Suchergebnisse

The purpose of the research is to cover the causes, course and consequences of the Council of Bishops of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) in 1944 on the basis of the source base and historiographical work. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, authorial objectivity, moderate narrative constructivism, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by the fact that for the first time in domestic and foreign historiography the key decisions of the UAOC Council of 1944 were analyzed, as well as the unpublished archival documents and materials, which were introduced into the scientific circulation. The Conclusions. Nine hierarchs took part in the work of the Warsaw Council of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which established the Synod and adopted the Provisional Regulations on the Administration of the Church. The complexity of the Orthodox hierarchy position in exile was exacerbated by several objective circumstances. First of all, the external factors were unfavorable, which related to the German government. The UAOC episcopate in exile did not allow anybody to organize the Orthodox Ukrainians' church life, concentrated the clergy in one place artificially and forced inaction for more than a year and a half. According to documents, the German officials supported it in the struggle for leadership in the UAOC. Second of all, the Orthodox bishops' low level of education, who were often secular or inexperienced priests, was noticeable. Furthermore, there were diverse reasons, for example, constant internal disputes, different visions of the Church development ways outside Ukraine, interpersonal conflicts that provoked future divisions in the Ukrainian Orthodoxy in the diaspora. Third of all, the Warsaw Council of Bishops of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in 1944 limited itself to the half-hearted decisions on its canonical status and postponed its settlement until the end of the war. ; Мета дослідження – на основі джерельної бази та історіографічного доробку висвітлити причини, перебіг і наслідки проведення Собору єпископів Української Автокефальної Православної Церкви (УАПЦ) в 1944р. Методологія дослідження спирається на принципи історизму, системності, науковості, верифікації, авторської об'єктивності, поміркованого наративного конструктивізму, а також на використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів визначається тим, що вперше у вітчизняній і закордонній історіографії проаналізовано ключові рішення Собору УАПЦ 1944р., а також упроваджено до наукового обігу неопубліковані архівні документи та матеріали. Висновки. У роботі Варшавського Собору УАПЦ взяли участь дев'ять ієрархів, котрі створили Синод й ухвалили Тимчасове положення про управління Церквою. Складність становища православної ієрархії в еміграції посилювалася кількома об'єктивними обставинами. По-перше, несприятливими були зовнішні фактори, пов'язані з німецькою владою. Понад півтора року перебування єпископату УАПЦ на еміграції вона не дозволяла йому займатися організацією церковного життя православних українців, штучно концентрувала духовенство в одному місці та примусовій бездіяльності. Як свідчать документи, німецькі урядовці підтримували його в боротьбі за лідерство в УАПЦ. По-друге, давався взнаки низький рівень освіти православних єпископів, які часто були світськими особами або недостатньо досвідченими священниками. Постійні внутрішні суперечки, різне бачення шляхів розвитку Церкви поза межами України, міжособистісні конфлікти провокували майбутні розколи в українському православ'ї в діаспорі. По-третє, Варшавський Собор єпископів УАПЦ 1944р. обмежився половинчастими рішеннями щодо її канонічного статусу й відклав його урегулювання до завершення війни.

The article is devoted to understanding the phenomenon of social networks in the context of modern information space.The thesis substantiates that the most important feature of the Internet environment as a communicative space is the digital technologies use, digitalization. Information and communication component is one of the defining features of modern society, which provides unimpeded access to information and its exchange, no restrictions, and what is the framework of communication (political, geographical, temporal), interpenetration of ideas and cultures, feedback. At the same time, the information and communication society, with all the positive aspects of its organization, is also an environment for the implementation of any kind of manipulation and suggestive influences on individual members of the network community and their associations.The article considers modern approaches to the study of social networks and their forms of "people's" participation in journalism, the role of the mass media in public opinion expression, the influence of mass communications on tastes, and the organization of social action. The author emphasizes that the phenomenon of society's reaction to the information disseminated in the network remains interesting for study. The study is especially true of socially momentous processes such as economics, politics, health, and education. The unique possibilities of social networks are outlined: as a specific social phenomenon, they appeared suddenly and began to develop rapidly, increasingly penetrating the life of society. This is the essence of any phenomenon when the new immediately becomes familiar.The study emphasizes that the studied phenomenon is much broader. It is not only about changes in media consumption but also about the transformation of the information space as a plane of various socio-cultural practices.It is concluded that social networks are a new but very dynamic phenomenon of the information space (the formation of which occurs both in Ukraine and in other countries), the problem field of which requires further research. ; Стаття присвячена осмисленню феномена соціальних мереж у контексті сучасного інформаційного простору. Обґрунтовано тезу про те, що найголовнішою особливістю інтернет-середовища як комунікативного простору є використання цифрових технологій, а однією з визначальних рис сучасного суспільства є його інформаційно-комунікативний складник, що передбачає безперешкодний доступ до інформації і обмін нею, відсутність обмежень, будь-яких рамок комунікації (політичних, географічних, тимчасових), взаємопроникнення ідей і культур, зворотний комунікативний зв'язок. У той же час інформаційно-комунікативне суспільство при всіх позитивних аспектах його організації є також і середовищем для здійснення будь-якого роду маніпулювань і сугестивних впливів на окремих учасників мережевої спільноти та їх об'єднань. Розглядаються сучасні підходи щодо вивчення соціальних мереж та їхніх форм «народної» участі в журналістиці, ролі масмедіа в вираженні громадської думки, впливу масових комунікацій на смаки і організацію соціальної дії. Наголошено, що цікавим для вивчення залишається і феномен реакції суспільства на інформацію, котра поширюється у мережі. Особливо це стосується суспільно важливих процесів, таких як економіка, політика, здоров'я та освіта. Окреслено унікальні можливості соціальних мереж: як особливе соціальне явище вони з'явилися раптово і почали бурхливо розвиватися, все більше проникаючи в життя суспільства. В цьому і полягає суть будь-якого феномена, коли нове відразу стає звичним. У статті підкреслюється, що досліджуване явище є ширшим – йдеться не лише про зміни в медіаспоживанні, а і про трансформацію інформаційного простору як площини найрізноманітніших соціокультурних практик. Зроблено висновок, що соціальні мережі є новим, але дуже динамічним феноменом інформаційного простору (становлення та розвиток якого відбувається як в Україні, так і в інших країнах світу), проблематика якого потребує подальших досліджень.

