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In 2003, the Council of Europe, the highest political organ of the European Union, resolved to adopt the European Security Strategy. This document outlined three fundamental objectives for the EU: stability and good governance in the area of the EU's closest neighbors; creating an international order that would be based not only on bilateral relations, but primarily on efficient multilateral relations; and preventing threats, whether new or traditional. The Strategy assumed that the EU would take the responsibility for international security both in the realm of 'peace keeping' (peace and defensive missions) and 'peace-making' (peace and offensive missions). Defining the threats that the European Union needs to defy, the Strategy enumerates local conflicts, terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their potential use against the territory of the EU and its member states, collapsing states, and conflicts breaking out in such states and their neighborhood, as well as organized crime. The assessment of numerous threats to internal and external security, presented in the European Security Strategy, remains up-to-date. There have also emerged new threats for Europe that result from the need to ensure energy security, primarily with respect to the diversification of energy sources. The significance of climate change to international security has increased. The same applies to IT security or piracy. The EU has been rather anxious about the intensification of frozen conflicts, in particular the outbreak of war between Russia and Georgia. The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has indicated that the enlargement process is a significant stabilizing factor in the EU neighborhood. Fundamental importance is also attached to the review of cooperation principles with the USA, the crucial role of the UN in the international system, and cooperation with regional organizations, such as the African Union. There is also the need to develop a strategic partnership with NATO, in particular in terms of operational cooperation. Another key factor in the strengthening of the EU's global position is the development of a civil and military crisis response system.

Purpose – This research investigated factors critical to benefits realisation of IT/IS project in the South African Government. The aim of the research was therefore to establish a list of factors critical to benefits realisation of IT/IS projects in SA government by testing the applicability of Coombs (2015) factors and as well as testing factors identified in the literature. Method – In addition to the factors identified in Coombs (2015) study, a literature review was conducted to identify additional factors critical for benefits realisation in IT/IS projects and twenty-one factors were identified. A web-survey with twenty one (21) success factors was sent to IT stakeholders in SA government particularly the State Information Technology Agency to determine their relevance and importance in benefits realisation of IT/IS projects in SA government. Results – The research finding revealed that all four of Coombs (2015) study success factors were relevant. Two of the factors were amongst the top ten factors considered the most important factors rated by the IT stakeholders in SA government. It also revealed that all twenty-one factors were relevant, however the following ten (10) factors were considered the most important factors: Clear Project Mission, Effective Communication, Defined Project Scope, User/Client Involvement, Top Management Support, Competent Project Manager, Sufficient/Well allocated resources, Strong, and detailed project plan, Business Process Knowledge, and Governance Structure. Furthermore, the research also revealed nine (9) additional factors identified by the IT stakeholders and they include: Political Stability, Architecture, Supportive legislation and policies, Teamwork, Trust and Honesty, IT solutions aligned to global Trend, Social and Economic Impact on Citizen, System Integration, and Project Management Methodology. Practical Implications – The findings allowed for an establishment of twenty-one factors critical for benefits realisation in IT/IS projects in SA government. However, the findings and the research process had some limitations. The sample for the survey was chosen from a population of a single organisation. The outcome of the survey is not an accurate representation of the entire government. Therefore, further research might be required using a larger sample size spanning various and different levels of government. The research findings may also need to be confirmed with more qualitative methods.

In the context of the government's vision of turning Delhi into a green, privatized and slum free city, giving it a world-class image at par with the global cities of the world, this paper investigates into the various processes and politics of things that went behind defining spaces in the city and attributing an aesthetic image to it. The paper will explore two cases that were forged primarily through the forces of one particular type of power relation. One would be to look at the modernist movement adopted by the Nehruvian government post-independence and the next case will look at special periods like Emergency and Commonwealth games. The study of these cases will help understand the ambivalence embedded in the different rationales of the Government and different powerful agencies adopted in order to build world-classness. Through the study, it will be easier to discern how city spaces were reconfigured in the name of 'good governance'. In this process, it also became important to analyze the double nature of law, both as a protector of people's rights and as a threat to people. What was interesting to note through the study was that in the process of nation building and creating an image for the city, the government's policies and programs were mostly aimed at the richer sections of the society and the poorer sections and people from lower income groups kept getting marginalized, subdued, and pushed further away (These marginalized people were pushed away even geographically!). The reconfiguration of city space and attributing an aesthetic character to it, led to an alteration not only in the way in which citizens perceived and engaged with these spaces, but also brought about changes in the way they envisioned their place in the city. Ironically, it was found that every attempt to build any kind of facility for the city's elite in turn led to an inevitable removal of the marginalized sections of the society as a necessary step to achieve a clean, green and world-class city. The paper questions the claim ...

