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Nigeria's agriculture sector generates one-third of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs two-thirds of the workforce. Its recent growth dominates Nigerian non-oil economic growth. Small-scale, semi-commercial farms, settled agricultural households and transhumant pastoralists dominate production. Livestock is the second largest agricultural sub-sector and features 16.43 million cattle, 34.69 million sheep, 55.15 million goats, 7.18 million pigs and 183.16 million poultry. These provide nutrition and food security, and a range of services including draught power for cropping activities. Poor animal productivity is widely attributed to the occurrence and endemicity of certain animal diseases. These are often unreported, unconfirmed or poorly documented. The financial losses associated with such outbreaks and costs associated with the disease burden are also rarely documented. Efforts at control of such animal diseases have yielded poor returns due to ineffective or absent control programs, insufficient inputs (such as vaccines), poor vaccination coverage due to limited vaccine supplies and constraints in field mobility and support funds, illiteracy of farmers and poor management systems. In preparation for the World Bank's Integrated Animal and Human Health Management project for Nigeria, estimates of the economic and financial implications of high disease burden, morbidity and mortality and the costs of implementing various interventions, for all or a combination of priority diseases were required. The Government of Nigeria invited ILRI to provide such estimates for priority diseases: NCD in rural poultry flocks; PPR in sheep and goats; CBPP in cattle; ASF in pigs; and trypanosomosis in ruminants and pigs. For these diseases, and across agroecological zones, the study's objectives were to: • assess the direct and indirect financial burden of inaction; • estimate the costs of targeted interventions; • determine the additional benefits, additional costs and net benefits associated with interventions; • evaluate of the benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) of targeted interventions; and • make recommendations on the feasibility of the targeted interventions. The study featured epidemiology and economic components. Spreadsheet-based economic modelling was effectively combined with participatory epidemiological fieldwork and analysis, and both national and international specialists contributed. Both primary and secondary data were obtained, and stakeholder consultations and expert interviews were conducted. An extensive literature review was compiled. ; World Bank

Research so far in the field of political philosophy and moral philosophy and experience dealing with Albanian post communist transition period, leading to the potential of these theses to be argued. European integration as an objective process size world as and globalization are two parallels, which are moving in time of crisis of philosophical though. The end of the Cold War, the decline of the Berlin Wall, in 10-year-old the last century, Islamic fundamentalism, especially after the events of 9 September 2001 in America, are the objective processes that have led the world toward a new order. Even in the second decade of the XXI century, this development is not only objective but also irresistible advance and the most faster. In this time are present many subjective phenomena, like multiculturalism and Christianity xenophobia. These are only some of the objective and subjective circumstances that determined a new philosophical though. Aristotelian philosophy was transformed into a postmodernism and is serving as a strong basis for a new philosophy. Postmodernism more and more will emerge us as a modern Aristotle's. Aristotle's philosophical thought can communicate quite well with Kantian universalism and transcendence Kantian right path of truth and not even stop to existentialism or to analytic philosophy. The process of European integration proves that philosophy is already exceeded critical and critical and philosophical thought that post have paved the way critical of a new thought, reflective. We think that it opened the way towards a new philosophy: reflective philosophy. This philosophy will be the product of integration of all philosophical thought from antiquity: from ancient Greek philosophy, to medieval Aristotle or Thomism philosophy, to the modern philosophy down to us, the post modern philosophy. The new philosophy is reflective will try to interpret the old truth, or historical truth not by a wide critical to the antagonist, but in a competitive value and competitive alternatives. In reflective philosophy appreciates and prevailed the product (outcome) and not only the process. So the truth according to this philosophy will be the integrated truth. Dialectic of philosophical idea in this philosophy, is not a critical dialectic as a result of facing the negative dialectic to that positive. But it is a process that evaluated the validity of product development.