This paper presents historical aspects of creation and performance of the System of lessons analysis and dissemination in the Armed Forces of Ukraine in peacetime starting from their creation in December 1991 till April 2014 when the Anti-terrorist operation in the Eastern Ukraine began.The article contains an assessment of functioning the System of lessons analysis and dissemination during two of the three main stages of its formation and development in accordance with geopolitical changes and reforms of the Ukrainian Armed Forces: Stagnation stage (December 1991– May 2013) and Reformation stage (May 2013–April 2014).A need to research the history of organizational learning in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and study peculiarities of the System of lessons analysis and dissemination is primarily due to the fact that since January 2019 the Ukrainian Army started to build a new prospective Lessons Learned System based on the above-mentioned System.57An importance and relevance of this scientific and practical task is also determined by an absence of tailored studies in the Ukrainian historiography.The work describes four main components of the System of lessons analysis and dissemination: organizational structure; process (procedures) of organizational learning; tools used to collect, analyze and disseminate experience. The research was focused in two main directions of knowledge acquisition: training, in particular, military exercises at the national and international level and employment of the Ukrainian contingents in peace support operations.Based on the analysis, a conclusion has been made about low efficiency of the System of lessons analysis and dissemination in the peacetime (December 1991 – April 2014). As a result, innovations came in the Ukrainian Armed Forces very slowly and developing doctrines, troops training and officers' education were still performed depending on the old Soviet standards from the Cold War era without taking into account new geopolitical realities and changes in forms and methods of contemporary military operations. Accordingly, there was no radical modernization of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, and the Ukrainian troops were not ready to respond to multiple challenges. ; У статті досліджено історичні аспекти створення та функціонування Системи узагальнення і поширення досвіду Збройних Сил України у "мирний період" із моменту їх створення у грудні 1991 року по квітень 2014 року, коли розпочалася Антитерористична операція на сході нашої держави.Потреба у дослідженні історії організаційного вивчення та впровадження у Збройних Сил України та особливостей його функціонування зумовлена, насамперед тим, що, починаючи з січня 2019 року, у Збройних Силах України здійснюється формування перспективної Системи вивчення і впровадження досвіду на основі попередньої Системи узагальнення та поширення досвіду.Важливість і актуальність цього науково-практичного завдання визначається також тим, що на сьогодні в українській історіографії відсутні дослідження, присвячені вищезазначеному питанню.Стаття включає аналіз функціонування Системи узагальнення та поширення досвіду упродовж двох із трьох основних етапів свого становлення і розвитку відповідно до геополітичних змін і реформування Збройних Сил – етап "стагнація" (грудень 1991–травень 2013) та етап "реформування" (травень 2013 – квітень 2014).Розглянуто чотири основні компоненти Системи узагальнення та поширення досвіду: організаційна структура, формалізовані процедури, засоби та підготовка особового складу щодо узагальнення та поширення досвіду.Дослідження організаційного вивчення та впровадження у Збройних Сил України здійснювалося за двома головними напрямами: вивчення досвіду підготовки військ, зокрема досвіду військових навчань національного та міжнародного рівня; вивчення досвіду застосування українських контингентів у міжнародних операціях із підтримання миру і безпеки.На підставі цього аналізу зроблено висновок про низьку дієвість функціо-нування Системи узагальнення та поширення досвіду у вищезазначений "мирний період". Одним із головних наслідків неефективності Системи було те, що у Збройних Силах України вельми повільно впроваджувалися новації за результатами вивчення як свого досвіду, так і досвіду інших держав. У резуль-таті чого не було проведено кардинальних реформ у Збройних Силах для їх адаптації до тодішнього стратегічного середовища, а українські війська (сили) не були готові до ведення сучасних швидкоплинних воєнних операцій (дій).

Manuel Ancízar wrote a series of articles by the time he joined the Chorographic Commission project along the national territory of Colombia in the Nineteen century. Such articles were serialized in El Neogranadino Newspaper, and later published in a collection called The Pilgrimage of "Alpha". As a whole, those written pieces were supposed to be, not only a description of the provinces of Nueva Granada, but a narrative construction that included descriptions of territory, weather, crops, economy basis, people, manners, customs, education facilities, religion and politics influences. In concrete, Manuel Ancízar built a hybrid relate to integrate the scientific data about the provinces collected by all the members of the Chorographic Commission but, far from being an unappealing report, the resulting croniques managed to captivate common readers as they were written under the coordinates of the costumbrism aesthetic. On this paper it is analysed the literary form and content of "Peregrinación" de "Alpha" in both its inner-textual dimensions and the social environment that surrounded its first publication. ; Durante el tiempo que perteneció al proyecto de la "Comisión Corográfica por las Provincias de la Nueva Granada", Ancízar escribió una serie de columnas que fueron publicadas en el periódico El Neogranadino con el título "Peregrinación" y firmadas con el seudónimo 'Alpha'. La aparición de las columnas en el periódico sucedió paralelamente al avance de la Comisión por el territorio de la actual Colombia, situación que con­tribuyó a la formación de una incipiente comunidad de lectores. Poco tiempo después, las columnas fueron compiladas y publicadas con el título Peregrinación de Alpha. Ancízar construyó relatos narrativos híbri­dos en los que integró datos geográficos, climáticos, botánicos e históricos con las vivencias, modos y cos­tumbres de los pobladores de las provincias. En este periodo de las letras nacionales, la narrativa se supedi­taba a las coordenadas de la estética costumbrista, ra­zón por la cual Ancízar se valió de esta para construir sus crónicas y poder cautivar la atención de lectores comunes, habituados a estos textos. En el presente ar­tículo, se analizan los rasgos textuales y extratextuales que configuran a "Peregrinación de Alpha" como texto costumbrista, entendiendo el costumbrismo como un sistema de pensamiento de rasgos que pueden identi­ficarse en el texto, pero cuyas implicaciones se extien­den abiertamente hacia la estructura social de lectores y escritores. ; Durante o período em que ele pertencia ao projeto da "Comissão Corográfica das Províncias de Nova Granada", Ancízar escreveu uma série de colunas que foram publicadas no jornal El Neogranadino sob o título Peregrination e assinadas com o pseudônimo "Alpha". O aparecimento das colunas no jornal acon­teceu paralelamente ao avanço da Comissão no terri­tório da atual Colômbia, situação que contribuiu para a formação de uma comunidade incipiente de leitores. Pouco tempo depois, as colunas foram compiladas e publicadas sob o título "Alpha" Pilgrimage. Ancízar construiu histórias narrativas híbridas onde integrou dados geográficos, climáticos, botânicos e históricos com as experiências, formas e costumes dos habitantes das províncias. Nesse período de cartas nacionais, a narrativa estava sob as coordenadas da estética tradi­cional, razão pela qual Ancízar a usou para construir suas crônicas e cativar a atenção dos leitores comuns, acostumados a esses textos. Este artigo analisa os re­cursos textuais e extratextuais que compõem a "Alpha" Pilgrimage como um texto costumbrista, entendendo o costumbrismo como um sistema de pensamento de recursos que podem ser identificados no texto, mas cu­jas implicações se estendem abertamente à estrutura social dos leitores e escritoras.