Cultural institutions such as libraries and museums are characteristically associated with public interests, broadly considered here as encompassing both the public good and public goods.These institutions often engage in collaborative relationships with for-profit firms or enterprises to better further a public educational, scholarly, or other publicly oriented mission. Thus, the public–private partnership model (PPP) is not new for memory institutions like museums, libraries, and archives, whether governmental actors like the Smithsonian Institution or private ones like the J. Paul Getty Museum. These relationships typically leverage mutual interests and recognize the distinct motivations of the respective parties. They often embody a symbiotic exchange of corporate expertise and financial resources, on the one hand – and on the other hand, subject matter expertise and collections associated the cultural institution, whether a museum, library, or archives. This is especially the case where the partnership facilitates the ability of a cultural institution to improve access to reproductions of collection images, books, films, and educational materials. This chapter considers a partnership formed between the University of Michigan Library (UML or the Library) and Google Inc. (Google), leading up to the creation of the HathiTrust Digital Library (HathiTrust). It discusses some of the key motivations for this collaborative relationship between the Library as a cultural institution housed within a public research university serving multiple stakeholders and Google as a private corporation with a duty to its shareholders. This relationship leveraged common interests and recognized the distinct goals of each partner. As each partner entered the relationship, it remained true to its core responsibilities and missions. The genesis of and ongoing collaboration exemplified by HathiTrust thus provides a case study of a unique and successful partnership with broader implications for global intellectual property (IP) governance and the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ; Peer Reviewed ; https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152463/1/10_Levine (1).pdf ; Description of 10_Levine (1).pdf : Chapter

In 2003, the Council of Europe, the highest political organ of the European Union, resolved to adopt the European Security Strategy. This document outlined three fundamental objectives for the EU: stability and good governance in the area of the EU's closest neighbors; creating an international order that would be based not only on bilateral relations, but primarily on efficient multilateral relations; and preventing threats, whether new or traditional. The Strategy assumed that the EU would take the responsibility for international security both in the realm of 'peace keeping' (peace and defensive missions) and 'peace-making' (peace and offensive missions). Defining the threats that the European Union needs to defy, the Strategy enumerates local conflicts, terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their potential use against the territory of the EU and its member states, collapsing states, and conflicts breaking out in such states and their neighborhood, as well as organized crime. The assessment of numerous threats to internal and external security, presented in the European Security Strategy, remains up-to-date. There have also emerged new threats for Europe that result from the need to ensure energy security, primarily with respect to the diversification of energy sources. The significance of climate change to international security has increased. The same applies to IT security or piracy. The EU has been rather anxious about the intensification of frozen conflicts, in particular the outbreak of war between Russia and Georgia. The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has indicated that the enlargement process is a significant stabilizing factor in the EU neighborhood. Fundamental importance is also attached to the review of cooperation principles with the USA, the crucial role of the UN in the international system, and cooperation with regional organizations, such as the African Union. There is also the need to develop a strategic partnership with NATO, in particular in terms of operational cooperation. Another key factor in the strengthening of the EU's global position is the development of a civil and military crisis response system.

