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Despite some pioneering work by scholars, historians still find it hard to listen to the voices of women in the Holocaust. Learning more about the women who both survived and did not survive the Nazi genocide - through the testimony of the women themselves - not only increases our understanding of this terrible period in history, but makes us rethink our relationship to the gendered nature of knowledge itself. Women in the Holocaust is about the ways in which socially- and culturally-constructed gender roles were placed under extreme pressure; yet also about the fact that gender continued to operate as an important arbiter of experience. Indeed, paradoxically enough, the extreme conditions of the Holocaust - even of the death camps - may have reinforced the importance of gender. Whilst Jewish men and women were both sentenced to death, gender nevertheless operated as a crucial signifier for survival. Pregnant women as well as women accompanied by young children or those deemed incapable of hard labour were sent straight to the gas chambers. The very qualities which made them women were manipulated and exploited by the Nazis as a source of dehumanization. Moreover, women were less likely to survive the camps even if they were not selected for death. Gender in the Holocaust therefore became a matter of life and death.

No idea is more fundamental to Americans' sense of ourselves as individuals and as a nation than freedom. The central term in our political vocabulary, freedom—or liberty, with which it is almost always used interchangeably—is deeply embedded in the record of our history and the language of everyday life. The Declaration of Independence lists liberty among mankind's inalienable rights; the Constitution announces securing liberty's blessings as its purpose.1 Freedom has often been invoked to mobilize support for war: the United States fought the Civil War to bring about "a new birth of freedom," World War II for the "Four Freedoms," the Cold War to defend the "Free World." The recently concluded war in Iraq was given the title "Operation Iraqi Freedom." Americans' love of freedom has been represented by liberty poles, caps, and statues and been acted out by burning stamps and draft cards, fleeing from slave masters, and demonstrating for the right to vote. Obviously, other peoples also cherish freedom, but the idea seems to occupy a more prominent place in public and private discourse in the United States than in many other countries. "Every man in the street, white, black, red or yellow," wrote the educator and statesman Ralph Bunche in 1940, "knows that this is 'the land of the free'. [and] 'the cradle of liberty.'"

When we consider the words in the History, we place the analysis of discourse in a more general questioning of the "language". The speech called "spontaneous", as well as speech called "scientists" construct a representation of the "language". In this speech about "language" and particularly about words crystallize political conflicts, social, national, generational: I would like to draw attention to these linguistic tension points, and to treat them in their theoretical dimension - including a reflection on the loan-, and in their practical dimension, by an analysis on the texts of the period of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, but also of more contemporary data. ; Quand on envisage les mots dans l'histoire, on place l'analyse des discours dans un questionnement plus général sur la " langue ". Les discours dits " spontanés ", aussi bien que les discours dits " savants ", construisent une représentation de la " langue ". Dans ces discours sur la " langue " et particulièrement sur les mots, se cristallisent les conflits politiques, sociaux, nationaux, générationnels : c'est sur ces points de tension linguistique que je voudrais attirer l'attention, en les abordant à la fois dans leur dimension théorique, avec notamment une réflexion sur l'emprunt, et dans leur dimension concrète, par une analyse qui privilégie les textes de la période des Lumières et de la Révolution française, sans s'interdire toutefois l'exploration de données plus contemporaines.

When we consider the words in the History, we place the analysis of discourse in a more general questioning of the "language". The speech called "spontaneous", as well as speech called "scientists" construct a representation of the "language". In this speech about "language" and particularly about words crystallize political conflicts, social, national, generational: I would like to draw attention to these linguistic tension points, and to treat them in their theoretical dimension - including a reflection on the loan-, and in their practical dimension, by an analysis on the texts of the period of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, but also of more contemporary data. ; Quand on envisage les mots dans l'histoire, on place l'analyse des discours dans un questionnement plus général sur la " langue ". Les discours dits " spontanés ", aussi bien que les discours dits " savants ", construisent une représentation de la " langue ". Dans ces discours sur la " langue " et particulièrement sur les mots, se cristallisent les conflits politiques, sociaux, nationaux, générationnels : c'est sur ces points de tension linguistique que je voudrais attirer l'attention, en les abordant à la fois dans leur dimension théorique, avec notamment une réflexion sur l'emprunt, et dans leur dimension concrète, par une analyse qui privilégie les textes de la période des Lumières et de la Révolution française, sans s'interdire toutefois l'exploration de données plus contemporaines.