Manuel Ancízar wrote a series of articles by the time he joined the Chorographic Commission project along the national territory of Colombia in the Nineteen century. Such articles were serialized in El Neogranadino Newspaper, and later published in a collection called The Pilgrimage of "Alpha". As a whole, those written pieces were supposed to be, not only a description of the provinces of Nueva Granada, but a narrative construction that included descriptions of territory, weather, crops, economy basis, people, manners, customs, education facilities, religion and politics influences. In concrete, Manuel Ancízar built a hybrid relate to integrate the scientific data about the provinces collected by all the members of the Chorographic Commission but, far from being an unappealing report, the resulting croniques managed to captivate common readers as they were written under the coordinates of the costumbrism aesthetic. On this paper it is analysed the literary form and content of "Peregrinación" de "Alpha" in both its inner-textual dimensions and the social environment that surrounded its first publication. ; Durante el tiempo que perteneció al proyecto de la "Comisión Corográfica por las Provincias de la Nueva Granada", Ancízar escribió una serie de columnas que fueron publicadas en el periódico El Neogranadino con el título "Peregrinación" y firmadas con el seudónimo 'Alpha'. La aparición de las columnas en el periódico sucedió paralelamente al avance de la Comisión por el territorio de la actual Colombia, situación que con­tribuyó a la formación de una incipiente comunidad de lectores. Poco tiempo después, las columnas fueron compiladas y publicadas con el título Peregrinación de Alpha. Ancízar construyó relatos narrativos híbri­dos en los que integró datos geográficos, climáticos, botánicos e históricos con las vivencias, modos y cos­tumbres de los pobladores de las provincias. En este periodo de las letras nacionales, la narrativa se supedi­taba a las coordenadas de la estética costumbrista, ra­zón por la cual Ancízar se valió de esta para construir sus crónicas y poder cautivar la atención de lectores comunes, habituados a estos textos. En el presente ar­tículo, se analizan los rasgos textuales y extratextuales que configuran a "Peregrinación de Alpha" como texto costumbrista, entendiendo el costumbrismo como un sistema de pensamiento de rasgos que pueden identi­ficarse en el texto, pero cuyas implicaciones se extien­den abiertamente hacia la estructura social de lectores y escritores. ; Durante o período em que ele pertencia ao projeto da "Comissão Corográfica das Províncias de Nova Granada", Ancízar escreveu uma série de colunas que foram publicadas no jornal El Neogranadino sob o título Peregrination e assinadas com o pseudônimo "Alpha". O aparecimento das colunas no jornal acon­teceu paralelamente ao avanço da Comissão no terri­tório da atual Colômbia, situação que contribuiu para a formação de uma comunidade incipiente de leitores. Pouco tempo depois, as colunas foram compiladas e publicadas sob o título "Alpha" Pilgrimage. Ancízar construiu histórias narrativas híbridas onde integrou dados geográficos, climáticos, botânicos e históricos com as experiências, formas e costumes dos habitantes das províncias. Nesse período de cartas nacionais, a narrativa estava sob as coordenadas da estética tradi­cional, razão pela qual Ancízar a usou para construir suas crônicas e cativar a atenção dos leitores comuns, acostumados a esses textos. Este artigo analisa os re­cursos textuais e extratextuais que compõem a "Alpha" Pilgrimage como um texto costumbrista, entendendo o costumbrismo como um sistema de pensamento de recursos que podem ser identificados no texto, mas cu­jas implicações se estendem abertamente à estrutura social dos leitores e escritoras.

It is not a phenomen that cities are shrinking especially in the regions. This process has been observed for a long time in North America, Wester European countries and Lithuania is no exception. Shrinking cities are generally described as phasing out cities. Due to the decreasing populiation, businesses are moving to more densely populated areas, educational institutions are closing down, there is a lack of leisure entertainment, community, and a sense of security. As a result, young families, whose children do not have easy access to education and leisure facilities are forced to move to cities with a higher concentration of populiation. Moreover, young people, whose reduced employment, deteriorating financial situation of the household, may choose to emigrate. Under poor conditions, the city`s economy is slowing down, which leads to stagnation and no progress towards devoloping sustainability. Although there are challenges to sustainability, it cannot be said that a shrinking city can be considered a dead city and certain decisions can be made towards redevelopment. Object of the research. Sustainble development of the shrinking city of Telšiai. Obejective of the research. To study the directions of sustainable development of a shrinking city and to evaluate their development. Main findings and results. Various analysis of scientific literature revealed ambiguous definitions of a shrinking city. The main feature of a shrinking city is the constantly decreasing population. An analysis of literature has shown that there may be a variety of shrinking reasons, which affect city`s demographics, economy, geography and physical conditions. In order to make a city attractive, different directions of development are possible. Sustainability is at the heart of urban development. The aim is to develop cities in an economically, ecologically and socially sustainable way, combining the concept of a smart city and applying the practices of the circular economy. In order to assess a sustainable development of the shrinking city, a real example was chosen the city of Telšiai. The statistical analysis of the city Telšiai shows that the city is shrinking, the population is decreasing every year and a negative increase of the population is observed. Based on the result of the calculated integrated sustainable development index, the city of Telšiai should further improve the ecological and social development. Also, the city government should take into account the needs of the population, their leisure time, the promotion of community spirit, the development of various programs. The expert assessment showed that the specialists believe that the priority of Telšiai city should be the development in improving its material well-being. According to experts, there is a lack of business promotion in Telšiai, which could increase the supply of labor and promote employment in the city. Expert assessment showed that social welfare in the city is poorly developed. Social well-being is is of vital importance, since the community spirit created in the city allows the residents to feel safe, encourages the them to organize community actions or events aimed at beautifying the city, improving the environment. The results of the expert assessment showed that the city of Telšiai develops the well-being of the environment quite well, by increasing the length of bicycle paths and improving children`s playgrounds. According to most experts the pollution prevention, noise level and air quality in the city are mainttaning the required standard of the ecological welfare. Summarizing the results it can be stated that the city of Telšiai should take into account the development of all dimensions. Promoting business would not only promote employment and create additional work opportunities, but would also bring financial benefits to the city. Financial opportunities can improve and develop the environment and social well-being in Telšiai.