States at the global level have been making efforts to improve Public Management at all levels, so that the use of Information and Communication Technologies (TIC) has helped to achieve this aim, allowing for better governance, has incorporated the term Electronic Government (GE). In Ecuador, the National Government through the National Secretary of Public Administration (SNAP) had the competence to implement, regulate, advise and support the implementation of GE, currently has the Ministry of Telecommunications and the MINTEL Information Society. The National Electronic Government Plan was generated for the period 2014 - 2017, establishing a legal and regulatory framework that allows compliance with international agreements. The regulatory framework has been institutionalized GE is now a state policy. The research seeks to carry out an evolutionary analysis of the development of GE in public administration in 33 public entities, using the Multi-Dimensional Model of Electronic Government Measurement for Latin America and the Caribbean proposed by CEPAL. ; Los Estados a nivel mundial vienen formulando esfuerzos para mejorar la Gestión Pública en todos sus niveles, es así que el aprovechamiento de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) han coadyuvado a conseguir este propósito permitiendo una mejor gobernanza, con lo que se ha incorporado el término de Gobierno electrónico (GE). En el Ecuador el Gobierno Nacional a través la Secretaria Nacional de la Administración Pública (SNAP) poseía la competencia de implementar, regular, asesorar y apoyar la implementación de GE, actualmente la tiene el Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información MINTEL. Se generó el Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico para el periodo 2014 – 2017, logrando establecer un marco legal y normativo que permita cumplir con los acuerdos internacionales. Se ha institucionalizado el marco regulatorio por lo que GE es ahora una política de Estado. La investigación procura realizar un análisis evolutivo del desarrollo de GE en la administración pública en 33 entidades públicas, utilizando el Modelo Multi-Dimensional de medición del Gobierno Electrónico para América Latina y el Caribe propuesto por la CEPAL.

International audience ; "The European Union's action at sea and protection of Human Rights". The protection of human rights in the context of the actions taken by the European Union at sea focuses both on the responsibility of states and the international community as a whole, as well as on the efforts taken by the European Union to develop international law towards ocean governance. The actions of the European Union are not part of a single legal framework. The actors implementing them come from a number of sectors. Thus, it is necessary to consider the close relationship between the law of the sea (including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) with international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL), representing two distinct and complementary legal corpuses, which would then allow to analyse the obligations of states and the European Union to protect individuals. Issues such as the increase in the number of armed conflicts around the world that multiply migratory models towards Europe, the European ecological transition (more specifically concerning renewable marine energies), as well as the new human activities at sea, require a legal analysis allowing us to answer the question of whether the action at the sea of the European Union is respectful with regard to the legal postulates of human rights. Or, on the other hand, is it utopian in a reality that may exceed the capacity of European institutions?In this way, the present study opens the reflection on the rights and obligations of EU member states in their mutual relations and common objective for the protection of human rights. The rights of EU member states should be legally translated into their political commitments, and the international obligations of the same states must beperformed in good faith.More precisely, this chapter offers an innovative legal perspective on the relationship between humans and oceans which finds its place at the heart of a global problem of sustainable development and guaranteeing ...

During the 1990s, attention pivoted on Reform in the Public Administration (PA) relative both to the functional and organizational capacity of the Institutions and Administrations and to wider citizen participation in the diffusion of new technologies. At the same time, the Institutions began to privilege principles of efficiency, efficacy and economicity in public action. In particular, reduction in management costs were highlighted while the foundations were laid for processes of administrative simplification and the development of the "digital State ". At European and national scale, the notion of e-Government was far-reaching and inclusive of a series of policies linked to the introduction of ICT (organizational, technological, formative/performative, infrastructural and information technology solutions), in order to collect, conserve, process and transmit (textual, visual or audio) digital information. The focus of the e-Government concept targeted four objectives: 1) collecting and storing massive quantities of information within a confined space; 2) processing and transmitting information more speedily; 3) the exchange of information (interoperability) using diverse techniques and language; 4) the conservation and security of information, content and the impact of digitising modes and processes. Notwithstanding, a decade later e-Government policies of the latest generation still pivot on the delicate issue of interoperability which goes far beyond technical problems of connectivity and language. The impact of the economic recession in Italy (still ongoing) as can be envisaged, has had disastrous results on the productive and social fabric of the country. Planning to resolve governance issues in the Italian Public Administration through innovative policies and strategies of global development such as Structural Funds – Europe 2020 Strategy is vital to support the Digital Agenda, innovation and private sector industrial research while the diffusion of tecnological enterprise is necessary to boost competitiveness and a new culture of systemic actions to foster structural impact. Within this strategic vision, one of the core issues concerns a more virtuous alignment with European policies, well defined in the Strategy Horizon 2020, the main European Union funding tool for Research Europa envisaged for the period 2014-2020.

