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Low unemployment and commitment to full employment were widespread after the Second World War. Today, there is mass unemployment and weak commitment to-full employment, which is still necessary and attainable. This article discusses divergent concepts of full employment, its history and the impact of the global economy. We dispel the notion that Europe's high unemployment is due to labor market rigidity, that the US model is a good alternative and that technology has made work obsolete. Unemployment, both morally unacceptable and economically irrational, weakens welfare states. The global economy makes attaining full employment more difficult but not impossible. Political and economic strategies, needed at both national and international levels, are suggested, along with possible actions by intellectuals.

I present an analysis of the history of U.S. expansion and rise to hegemony in World War II, and argue that the concrete global perspectives and postwar ambitions of U.S. state managers were formed in the course of world war itself. They were not the result of preconceived economic or geopolitical policies or aims. I examine U.S. expansion and postwar goals in the military, economic, and political arenas, and show how social processes set in motion by world war in each of these dimensions were central in shaping the distinctive outcomes. I develop a theoretical perspective of world war as a social process, and argue that such an extraordinary period of violence, historical contingency, and state‐led expansion involves potentially unique features of macrohistorical development and change.

This reflection on the place of W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) in US intellectual history argues that the 1992 conference from which the essays in this book (see related abstracts) are taken begins to fill a void that is left by the dearth of scholarly treatments of Du Bois & his ideas. Du Bois virtually inaugurated some aspects of African studies, & was a pioneer in the field of cultural studies, with its troika of critical tools -- race, class, & gender. Several incidents from Du Bois's life are recounted to indicate his personal experience of racism & his personal, intellectual, & political response to it. His commitments to liberalism, Marxism, & race make him a particularly interesting example of the practicing intellectual. H. von Rautenfeld

Explores Alain Lipietz's (eg, 1974-1977) application of regulation theory to ecology, & discusses an ethically elaborated regulationist ecology via an examination of overlapping interpretations of the social theory-ecology relationship. Issues in need of clarification are the connection between ecological values & regulation theory, the informative value of regulationist concepts, & the relationship between ecological perceptions & regulationist explanations of social stabilization. Lipietz's shift to regulationist thinking, as well as its theories & history, are presented. Regulation theory is interpreted as an application of Jurgen Habermas's (1975) communicative ethics, arguing that regulationism & Habermasian critical theory can together provide a more generalizable understanding of ecology. This universal conception is considered a necessity in the advancement of the international efforts of ecosocialists. 29 References. T. Shimane

CAPITALISM HAS ALWAYS BEEN about the destruction of community. The removal of communities of aboriginals and peasants from their land and craftsmen from their tools and their skills were crucial conditions for the development of early industrial capitalism. The triumph of capitalism required a cultural revolution, for, as E.P. Thompson has written, "there is no such thing as economic growth which is not at the same time, growth and change of a culture."1 New ideologies of possessive individualism, secularism and scientism were part of this far‐reaching cultural revolution, which accompanied and legitimated an economy that for the first time in history was conceived and justified as operating according to its own rational laws, independent of community.

It may be expected of the Kingsley Martin lecturer that he addresses a theme of topical relevance. This is as it should be, for the modern history of South Asia offers an exceptionally wideranging choice of themes for reflection and inquiry. It will, then, seem strangely inappropriate to go to the other end of the time scale, to the early beginnings of Indian civilization. It would be vain to try and advance an excuse for this turn-about — such excuses would be too easily tainted by special pleading. It is just the romantic lure of a world that was irredeemably lost long ago. Or was it? It may be nearer to us than we care to admit.

Proposes that the role of traceability in manufacturing systems is to
enable the history of events to be followed and compared with scheduled
plans and predefined goals. Tracing techniques can be used to detect
system status (status tracing), analyse system performance (performance
tracing) and support decision making (goal tracing). Manufacturing
systems are conceptualized as having the levels of strategy, planning
and design, and operations. There is a need for all three forms of
traceability at each manufacturing system level. The traceabilities
approach provides a structured, holistic way of thinking about and
designing manufacturing information systems which is not constrained by
the physical system or by the narrower requirements of a computer
management system.

The revolution in social thought which has taken place in anthropology, sociology, history, literature and even law has been squelched in economics by both neoclassicals and Marxists. It is the purpose of this essay to show that aspects of contemporary poststructuralist and feminist theory are considerably more compatible with Marxian and neo-Marxian theory than with neoclassical thought. More important, we argue that these poststructuralist and feminist approaches, and especially their implicit theory of the relation between the individual and society, can significantly enhance Marxian economic analysis of the production process and consumer behavior by creating a richer theory of individual behavior and by expanding the Marxian conception of institutions and thus of accumulation and reproduction.

Argues that immigration to the US by blacks has been downplayed in US history & located within the context of the slave trade, imposed segregation, & restricted movement. Even though, after emancipation, increasing numbers of persons immigrated to the US from countries with predominantly black or racially mixed populations, their presence was less visible due to their relatively small numbers & their close association with native-born black people. Since 1965, liberal legislation has led to increasing entry & heightened visibility of black immigrants, especially in urban & industrial centers of the country. These developments challenge sociology to address a complex future with expanding bases of ethnic encounters & differentiation & new possibilities for inter- & intragroup relations. Adapted from the source document.

Latin American social sciences are coming to a new self-consciousness after decades of knowledge imports. As the example of economic science shows, this behavior, dictated by former authoritarian structures, has led to ever more dependence & misery, both material & intellectual. Democratic renewal allowed a reconsideration of this official strategy & was backed up simultaneously by religious-esoterically & -scientifically based liberation theories. This liberation process by self-reflection has coincided with another process that distinguishes northern from southern sciences. The North, uninterested in the South's work & results, fixes its attention on the East or on itself. As economic history shows, whenever the North has been occupied with itself (ie, Brazilian home-based industrialization in the 1930s & during WWII). Modified AA

'From childhood on, women's moral sense emphasises caring for others. This orientation to the experiences, needs and wishes of others leads women to attend to and nurture other human beings and to provide them with what has become known as "social support"' (Belle, 1982). This provision of crucial support is often at a cost to the women involved. This paper describes a community outreach project which has been running for nine years with the primary aim of renewing and reinforcing women's feelings of self worth. The project involves twice-yearly residential weekends attended by an average of one hundred and twenty women. The history and evolution of the groups and some possible reasons why they work will be discussed.

This article considers, from the historical, demographic, and anthropological points of view the various forms that the Leonese peasant family takes during its development cycle, and demonstrates the importance of extended and multiple family households in an area long characterized by partible inheritance and nuclear family households. Two methods of doing family history, at times held incompatible, are used and are shown to be complementary: a structural analysis of households, based on four household lists from 1920 to 1978, and on demographic data from 1739 to 1978; and an interpretive analysis of the lived reality of the Leonese household, based on ethnographic data and on locally held notions of proper relations between kin, as embedded in stories people tell about family histories.

The OECD and International Migration.
This article reviews the history of OEEC and OECD involvement in international migration since 1948. It describes change in migration patterns for this timeframe, OECD understanding of said change and the influence it attempted to exert on member country migration policies. This influence is analyzed in light of developments which proved very non-linear. A succinct overview of migration in the 1960's and 1970's points up the nature and origins of migration trends in this decade. Overlap between European and North American models is examined. The author argues for a coordinated response to migration manifest in OECD member countries despite differences of type and nature, and closes on a number of considerations applicable to comparative statistics.