All for One, One for All: Concepts of Solidarity in Protests of Lithuanian Educational System in 2019 The thesis analyzes how the motivation and goals of the participants' relations during the 2019 protest for education reforms can be explained with regard to solidarity functions. The study systematizes the typologies of solidarity, paying special attention to the solidarity functions. Interpretation of the analysis material – semi-structured in-depth interviews with protest activists – reveals their concepts of solidarity. Special attention is paid to the reasoning why protesters maintain commonality relations and what is the significance of political collective identity in the resistance activities. In this study, the actions of the 2019 protesters are approached as a symbolic expression of solidarity. Solidarity is a strategy for proving community membership and can be implemented in both interpersonal and intergroup relations. According to Rainer C. Baum, when two individuals share the norms of commonality, the solidarity performs autotelic, instrumental, socio-moral, political functions, and thus mutual benefits are obtained. If the structure of protesters solidarity corresponds to all of these features, then it is full-fledged, and if some aspects are absent, then the potential of interpersonal and intergroup commonality is not actualized. The study revealed that various macro-level collaboration strategies, most often dominated by one or more functions, were used in 2019 protests. Usually, the intergroup commonality performed a political function, because the external goals seemed to be the most important and the interests of the group were being pushed to the foreground. Cooperation among various organizations took place to overcome the antagonist, improve the conditions of the group by participating in the political sphere, thus strengthening the political identity which promoted active participation and leadership. However, the intergroup solidarity did not perform a socio-moral function that should have helped to imbue the commonality with moral values. In the absence of this function, power games began to take place among groups prioritizing political identity, leading to a lack of unity. Contrarily, a group of protesters with an excess of socio-moral function was putting too much focus on maintaining one's identity, forgetting external goals. The commonalities with instrumental and autotelic functions revealed that solidarity was scarce if the group or intergroup collaboration did not perform other functions. The groups with the instrumental function dominance had too much focus on the pursuit of the goal, did not foster the loyalty of the members, did not care for personal identities and different interests of individuals. Whereas communications of the groups sharing a commonality with the autotelic function dominance could be equated to networking. On the other hand, in such cases, the strategies of the group members were aimed at maintaining collectivity and shared a sense of respect and commitment. The cooperation of several groups performed almost all the functions of solidarity. Their strategies did not lack the desire to preserve both personal identity and group values. Thus, clear goals were pursued, each participant had and could contribute in a certain way, there was a will to maintain the group's discourse in the political sphere. However, the study revealed a number of 2019 protest weaknesses, an excessive willingness to demonstrate power, intergroup divisions, and a lack of balanced relations. It's hard to say that one or other solidarity strategy undermined the protest, but it has been showed that solidarity can function only by maintaining a balance of relations, and in some cases, this did not happen. That may have been one of the reasons why the protest did not achieve its goal.

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 was the beginning of global reformations that dealt with the administrative and territorial division of the empire. According to the new division, the lowest territorial unit was a rural community (territorial community) in Kyiv, Podolia and Volhynia guberniyas, the highest – volost. The control of rural communities was performed by peasant self-government – volost and rural government which were formed and provided by peasants (members of the community). However, excepting community affairs, the legislator charged the peasant self-government to execute a number of urgent functions in the government (fiscal, legal, police, static and educative functions). For that reason, the peasant authorities were degraded to the position of the lowest link in the hierarchy of the government. The peasant self-government was restricted by the resolutions and circulars of Ministry of Interior, general-governor, general, governor in peasant affairs and "myrovyi poserednyk". As a matter of fact, the talent acquisition to the peasant self-government office was implemented with a number of restrictions established by the "Regulation on the peasants withdrawal from serfdom" in 1861. The specific characteristic of the right-bank Ukraine was the diversity of area, after the Ukrainians the second most populated were the Jewish people, the third – Polish. An impressive part of Polish and Jewish nationalities lived in peasant community so that there was a problem of their participation in the work of peasant self-government. Avoiding putting "chuzhynziv" (people who were not the members of peasant community) in the main positions of rural administration, the restrictions were implemented on the spot. Still, the position of clerk (pisar) was accessible for those wishing to work in volost or rural government. The article deals with the problem of human resourcing and the presence of Polish and Jewish nationalities in the peasant self-government in the South-Western region of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th centuries. The way of rotating workers in the rural administration, their level of education, professional achievements, employment and remuneration terms are emphasized in the article. Moreover, certain cases of working Jewish and Polish as clerks in rural administrations are described. ; Zniesienie pańszczyzny w 1861 r. było początkiem globalnych przemian, dotyczących podziału administracyjnego imperium. Zgodnie z nowym podziałem w województwach kijowskim, podolskim i wołyńskim najniższą jednostką terytorialną była "gmina wiejska" (hromada terytorialna), najwyższą – włość. Zarządzaniem gminami wiejskimi zajmowały się organy samorządu wiejskiego – zarząd włości i wsi, które tworzyli i zapewniali ich działalność chłopi (członkowie hromady). Jednak oprócz spraw hromady, ustawodawca zobowiązał samorząd wiejski do pełnienia szeregu funkcji niezbędnych w zarządzaniu publicznym (skarbowa, prawna, policyjna, statystyczna, oświatowa). Więc, administracje chłopskie zostały faktycznie najniższym ogniwem w hierarchii zarządzania publicznego. Samodzielność samorządu wiejskiego ograniczały uchwały i okólniki Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych, Generał-gubernatora, gubernatora, komisarze prowincjonalni ds. obecności oraz mediatora. Nawet dobór kadr dla instytucji samorządu wiejskiego odbywał się z uwzględnieniem szeregu ograniczeń przewidzianych w "Przepisach o uwolnieniu chłopów od pańszczyzny" z 1861 r.Cechą szczególną Ukrainy Prawobrzeżnej było zróżnicowanie narodowe regionu, na drugim miejscu po Ukraińcach byli Żydzi, na trzecim Polacy. Znaczna część przedstawicieli narodowości polskiej i żydowskiej żyła w środowisku chłopskim, więc pojawił się problem ich udziału w działalności samorządu wiejskiego. Aby uniemożliwić "obcym" (nie członkom hromady, osobom innej wiary) zajmowanie ważnych stanowisk w administracjach wiejskich, wprowadzano lokalne ograniczenia. Jednak stanowisko pisarza urzędowego pozostawało stosunkowo dostępne dla osób pragnących pracować we włości lub w zarządzie wsi.Proponowane badanie dotyczy problemu obsady kadrowej i obecności przedstawicieli narodowości polskiej i żydowskiej w samorządach wiejskich w południowo-zachodnim regionie Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX w. Scharakteryzowano kolejność rotacji pracowników administracji wiejskich, ich wykształcenie, poziom profesjonalizmu, warunki pracy i płacy. Opisano niektóre przypadki służby Żydów i Polaków w charakterze pisarzy urzędowych w administracjach wiejskich.