: In this article, we examine the concept of "greening economy" from the aspect of interest of States as actors in international relations responsible for providing vital values of political communities. The problem in this context primarily involves the non existence of consensus about either normative or value content of the "greening economy", apart from a commonly acceptable discourse on the practical level. Nevertheless, such discourse has not been functionalised through new developments in instruments and mechanisms of administration, governance and validation of efforts in numerous sectors at the international level. On the methodological level, the basic dichotomy between the practical and perceptive in the concept of greening economy has imposed a need for phenomenological approach in estimating its functional roles. In this segment, we pursued the obvious appearance or impacts in practice, regardless of the narratives. As far as the discourse itself is concerned, this analysis did not require a detailed insight into perception since different bodies and states apply the concept as they find suitable for their purposes.In the structural analysis, since the greening of economy, as a concept, introduces series of bodies and institutional procedures which deal with measurements, criteria, indicators and tools that impose administering on a supranational level, we have focused on the context of the process of globalisation. Apart from that, these indicators mostly do not lead to the projected goals, nor affect the economy as a whole and achieving sustainable development goals. We find that mainstreaming the environment into economic development, through 'green economy', regardless how logical in substance it may be, is still no more than an emerging theoretical discourse, which is suitable for the needs of globalisation. We thus conclude that "greening" is a contemporary political economy, which deals with unsustainability on the production level, and lacks a clear definition of development. This concept promotes an administrating process on the global level, without legal grounds, which is a challenge for national security, given that national authorities should be responsible for sustainable development, as a vital value.

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Bringing several opportunities for more effective and efficient IT governance and service exploitation, cloud computing is expected to impact the European and global economies significantly. Market data show that despite many advantages and promised benefits the adoption of cloud computing is not as fast and widespread as foreseen. This situation shows the need for further exploration of the potentials of cloud computing and its implementation on the market. The purpose of this research was to identify individual business model factors with the highest impact on cloud computing adoption. In addition, the aim was to identify the differences in opinion regarding the importance of business model factors on cloud computing adoption according to companies' previous experiences with cloud computing services.

Methodology: Based on literature review, prior research results, and interviews with cloud computing providers and users, a research model was developed. Statistical analysis focused on identification of factors' importance on cloud computing adoption and differences in opinions according to respondents' previous experiences with cloud computing services. The study was done among 80 companies and five major cloud computing providers in Slovenia.

Results: The research results reveal statistically significant differences in opinions on the importance of cloud computing business model factors according to respondents' previous experiences with cloud computing services. The results can provide orientation for redesign or innovation of existing business models towards the creation of a customer-oriented business model for the more successful exploitation of cloud computing services and business opportunities. For potential users, the findings represent guidelines for the successful adoption of cloud computing services.

Conclusions: In our research, the investigated business model factors could be classified into so-called "business model organizational factors", as they primarily need to be considered by cloud service providers when defining or innovating their business models. For future research, the model should also include the impact of environmental factors, such as Competition, Business Partners, Legislation, Economic Situation, in order to investigate their impact on cloud adoption.