One objective of this work is to explore and test several explanatory models of volunteering activity. This thesis identi es the factors that determine whether individuals volunteer or not, considering both volunteering in general as well as volunteering in particular types of activities. The factors analyzed include demographic and socioeconomic variables, attitudinal variables and the country of origin. We identify four types of volunteering: social awareness volunteering, political and professional volunteering, educational and leisure volunteering and social justice volunteering. The thesis also studies the interdependencies between the various types of volun- teering and analyzes the volunteering decision as a choice among mutually exclusive alternatives that include the possibility of doing simultaneously more than one type of volunteering activity. Another objective of this work is to explore the motivations for volunteering, to identify the relationship between these motivations and the various types of volunteering work, and to perform an exploratory analysis of the determinants of the di¤erent types of motivations. We identify and test three main motivations for volunteering: altruistic motivations, warm glow social oriented motivation and warm glow ego driven motivation. The empirical part of this dissertation was based on the second and fourth waves of the World Value Survey and the European Value Survey; RESUMO: Um dos objectivos do presente trabalho é identificar e testar vários modelos explicativos do voluntariado. Procuramos, por conseguinte, identificar os factores determinantes na decisão de abraçar as actividades voluntárias, tanto no geral como em actividades/sectores específicos. Para o efeito reunimos os vários factores identificados nos seguintes grupos: demográficos, sócio-económicos, atitudinais e por país. São identificados quatro tipos específicos de voluntariado: voluntariado de consciência social, voluntariado político e profissional, voluntariado educacional e de lazer e voluntariado de justiça social. Um outro objectivo desta tese é explorar as diferentes motivações para o voluntariado e identificar as suas relações com os diversos tipos de voluntariado praticado. Foram considerados três tipos de motivações: altruísta, warm glow de orientação social e warm glow de orientação egoísta. Para além disso, introduzimos no trabalho uma abordagem exploratória dos factores que influenciam as motivações. O suporte empírico para as análises e testes efectuados foi a base de dados de onda dois e onda quatro da World Value Survey e da European Value Survey.

In this paper, we offer an examination of why traditional television producation pedagogy remains congent into the second decade of the 21st century. The shift to smaller distribution platforms and the democratization of television distribution through YouTube will cuase production teachers to shift emphases in their overall approach. Our thesis is that regardless of the delivery device, composition, the grammar of television and story structure still matter. Teachers of the art and craft of television production routinely deal with a paradox; specifically, prepping their students for the future while adhering to their own educational and professional training that is often deeply rooted in the past. For decades, educators updated knowledge and upgraded skill levels by attending conferences and symposia, doing their own production work, and/or periodically re-immersing themselves in professional environments. New production technologies, practices and workflows have continually evolved but with some effort, teachers have always been able to keep their knowledge and skill bases current. Keeping pace with hardware has een a different tale. While industry trade shows have always tantalized attendees with the newest and coolest of technologies, collegiate budget lines have historically been guided by many things other than the need to be on the cutting edge.This has not helped college keep pace with ever-escalating changes in technology and equipment. As a result, teaching at the collegiate level has historically meant working in under-resourced facilities, with equipment and technologies just slightly behind those used in the professional world. Despite constant technological changes, however, it could be argued that the basic television production pedagogy learned in the last decades of the 20th century has remained relatively unchanged, viable and applicable well into the first decade of the 21st. As we enter the digital age, television production proccesses and workflows have undergone a shift of tectonic proportions, and that raises questions about the methodology and information necessary to now teach it. Optimistically, television production can still be taught the same it has always been, with updated information regarding digital production and distribution technologies, as well as mobile and social-media distribution outlets. But in order to succeed in the digital world enveloping them, educators will likely have to make some changes in how they approach teaching. And that will include understanding how the cultural terrain has changed for television production students, as well.