Araştırmanın amacı "ideal vatandaşlık" kavramının inşasını sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının gözünden anlamaktır. Araştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden anlatı sorgulaması deseni uygulanmıştır. Anlatı sorgulaması; deneyimleri, anlamları ve öyküleri bireyin yaşamı süresince karşılaştığı kişi, olay ve çevre bağlamında mercek altına alan nitel araştırma desenidir. Katılımcıların belirlenmesinde tipik vaka örneklemesi kullanılmıştır. Tipik vakanın ortaya konulması amacıyla araştırmanın yapıldığı üniversitelerin sosyal bilgiler öğretmenliği lisans programına kayıtlı 3. ve 4. sınıf düzeyi öğrencilerine Vatandaşlık Algısı Ölçeği, Aktif Vatandaşlık Ölçeği ve açık uçlu soru formu uygulanmıştır. İlgili ölçme araçlarından çıkan sonuçlar ışığında sahadaki tipik durumun nasıl olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışma 4 farklı devlet üniversitesinin sosyal bilgiler eğitimi anabilim dalında okuyan 3. veya 4. sınıf düzeyindeki 15 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, her bir katılımcı ile en az 2 en fazla 3 defa bireysel ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın verilerini çözümlemek için problem-çözüm anlatı analizi (çevre, kişi, eylem, problem ve çözüm) kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, katılımcıların görüşlerinin, demokratik vatandaşlık anlatısı ve vatansever vatandaşlık anlatısı olmak üzere iki farklı ideal vatandaşlık anlatısı temasında kümelendiği belirlenmiştir. Demokratik anlatıya uygun görüş bildiren katılımcılara göre demokrasinin Türkiye'de içselleştirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu katılımcıların görüşlerine göre, ideal vatandaş̧farklılıkları tanıyan, önemseyen, saygı duyan demokratik insandır. Vatansever anlatıya uygun görüş bildiren katılımcılara göre ise Türkiye zor bir coğrafyada bulunmaktadır. Bu katılımcıların görüşlerine göre, yabancı devletler Türkiye hakkında olumsuz düşüncelere sahiptirler. Araştırma sonuçları, öğretmen adaylarının problem, eylem, yer, karakter ve çözüm gibi anlatı öğeleri bakımından iki farklı hatta çatışan anlatı arasında bölündüğünü göstermektedir. Sonuçlar ışığında vatandaşlık eğitimine ve gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara dönük önerilerde bulunulmuştur. ; This study aims at understanding the concept of "ideal citizenship" from the prospective social studies teachers' perspective. The study was conducted using narrative inquiry methodology. Narrative inquiry is a qualitative methodology that focuses on experiences, meanings and stories in the context of people, events and environments that individuals encounter during their lifetime. In narrative inquiry, the experiences of a person participating in the study are examined and considered as a whole. The participants were selected using a typical case sampling method. Data were collected from fifteen prospective social studies teachers. The participants third and fourth-year college students. Data were collected by using the Citizenship Perception Scale, the Active Citizenship Perception Scale and an open-ended questionnaire about the concept of ideal citizenship. The typical case for each university was determined through the results obtained using the scales and open-ended questionnaire. Each participant was selected providing that he/she had a conception of citizenship similar to the typical narrative of that site. Researchers conducted 2 or 3 semi-structured interviews with each participant. The researcher performed "problem-solution narrative analysis" (environment, person, action, problem and solution) to the data. The results revealed that two different narratives of ideal citizenship exist. The prospective social studies teachers fell into two categories as democratic narrative (DN) and patriotic narrative (PN). According to DN, people fail to internalize democracy in Turkey. DN implies that the ideal citizen is a democratic person who recognizes, cares about and respects for diversity. On the other hand, according to PN, Turkey is surrounded by dangerous countries. Moreover, narrators of the PN highlight that foreign countries have negative thoughts about Turkey. Therefore, for the PN, the ideal citizen needs to control his/her emotions, thoughts and actions by considering the good of their country. The results obtained in the current study showed that the prospective social studies teachers had different and even opposing narratives regarding the terms of problems, actions, places, characters and solutions on citizenship. Based on the results, some recommendations were made for citizenship education and future studies.

