oxidation in both resting conditions and during exercise] were determined by indirect calorimetry. Echocardiographic studies were performed using an ultrasound system equipped with a transducer to measure cardiac function. A significant decrease of weight (1 = -4.21 kg; i.e., primary outcome), body mass index (1 = -1.32 kg/m2), fat mass (FM; 1 = -.27 kg), blood pressure (BP; 1 = -10.81 mmHg), and cardiometabolic risk Z-Score (1 = -0.39) was observed in the exercise group compared with the control group (all P 0.1). Moreover, a significant increment of left ventricular (LV) end diastolic diameter (1 = -4.35 mm) was observed in the exercise group compared with the control group (P = 0.02). A 12-week concurrent training intervention is an effective strategy to induce weight and fat loss with simultaneous reductions of BP and cardiometabolic risk, and improving cardiac function in obese men. ; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-MINECO RYC-2014-16938 ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-MINECO/FEDER DEP2016-76123R ; Government of Andalusian, Integrated Territorial Initiative PI-00022017 ; European Union's ERASMUS C SPORT program 603121-EPP-1-2018-1-ES-SPO-SCP ; EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations DEP2005-00046/ACTI ; Technology Fund-FEDER funds (R&D&I Operating Program) ; INNTERCONECTA (BRISA Contract-University of Cadiz)

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the effect of a comprehensive intervention package focusing on the animal-source protein (egg and milk)-based snack in conjunction with feeding counseling, water sanitation and hygiene, and supplementation with multiple micronutrient powder on linear growth and development of 6‒12-month old children in rural Bangladesh. Primary and secondary outcomes were differences in length-for-age Z score and cognitive development. METHODS: A community-based cluster randomized controlled longitudinal trial included 412 mother-infant pairs from 13 unions (small-administrative-unit) of Harirampur sub-district, allocating to receive treatment (n = 206) or regular health messages (n = 206) as control. The treatment group received monthly food vouchers (30 eggs, 12 L milk, 500 g semolina, 500 mL oil, 500 g sugar) to prepare nutritious children's snacks, micronutrient powder, child feeding and handwashing counseling for 12 months. The Control group received routine health messages from the government. Anthropometry, feeding and morbidity data were collected at baseline, monthly and endpoint. Children's development was assessed only once at an endpoint using Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire (EASQ), Bayley III and Wolke's behavior rating scales. We used generalized linear regression modelling to conduct intention to treat analysis. RESULTS: Children's mean weight and length were similar between groups at baseline. At endpoint, compared to the control, treatment children had higher mean length (83.52 and 80.89 cm; difference: 2.62, P < 0.001); higher LAZ score (β: 0.38, CI: 0.24, 0.51); 61% lower rate of stunting (IRR: 0.39, CI: 0.22, 0.67); higher cognitive (β: 4.01, CI: 2.08, 5.94), language (β: 2.94, CI: 0.94, 4.94) and motor (β: 4.53, CI: 1.87, 7.20) scores, all being statistically significant. The intervention also improved developmental EASQ outcomes of the treatment children (gross and fine motor, problem-solving, and socio-emotional scores). CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive intervention ...