The capacity to abuse, or in general affect the enjoyment of human, labour and environmental rights has risen with the increased social and economic power that multinational companies wield in the global economy. At the same time, it appears that it is difficult to regulate the activities of multinational companies in such a way that they conform to international human, labour and environmental rights standards. This has partially to do with the organization of companies into groups of separate legal persons, incorporated in different states, as well as with the complexity of the corporate supply chain. Absent a business and human rights treaty, a more coherent legal and policy approach is required. Faced with the challenge of how to effectively access the right to remedy in the European Union for human rights abuses committed by EU companies in non-EU states, a diverse research consortium of academic and legal institutions was formed. The consortium, coordinated by the Globernance Institute for Democratic Governance, became the recipient of a 2013 Civil Justice Action Grant from the European Commission Directorate General for Justice. A mandate was thus issued for research, training and dissemination so as to bring visibility to the challenge posed and moreover, to provide some solutions for the removal of barriers to judicial and non-judicial remedy for victims of business related human rights abuses in non-EU states. The project commenced in September 2014 and over the course of two years the consortium conducted research along four specific lines in parallel with various training sessions across EU Member States. The research conducted focused primarily on judicial remedies, both jurisdictional barriers and applicable law barriers; non-judicial remedies, both to company based grievance. The results of this research endeavour make up the content of this report whose aim is to provide a scholarly foundation for policy proposals by identifying specific challenges relevant to access to justice in the European Union and to provide recommendations on how to remove legal and practical barriers so as to provide access to remedy for victims of business-related human rights abuses in non-EU states.

In this thesis, I critically interrogate power relations that underlie practices, techniques and rationalities of contemporary forms of governance represented by the governing strategy of structural adjustment framework devised by the Bretton Woods institutions— especially the IMF and the World Bank. Far from being a technique of coercion and domination, the thesis demonstrates that structural adjustment framework represents a differing modality of global power that attempts to discursively legitimise external interventions through the imposition of neoliberal economic agenda. I show that structural adjustment policies are carefully constructed neoliberal rationalities of governing through which donors seek to transform the government of Ghana into a self-disciplined neoliberal subject that must behave in an appropriately competitive fashion that is congruent with the ethos of market rationality. I draw on Michel Foucault's nuanced conceptualisation of governmentality, a form of productive and relational power working through individuals' subjectivities particularly as it coexists with the disciplinary rationale of power, and extend it to the relation between the IMF and the World Bank and the government of Ghana. I analyse how these interactions are embedded within a discursive formation and concrete practices which establish certain views of 'a problem' and mobilise particular authoritative actors, techniques and forms of truth as solutions. I also explore how over the decades the IMF and the World Bank through the modalities of conditionality associated with structural adjustment have sought to govern, remake and regulate the economic, political and social institutions of recipient States. In closing, and by way of illustration, I also examine 'non-compliance' as one possibility into what Foucault has termed 'counter-conduct' through which subjects undermine and challenge governmental forms of power. This being said, within the structural adjustment discourse, there remains, I would be inclined to argue, repressive and dominant forms of power. This thesis, contributes to the contemporary scholarship on governmentality to deepen and re-evaluate the distinctiveness of power relations in the example of the IMF and the World Bank adjustment programmes in Ghana.

The project "Problemes négligés du système de santé au Niger" focusses on a core set of often-neglected issues that nevertheless have an overall negative impact on health system effectiveness in Niger. For example, poor quality maternal health services result from challenges related to the midwifery profession and from pressures from addressing the effects of illegal termination of pregnancy. Overall health system governance is undermined by weak management of human resources and health information systems as well as problems related to decentralisation of health care provision and dependence on external funding for health projects. LASDEL applies a rapid assessment and qualitative research approach to working with patients and health care professionals to identify the scale and characteristics of these problems. The project goal is to develop an evidence base to support tackling these neglected issues. Développer des recherches sur les « problèmes négligés » dans la gouvernance de la santé, et sur cette base contribuer à des réformes des systèmes de santé permettant une meilleure qualité des soins pour les populations vulnérables. "Develop research on "neglected problems" in the provision of health systems, and through this work, contribute to health system reforms, that provide better quality of care for vulnerable populations." As can be seen above, many of these issues relate to reproductive health and more generally to health issues of disadvantaged groups. Some issues are neglected for political or social reasons meaning that they are not recognised or acknowledged and in some cases are criminalised. Therefore there are profound issues of participant privacy, protection and even safety for this project. Data sharing therefore requires thoughtful anonymisation and selection. The project group is Francophone with limited English language knowledge and the researchers and the context is largely in French. In common with much of Francophone Africa there has been limited development of Open Access to research outputs or Open Research Data agendas at governmental or funder levels. Outside of Canada and France there has been limited development of infrastructure, systems or policy relating to data sharing in the global francophonie specifically.