Das politische System Israels ist durch den Anspruch gekennzeichnet, zwei Staatsprinzipien, nämlich "jüdisch und demokratisch", in sich vereinen zu wollen. Deren Verhältnis zueinander ist Gegenstand permanenter politischer Auseinandersetzung. In Bezug auf die rechtliche Organisation der israelischen Bevölkerung zeigt sich das Versprechen des Staates "jüdisch und demokratisch" zu sein, als ein immanenter Widerspruch, verlangt es doch einen partikularen Fokus auf jüdische Staatsbürger und universale Rechtsbehandlung von allen Israelis zugleich. Die Fragen, denen in der Dissertation nachgegangen wird, lauten, wie sich die beiden Prinzipien "jüdisch und demokratisch" rechtlich manifestieren und wie sich, die darin enthaltenen partikularen und universalen Zugänge zu einander verhalten. Auf der Grundlage von Rechtsdokumenten zu zentralen Themenbereichen wie Einwanderung, Einbürgerung, Bildung, Sprache und dem Verhältnis von Staat und Religion wird die Kodifizierung von Gruppen bzw. Individuen im israelischen Rechtssystem analysiert. Es geht darum, die starke Differenzierung zwischen Gruppen (v.a. jüdische Israelis auf der einen Seite und nicht-jüdische Israelis auf der anderen Seite, was vor allem arabische/palästinensischen Israelis bedeutet) mit Blick auf die Aufrechterhaltung dieser Gruppenunterschiede systematisch zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit verortet sich im Forschungsfeld der Israel-Studien. Als theoretisches Gerüst dient insbesondere die Theorie des liberalen Multikulturalismus von Will Kymlicka. Das Ergebnis der Dissertation ist die Erkenntnis, dass innerhalb des israelischen Rechtssystems hinsichtlich der Verwaltung der Bevölkerung, zwei eigenständige Gruppenrechtssysteme bestehen. Durch diese werden zwei voneinander unabhängige Rechtsstränge etabliert, welche die Bevölkerung zu zwei Gruppen formen, die rechtlich unterschiedlich adressiert werden. Die jüdischen Staatsbürger treten im israelischen Recht als eine zusammenhängende Gruppe mit gleichen Merkmalen und einem klaren politischen Willen auf, während nicht-jüdische Staatbürger rechtlich zu losen Einzelnen ohne gemeinsame Merkmale und Geschichte individualisiert oder in eine Vielzahl unpolitischer religiöser Denominationen unterteilt werden. Die beiden Gruppenrechtssysteme verlaufen parallel zu einander ohne rechtlich mit einander zu konkurrieren. Betrachtet man das politische Gesamtsystem, wird ersichtlich, dass das Staatsprinzip "jüdisch" vor dem "demokratischen" Staatsprinzip Vorrang hat. Auch der universale Zugang allen Israelis gegenüber kann angesichts des starken Partikularismus zugunsten der jüdischen Gruppe, lediglich prozedural sein. Israel's political system is characterized by its claim to unite two state principles, namely "Jewish and democratic". Their relationship to one another is the subject of permanent political debate. With regard to the legal organization of the Israeli population, the state's promise to be "Jewish and democratic" appears to be an immanent contradiction, since it demands a particular focus on Jewish citizens and universal legal treatment of all Israelis at the same time. The questions addressed in the dissertation are how the two principles of "Jewish and democratic" are manifested in law and how the particular and universal approaches contained therein relate to each other. On the basis of legal documents on central topics such as immigration, naturalization, education, language and the relationship between state and religion, the codification of groups or individuals in the Israeli legal system is analysed. The aim is to systematically examine the strong differentiation between groups (mainly Jewish Israelis on the one hand and non-Jewish Israelis on the other, which means mainly Arab/Palestinian Israelis) with regard to the maintenance of these group differences. The work is situated in the research field of Israel studies. Will Kymlicka's theory of liberal multiculturalism serves as the theoretical framework. The result of the dissertation is the finding that within the Israeli legal system, with regard to the administration of the population, two independent legal systems exist. Through these, two independent strands of law are established, which form the population into two groups that are legally addressed differently. Jewish citizens appear in Israeli law as a cohesive group with common characteristics and a clear political will, while non-Jewish citizens are legally individualized into loose individuals with no common characteristics or history, or divided into a variety of apolitical religious denominations. The two legal systems run parallel to each other without legally competing with each other. Looking at the overall political system, it is evident that the "Jewish" principle of the state takes precedence over the "democratic" principle of the state. And the universal access to all Israelis can only be procedural, given the strong particularism in favour of the Jewish group.

STUDY QUESTION: What is the association between BMI and subfertility? SUMMARY ANSWER: We observed a J-shaped relationship between BMI and subfertility in both sexes, when using both a standard multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: High BMI in both women and men is associated with subfertility in observational studies and this relationship is further substantiated by a few small randomized controlled trials of weight reduction and success of assisted reproduction. Women with low BMI also have lower conception rates with assisted reproduction technologies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Cohort study (the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study), 28 341 women and 26 252 men, recruited from all over Norway between 1999 and 2008. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Women (average age 30, average BMI 23.1 kg/m2) and men (average age 33, average BMI 25.5 kg/m2) had available genotype data and provided self-reported information on time-to-pregnancy and BMI. A total of 10% of couples were subfertile (time-to-pregnancy ≥12 months). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Our findings support a J-shaped association between BMI and subfertility in both sexes using multivariable logistic regression models. Non-linear MR validated this relationship. A 1 kg/m2 greater genetically predicted BMI was linked to 18% greater odds of subfertility (95% CI 5% to 31%) in obese women (≥30.0 kg/m2) and 15% lower odds of subfertility (-24% to -2%) in women with BMI <20.0 kg/m2. A 1 kg/m2 higher genetically predicted BMI was linked to 26% greater odds of subfertility (8-48%) among obese men. Low genetically predicted BMI values were also related to greater subfertility risk in men at the lower end of the BMI distribution. A genetically predicted BMI of 23 and 25 kg/m2 was linked to the lowest subfertility risk in women and men, respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The main limitations of our study were that we did not know whether the subfertility was driven by the women, men or both; the exclusive consideration of individuals of northern European ancestry; and the limited amount of participants with obesity or BMI values <20.0 kg/m2. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results support a causal effect of obesity on subfertility in women and men. Our findings also expand the current evidence by indicating that individuals with BMI values <20 kg/m2 may have an increased risk of subfertility. These results suggest that BMI values between 20 and 25 kg/m2 are optimal for a minimal risk of subfertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. This project received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 947684). It was also partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262700. Open Access funding was provided by the Folkehelseinstituttet/Norwegian Institute of Public Health. D.A.L. is a UK National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-SI-0611-10196) and is supported by the US National Institutes of Health (R01 DK10324) and a European Research Council Advanced Grant (DevelopObese; 669545). The funders had no role in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication. D.A.L. receives (or has received in the last 10 years) research support from National and International government and charitable bodies, Roche Diagnostics and Medtronic for research unrelated to the current work. The rest of the authors declare that no competing interests exist. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

O enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19 exige que o Estado tome decisões difíceis que perpassam a ação da burocracia que implementa políticas públicas na interação com a população, a burocracia de nível de rua (BNR). Neste artigo, baseado em estudo exploratório de método misto, analisamos como a atuação cotidiana desses burocratas em diferentes políticas públicas - saúde, assistência social, acesso à justiça, segurança pública e educação - foi alterada durante a pandemia, bem como analisamos as suas consequências. Três categorias que ilustram a dinâmica do trabalho da BNR durante a pandemia foram identificadas por análise dos sentimentos dos burocratas, mudanças no seu trabalho e na relação com a população: a BNR que enfrenta a crise na linha de frente; a BNR que sofre os efeitos da pandemia, mas cujo trabalho não demanda enfrentá-la diretamente; e a BNR cujo trabalho migrou para o formato remoto. Concluímos que, durante a pandemia, a BNR, em diferentes graus, deparou-se com um agravamento de problemas estruturais, como o seu alijamento dos processos decisórios, restritos ao alto escalão governamental, e a exacerbação de conflitos e ambiguidades já existentes. ; Dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic requires that the State make hard decisions that involve the action of bureaucrats who interact with the population through the implementation of public policy, the street-level bureaucracy (SLB). In this paper, based on a mixed- method exploratory study, we analyze how the daily performance of street-level bureaucrats in different policy areas- health and social care, access to the justice system, public security and education - has changed during the pandemic. We also explore the repercussions of those changes. Based on the analysis of the perceptions of bureaucrats, changes in their work and in their relationship with the public, we identify three categories that illustrate the dynamics of SLB work during the pandemic: the SLB who faces the crisis on the front lines; the SLB who suffers the effects of the pandemic, but whose work does not require her to face it directly; and the SLB who began to work remotely. We conclude that, during the pandemic, SLB suffered in varying degrees an aggravation of structural problems, such as their removal from decision-making processes - now restricted to the highest government level - and the exacerbation of already existing conflicts and ambiguities. ; Hacer frente a la pandemia de Covid-19 requiere que el Estado tome decisiones difíciles que van más allá de la acción de la burocracia que implementa las políticas públicas en la interacción con la población, la burocracia de primera línea (BPL). En este artículo, a partir de un estudio exploratorio de método mixto, analizamos cómo el desempeño diario de estos burócratas en diferentes políticas públicas - salud, asistencia social, acceso a la justicia, seguridad pública y educación - se modificó durante la pandemia y sus consecuencias. Se identificaron tres categorías que ilustran la dinámica del trabajo de BNR durante la pandemia, analizando los sentimientos de los burócratas, los cambios en su trabajo y en la relación con la población: la BPL que enfrenta la crisis en primera línea; la BPL que sufre los efectos de la pandemia, pero cuyo trabajo no exige enfrentarla directamente; y la BPL cuyo trabajo migró al formato remoto. Concluimos que, durante la pandemia, la BPL, en diferentes grados, enfrentó un agravamiento de problemas estructurales, como su remoción de los procesos de toma de decisiones, restringida al más alto nivel de gobierno, y la exacerbación de conflictos y ambigüedades ya existentes.

У статті аналізується динаміка людського розвитку у розрізі адміністративних областей України упродовж 2004-2019 рр. Визначені основні просторо-часові особливості розподілу значень індексу людського розвитку та його компонент. За допомогою кластерного аналізу визначені області із однотипним розподілом значень ІЛР. На підставі визначених особливостей ідентифіковано найвразливіші регіони за соціально-економічним та фізикогеографічним районуванням Інтерпретовані кліматичні зміни для регіонів з різним рівнем людського розвитку та його динаміки. Визначено, що до найнестабільніших регіонів відносно до динаміки ІЛР та кліматичної мінливості належать області у межах Українських Карпат та південностепової підзони. На підставі кліматичних прогнозів глобальних і регіональних моделей ідентифіковано можливі наслідки глобальних кліматичних змін на соціальну і економічну складову розвитку українського суспільства. ; Global climate change is a guiding factor for the further development of the country and most economic sectors. The climate change assessment of impacts on the economic sphere, including agriculture and health, that directly or indirectly affect human development indicators is prerequisite to timely adaptation and finding alternative ways to address them. Though a greater adaptability in recent years is characteristic of Ukraine, according to IPCC reports, natural hazards and climate change can affect the economy of the country and the regions. According to the results of the study, The HDI dynamics is shaped by socio-economic and indirect influence of natural factors both that determine the environment for the human development. The impact of socio-economic and political factors can be traced in the HDI decrease after the occupation of Crimea and ATO in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, as well as changes in the components of HDI, including education enrollment (in 2014 in Donetsk oblast − almost 82%, and in 2015 − only 38%, in Luhansk oblast it changed from 82% to 28%), GRP per person and life expectancy. The results of spatio-temporal analysis of HDI values indicate the absence of significant regional features. Alongside, the lowest indicators and trends to lower values are found to be characteristic of the regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians; in the steppe zone, lower indicators are typical for the southern steppe subzone, in particular for Kherson and Mykolayiv oblasts; the highest values (mostly more than 0.700) are observed in the forest-steppe region. Accordingly, the effects of climate change will primarily affect the human development of these regions. First, in the regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians, given the frequency and significant variability of extreme natural events of hydrothermal genesis, most sectors of the region's economy, as well as health care, will be vulnerable. Second, the increase of average air temperature in the southern regions of Ukraine, identified as the most vulnerable, will contribute to more droughts, which may lead to lower yields and, consequently, the share of agriculture in GDP and the need for reorientation and change of sown areas. Third, urban geosystems, given the overpopulation and associated risks of food and water availability, and higher air temperatures due to the urban heat island effect, are also vulnerable, even in the mixed forests and forest-steppe regions with relatively stable and high HDI values. Climate change scenarios point to divergent changes in climate indicators in the near future until 2030 and the next 20 years in the regions of Ukraine. Accordingly, such changes in sustainable development planning should be addressed in regional and even local contexts, given the peculiarities of the HDI dynamics, its components and variability of meso- and local-climatic characteristics of regions and communities

