Suchergebnisse

In Russia the right to access oil and oil product pipeline networks is governed by a vast number of laws and subordinate legislation. On one hand, this imperative method is justified in order to ensure indiscriminate access to pipelines. On the other hand, international practices show that these objectives can also be achieved using a permissive legal regulation method more broadly. Therefore it is pertinent to analyze and compare the practice of pipeline access regulation in different states. Particularly, highly illustrative in this context is Germany's experience.

Die Entscheidung für einen Brexit hat die Konjunkturängste innerhalb und außerhalb Europas verstärkt. Die Auswirkungen der mit dieser Entscheidung verbundenen ökonomischen Unsicherheit auf den Euroraum und die deutsche Wirtschaft lassen sich mit ökonometrischen Methoden abschätzen. Einer kontrafaktischen Analyse zufolge wird der exogene Anstieg der Unsicherheit das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in der Modellökonomie für den Euroraum für über zwei Jahre reduzieren und dabei einen Rückgang um etwa 0,2 Prozent nach acht Monaten bewirken. Die Arbeitslosenquote wird deshalb vermutlich steigen und Verbraucherpreise sinken. Die Investitionstätigkeit wird schätzungsweise innerhalb eines Jahres um etwa 0,7 Prozent sinken. In Deutschland kommt es qualitativ und quantitativ zu vergleichbaren Auswirkungen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, wie wichtig es ist, die Investitionstätigkeit im Euroraum und in Deutschland anzukurbeln und die Unsicherheit im weiteren politischen Prozess zu minimieren. ; The Brexit vote has considerably increased economic uncertainty in Europe and beyond. It will likely affect economic performance and in particular investment in the euro area, which are both already relatively weak. The impact of this uncertainty shock on the euro area and the German economy is estimated with an econometric framework. A counterfactual analysis indicates that the uncertainty associated with the Brexit vote reduces GDP in the model economy for the euro area for more than twoyears, with a trough of about 0.2 percent after eight months, relative to a situation in which this shock would not have occurred. It also leads to an increase in the unemployment rate and to a mild decline of consumer prices. Investment is estimated to fall by approximately 0.7 percent over the horizon of one year. In Germany, theseeffects are qualitatively and quantitatively similar. The findings highlight the importance to stimulate investment in the euro area and in Germany, and to minimize uncertainty in the further political process.

The article attempts to answer question whether the immigration policy of the only state with economic and social potential comparable to the EU's can inspire EU's solutions to the immigrant crisis. The interdisciplinary paper is based on analysis of statistical data, official documents and acts of law. We conclude that further integration of the EU Member States in the field of security policy and increasing spending on common border protection is necessary. ; Marta Pachocka

Seit der Unternehmensteuerreform 2008/2009 haben sich die steuerlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland im Grundsatz nicht geändert. Eine Analyse der deutschen Steuerpolitik in der laufenden Legislaturperiode zeigt, dass sich Änderungen lediglich auf die Beseitigung verfassungswidriger Regelungen beschränken. Aktuell geht es um die Erbschaftsteuer, auch die Grundsteuer ist im Visier des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. Gleichzeitig steigen die Tarife bei den lokalen Steuern. Bei den Ertragsteuern für Kapitalgesellschaften steht diese Entwicklung im Kontrast zu den Entwicklungen in den anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten, wo die tariflichen Steuersätze immer weiter sinken. Eine quantitative Analyse der effektiven Steuerbelastungen innerhalb der EU zeigt erste Konsequenzen des steuerlichen Stillstands in Deutschland auf. Im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Ländern werden die steuerlichen Standortbedingungen für Unternehmen in Deutschland zusehends unattraktiver.

Since 2010 the UK Government has aimed to reduce net-migration. The UK Government cannot restrict EEA migration, and it has focused instead on restricting non-EEA migration, including closing routes intended for non-EEA high-skilled workers. We identify a possible substitution effect in this context: restricting one type of migration may lead to an increase in an unrestricted type (i.e., "balloon effect"). We present evidence which is consistent with this substitution effect for the case of high-skilled migrant workers in the UK. We also construct counterfactual estimates of the number of different types of migrant workers in the UK with pre-policies conditions.

В статье рассмотрены структурные изменения нефтегазовой отрасли региона, проблемы, возникшие в условиях санкций введенных против России, основные проблемы с которыми предстоит бороться в дальнейшем для улучшения нефтегазовой отрасли России и Ставропольского края в частности. ; In article structural changes of oil and gas branch of the region, the problems which arose in the conditions of the sanctions imposed against Russia the main problems with which it is necessary to fight further for improvement of oil and gas branch of Russia and Stavropol Krai in particular are considered.

AbstractTheorists of Europeanization expected the EU to have the greatest influence on post‐communist countries during the period of negotiation to join the EU as the EU had the greatest possibilities of pressuring the post‐communist countries to make reforms before they joined, on the grounds that it could threaten to prevent these countries from joining unless they met certain conditions. However, in the case of family policy, the EU had very little direct influence on the post‐communist countries. These countries had already long since met the minimum conditions for maternity leaves, while they simply ignored the Barcelona goal of providing day care for one‐third of children aged under three. When the Czech Republic had the EU presidency, its Prime Minister openly stated that the post‐communist countries would have never agreed to the Barcelona goals if they had been members at the time the agreement was made. The one area in which the EU has had some direct influence is in its demands to make laws gender neutral. Thus, the 'extended maternity leaves' that follow the more generously paid maternity leaves had to be transformed into 'parental leaves' that are open to men and guarantee men the right to get their job backs afterwards. However, since the leave benefits are a low flat‐rate in most of the countries, very few men have gone on leave; so in practice they have remained as 'extended maternity leaves' more than parental leaves.Nevertheless, the EU has had great indirect influence on family policy in that by requiring 'gender mainstreaming', all the post‐communist countries have had to set up commissions that examine law proposals from a gender equality perspective. This in turn has given the notion of 'gender equality' much more legitimacy in the public eye, as the mass media has felt pressure to report more on these issues. After discussing the actual changes in policies in two post‐communist countries (the Czech Republic and Poland), this article goes on to analyze the discourse on feminism in the main daily newspapers, and it shows that before accession the newspapers were rather hostile towards feminism, while afterwards they have become much more accepting of the term. This more open view towards 'feminism' meant that it would be easier for future reforms in family policy to be made which could be more supportive of gender equality. Thus, Poland has recently reformed its parental leaves in a manner that gives men greater incentives to share in the leaves, and an openly feminist activist, who wants fathers to share in parental leaves, has recently become Minister for Labour and Social Affairs in the Czech Republic. The EU did not have any direct influence on these developments, but by forcing countries to have gender equality commissions, the EU contributed to making 'feminism' more acceptable, which in turn made it easier for feminists to become ministers in charge of social policy, who could carry out reforms long after the countries had joined the EU.