In the first book of its kind, Turnbull traces the development and implementation of actuarial ideas, from the conception of Equitable Life in the mid-18th century to the start of the 21stcentury. This book analyses the historical development of British actuarial thought in each of its three main practice areas of life assurance, pensions and general insurance. It discusses how new actuarial approaches were developed within each practice area, and how these emerging ideas interacted with each other and were often driven by common external factors such as shocks in the economic environment, new intellectual ideas from academia and developments in technology. A broad range of historically important actuarial topics are discussed such as the development of the blueprint for the actuarial management of with-profit business; historical developments in mortality modelling methods; changes in actuarial thinking on investment strategy for life and pensions business; changing perspectives on the objectives and methods for funding Defined Benefit pensions; the application of risk theory in general insurance reserving; the adoption of risk-based reserving and the Guaranteed Annuity Option crisis at the end of the 20thcentury. This book also provides an historical overview of some of the most important external contributions to actuarial thinking: in particular, the first century or so of modern thinking on probability and statistics, starting in the 1650s with Pascal and Fermat; and the developments in the field of financial economics over the third quarter of the twentieth century. This book identifies where historical actuarial thought heuristically anticipated some of the fundamental ideas of modern finance, and the challenges that the profession wrestled with in reconciling these ideas with traditional actuarial methods. Actuaries have played a profoundly influential role in the management of the United Kingdom's most important long-term financial institutions over the last two hundred years. This book will be the first to chart the influence of the actuarial profession to modern day. It will prove a valuable resource for actuaries, actuarial trainees and students of actuarial science. It will also be of interest to academics and professionals in related financial fields such as accountants, statisticians, economists and investment managers

"Systemic Risk: History, Measurement and Regulation presents an overview of this emerging form of risk from a global perspective. Systemic risks endanger entire financial systems, not just individual financial institutions. In this volume, the authors review how systemic risk has evolved over the last 40 years across continents to come to the forefront of regulatory attention. They then discuss transmissions channels, provide a review of systemic risk measures, and describe new regulations that have been introduced, as well as the theory and practice of financial stability committees that have been set up internationally. Overall, the book provides a practical guide to understand, identify, assess and control systemic risk. While the financial research on systemic risk has strongly increased since the events of 2008, this book is a first in providing a detailed yet concise overview of the topic, covering the history of systemic risk, its measurement, and its regulation. The authors provide both academic and practitioner-oriented insights, and draw on their different regions of expertise to provide a global perspective on systemic risk."

"Systemic Risk: History, Measurement and Regulation presents an overview of this emerging form of risk from a global perspective. Systemic risks endanger entire financial systems, not just individual financial institutions. In this volume, the authors review how systemic risk has evolved over the last 40 years across continents to come to the forefront of regulatory attention. They then discuss transmissions channels, provide a review of systemic risk measures, and describe new regulations that have been introduced, as well as the theory and practice of financial stability committees that have been set up internationally. Overall, the book provides a practical guide to understand, identify, assess and control systemic risk. While the financial research on systemic risk has strongly increased since the events of 2008, this book is a first in providing a detailed yet concise overview of the topic, covering the history of systemic risk, its measurement, and its regulation. The authors provide both academic and practitioner-oriented insights, and draw on their different regions of expertise to provide a global perspective on systemic risk."--

Editors and contributors -- Topic finder -- Introduction to the Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History / Aaron Brenner -- Types of strikes / Aaron Brenner -- List of abbreviations -- Strikes: theory and practice -- Introduction / Aaron Brenner -- Strikes in American history / Aaron Brenner -- Theories of strikes / Gerald Friedman -- Socialist theories of the strike / Christopher Phelps -- The news media and strikes / Christopher R. Martin -- The business community's mercenaries: strikebreakers and union busters / Robert Smith -- Corporate strike strategy / Kim Phillips-Fein -- The decline of strikes / Jeremy Brecher -- Strike lessons from the last twenty-five years: what it takes to walk out and win / Steve Early -- Strikes and working class culture -- Introduction / Benjamin Day -- Dressed for defiance: the clothing of female strikers, 1910-1935 / Deirdre Clemente -- Better than a hundred speeches: the strike song / Tim Lynch -- Rights strikes / Todd Michney -- World War II hate strikes / James Wolfinger -- Polish workers and strikes, 1900-1937 / Jim Pula -- North Carolina women on strike / Roxanne Newton -- The Catholic Church and strikes / Dan LaBotz -- Strikes led by the Trade Union Unity League, 1929-1934 / Victor G. Devinatz

What determined the choices of the Greeks on the battlefield? Were their tactics defined by unwritten moral rules, or was all considered fair in war? In 'Classical Greek Tactics: A Cultural History', Roel Konijnendijk re-examines the literary evidence for the battle tactics and tactical thought of the Greeks during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Rejecting the traditional image of limited, ritualised battle, Konijnendijk sketches a world of brutally destructive engagements, restricted only by the stubborn amateurism of the men who fought. The resulting model of hoplite battle does away with most received wisdom about the nature of Greek battle tactics, and redefines the way they reflected the values of Greek culture as a whole