A vast body of empirical and theoretical work on the topic of leadership has accumulated over time, yet as one leading expert asserts: ''leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth'' (Burns, 1978). Additionally, in the field of Public Administration, the amount of studies on leadership in the public sector is lagging behind (Trottier, Van Wart, & Wang, 2008). Most of this work in Public Administration uses generic leadership concepts, such as transformational leadership (TFL) (Wright, Moynihan, & Pandey, 2012). These concepts are highly valuable, but they do not capture specific leadership behavior based on public values, which are mentioned as typical contextual differences between the public and the private sector (Denhardt & Campell, 2009). Therefore, Tummers and Knies (2014) developed a first public sector leadership (PSL) measurement scale including five sector specific dimensions: accountability, lawfulness, ethical, political loyalty, and network governance leadership. This effort in PSL is highly promising if it helps to disentangle certain facets of a PSL phenomenon. Leadership has been suggested as an important lever for improving public sector performance, but we lack an assessment of whether public sector specific leadership behavior explains more than the frequently used TFL approaches (Ladegaard, 2014). Therefore, this study compares the generic approach of TFL with the PSL concept. Thereby this study aims to provide important insight into the functional and behavioral approaches defined by the literature review and framework for future research in PSL by Vogel and Masal (2014). To that end, I use a dataset of two public offices in the state of Bern/Switzerland compromising 410 respondents from the tax office and 584 from penitentiary office (response rate 52.8%). First, there will be a validation of the existing PSL-scale and the global TFL scale for our samples. Second I provide more insight in the macro level of the functional approach of the framework. There for an OLS regression is applied in order to analyze the relationship between the TFL and the PSL scale as well as the associated behavioral outcomes turnover intention, deviant behavior, and followers' performance evaluated by their supervisor.

International Conference, From CONTESTED_CITIES to global urban justice - critical dialogues, Madrid, 4-7 July 2016 ; Working paper series IV-1A. International Conference CONTESTED_CITIES, Stream 1: Urban-theory ; 'Liminal Urbanism'outlines how new urban systems and socio-spatial orders can emerge as liminal 'states'when previous orders and stable states are erased or are no longer functional. The contention is that when cities legitimated systems are incapable of dealing with particular contradictory conditions, then liminal states can appear as transitional phenomena that disrupt the quotidian operation of the city. These liminal states manifest in different ways: as intangible, invisible or aleatory phenomena, or, on the contrary, they may be visible and tangible expressions of collective dissent, unrest or desire for change. Theygive presence to the in-between or the marginalized, emergent conditions, the informal or its suppression, social transformation or civic dissatisfaction, but can they also be intentional, planned and structured. ; This paper contextualizes Liminal Urbanismrelative to city-state and enclave conditions, in which the differentiation of cultures, political ideologies, socio-economic conditions, and spatial realms affect urbanconditions with manifold social, territorial and economic consequences. Referencing Hong Kong not only as an extraterritorial enclaveand intensely neo-liberal city, but also drawing from its multi-scalar liminality evident in:the influx of refugees; outsourcing of industry; the fear of pandemics or the recent rise of anti-government, anti-Mainland, pro-democracy and pro universal suffrage protests in Occupy Central (2014) as factors creating internal contradictions. This situatessome of Hong Kong's anomalies -Chungking Mansions, Kowloon Walled City, or its external border -as constituent factors in the city's liminal 'states' that indicate the emergence of new spatial orders and systems of urban governance. ; Liminal Urbanism therefore can re-conceptualize ways to understand the city as a series of liminal states, questioning what role these city states and states of urban development as spatio-temporal phenomena can have. Further exploring the nexus between planned and emergent urban conditions, as challenges to existing forms of planning, and social change; and how the extra-territorial effects specific locales. ; School of Design ; 202001 bcrc ; published_final