The global population is ageing, and with it the demand for health and social care. However, the number of people working in the sector is not keeping pace with the change, and the people who have traditionally provided informal and voluntary care are under increasing pressure. This growing gap between need and resources presents a challenge to countries in Europe and beyond, and all are seeking care and support arrangements that are better adapted and prepared for the future. This policy paper is one outcome from a project which investigated these issues across a range of European countries. There is evidence from research and practice that technology can help to meet the challenge. However, it is still rare to find good matches between the technology and needs, and many potentially useful technical solutions do not find their way to those who could benefit. The reasons for success or failure of technologies in care are comparable if not the same in the participating countries. Expectations are often unrealistic; the range of products and services is too complex and diverse for people to have a clear overview; appropriate infrastructure (and especially broadband coverage) is often inadequate; and research and development projects sometimes focus more on "selling" a technology than understanding what care recipients and carers might need or prefer. There is a clear need for better information for users on the options, their costs and benefits, and there is also relatively little accessible research into the level and nature of technology use and its social impact. The key recommendations are A vision of good later life: Developments in technology and caring need to be seen in the context of a vision of good later life, as understood by those who receive care and those who provide it, and in a framework of human rights. This matters because while it is clear that technology can play an important part in improving the quality of life of older people, technological interests are sometimes prioritised over client needs. Policy coordination: Governments should aim for better coordination of public policymaking. This should include not only the most obvious Departments – health and social care services - but also digital services, housing, transport, employment, vocational training and others. This matters because technological development is taking place on a piecemeal basis, and relevant government Departments and agencies are not always involved or coordinated. This leads to inefficient use of resources. Consumer information: A service or agency is needed, ideally at European level, to undertake independent evaluation of the technologies and tools available, and use that to provide information in appropriate forms to government, organisations providing care, carers and older people themselves. This matters because although a great deal of relevant creative technological innovation is taking place in Europe, and it is difficult to establish what is available, what works, in what circumstances, for what groups of older people and at what cost. As a result, governments, care providers and older people themselves, risk making poor investment decisions, in the development of tools and their purchase, delivery and use. Digital literacy: Governments should ensure that appropriate education is available to enable older people and their carers to confidently make use of the technologies available. This matters because older people are the least likely group to have developed digital skills, although their quality of life, and the efficient use of the services available, will increasingly depend on confident use of technologies. Carers must be included because, while they can be valuable in supporting older people in the use of technologies, they can also be a barrier when they lack the necessary digital skills themselves.

244 páginas ; La presente investigación pretende aportar elementos de análisis para favorecer el cambio en la dirección (rectoría) con el fin de contribuir a la sostenibilidad y calidad de los procesos de instituciones educativas. Se aborda el estudio del fenómeno en dos colegios privados de Bogotá (Colegio San Viator y Liceo Moderno Walt Whitman), desde la perspectiva de los directivos y de los docentes de cada institución. El propósito es comprender cómo favorecer el proceso de cambio institucional cuando se produce el nombramiento de otra persona para ejercer el cargo un cargo directivo, ya que en su nuevo rol requiere ejercer un liderazgo e implementar innovaciones, a la vez que conserva la sostenibilidad para favorecer la continuidad de los procesos académicos y administrativos con sus decisiones. ; This research aims to provide elements of analysis to favor the change in management (rectory) to contribute to the sustainability and quality of the processes of educational institutions. The study of the phenomenon is approached in two private schools in Bogotá (Colegio San Viator and Liceo Moderno Walt Whitman), from the perspective of the directors and teachers of each institution. The purpose is to understand how to support the process of institutional change when another person is appointed to hold a managerial position, since in his/her new role he/she requires exercising leadership and implementing innovations, while preserving sustainability to assure the continuity of the academic and administrative processes with their decisions. The study on the change in management of organizations is not a new topic. The challenges that this transition implies in the governance of organizations have been explored at the corporate level, focusing on the change of standards, processes, quality, and sustainability of the processes. However, there is little research that refers to the change in the head of government for educational institutions in general and even more so in the field of basic and secondary education. To carry out the study, qualitative research was chosen under the Grounded Theory design that allows generating substantive or mid-range theory that allows explaining the phenomenon since there is no available literature on how to face the change in management, specifically for institutions educational institutions that are family businesses or institutions that belong to religious congregations, as in the case of participating schools. The data collection was carried out from the in-depth interviews carried out with 8 teachers and 6 educational directors of the schools. Based on the analysis and theorization, some guidelines are proposed that can form an institutional policy that favors the process of change in the direction of private schools from a perspective of the sustainability of the processes. Hence the relevance that this change in management must receive new generations in management that can contribute innovative ideas, cutting edge methodologies, updated concepts, innovative and technological projects among others, always with the awareness that a change in the management (rectory, for example) is an event that impacts, not only the processes, but also the members of the educational community. Likewise, the change in management in an organized manner with policies, guidelines or protocols that support this change and help make the transition favorable for all interest groups of religious institutions and families such as clergy, directors, parents of family, teachers, administrators, students, and all those who are related to organizations. ; Maestría en Dirección y Gestión de Instituciones Educativas ; Magíster en Dirección y Gestión de Instituciones Educativas