En este artículo analizamos la relación que existe entre el grado de modernización y la democracia en una región concreta del mundo, América Latina entre 1945 y 1996, apoyándonos en datos cuantitativos. Los argumentos que defendemos son tres. En primer lugar, mostramos cómo el nivel de desarrollo ha tenido una influencia relativamente débil en la probabilidad de que surgieran regímenes democráticos en América Latina durante el período 1945-1996. La democracia en América Latina ha sobrevivido en un contexto de escaso desarrollo pero también ha colapsado a pesar de unos niveles de renta per cápita relativamente altos. En segundo lugar, demostramos que, en América Latina, la renta per cápita permite predecir la democracia en menor medida que en el resto del mundo e incluso que en otros países con niveles de renta similares. Para entender las peculiaridades de esta relación en América Latina identificamos una función no lineal cuya forma se ajusta específicamente a esta región. En tercer lugar, consideramos una serie de posibles explicaciones a este excepcionalismo latinoamericano. Ninguna de las explicaciones estructurales ofrecidas hasta el momento resulta satisfactoria por lo que creemos que este tema merece ser estudiado en mayor profundidad en futuras investigaciones. ; In this paper, we analyze the relationship between modernization and demo¬cracy for one region of the world, Latin America from 1945 to 1996, on the basis of quantitative data. We make three arguments. First, we show that the level of development had a modest impact on the likelihood of democracy in Latin America for the 1945-1996 period. Democracy in Latin America has survived in the face of a low level of development, and it has faltered des pite moderately high per capita income. Second, we show that per capita income is a markedly worse predictor of democracy in Latin America than in the entire world or in other countries in the same income range. To account for this pattern we identify a distinctive, non-linear functional shape for this relationship in Latin America. Third, we address some potential explanations for this Latin American exceptionalism. No existing structural explanation suffices; this issue merits further exploration in future research.

Designing its trade policy towards China, Europe should exert extreme foresightedness. Rather than to be trapped in bilateral trade balance conflicts (economically meaningless and politically hopeless), the EU should push for objectives that are attractive to its own interests, and to Chinese interests - China's economy is already too large to be influenced exclusively from outside. In this perspective, the paper offers five main proposals. * Concerning trade in goods, the EU should aim at a 'joint better enforcement' of China's WTO Accession Protocol - granting China the market economy status in antidumping investigation while getting from China clarification, confirmation, and other marginal improvements of its tariff schedule as back. * The EU should narrow down its requests on intellectual property rights to limited range, which deliver true innovations and benefits to both European producers and Chinese consumers. * The EU should focus on services and foreign investment, by proposing an early and progressive elimination of the special safeguard instrument against Chinese exporters in exchange for additional commitments from China in services and investment. * The EU should re-focus its trade policy on the WTO, away from bilateral trade agreements. Such agreements amplify incentives among Asian countries to negotiate bilaterals between themselves, by the same token risking further marginalizing the EU. And they tend to segment even more the Chinese provincial markets, while the WTO approach would reinforce the emerging 'Chinese Single Market'. * Improving the functioning of its domestic markets would make the EU more resistant to the increasing size of the Chinese economy, for instance, in the energy or financial sectors. Such an ambitious program has no chance to succeed if it does not fill two conditions. First, it should keep a clear economic focus. Trade negotiators are not credible when they tackle political issues. Second, the EU should work with other players in the world. As such cooperation should not be perceived by China as an aggressive coalition, it should involve a notable group of countries. It is thus important for the EU to go beyond the US and Japan, and to ensure the participation of medium-size countries in this cooperation. A key benefit of the presence of such medium-size countries is that they are often among the best ones in terms of governance - the great challenge faced by China, and consequently, by the entire world.

Presented at the Spring 2012 Center for Collaborative Conservation (https://collaborativeconservation.org/) Seminar and Discussion Series, "Collaborative Conservation in Practice: Innovations in Communities Around the World", February 7, 2012, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. This series focused on the work that the CCC's Collaborative Conservation Fellows have been doing across the Western U.S. and around the world. ; Dr. Stuart Cottrell is an associate professor in the Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources at Colorado State University whose research and teaching focus on sustainable tourism development and protected area management in EU protected areas. Stuart completed his PhD at Penn State University and taught at Wageningen University in the Netherlands for 6 years prior to coming to CSU in 2004. ; Jana Raadik-Cottrell, PhD, Tourism lecturer/researcher at Kuresaare College of Tallinn University of Technology, is a nature-based tourism specialist/ lecturer with expertise on island community development via sustainable tourism on Saaremaa Island, Estonia. Jana completed her PhD in Human Dimensions of Natural Resources (HDNR) at Colorado State University and MS degree at Wageningen University in the Netherlands and is an adjunct faculty with HDNR. ; Includes recorded speech and PowerPoint presentation. ; The first protected area in the Baltic countries, Vilsandi National Park (VNP) is located near the west coast of Saaremaa Island, Estonia. As an archipelago, the area was designated a protected area at the beginning of the 20th century, became a national park in 1993, and designated as a wetland of international importance in 1997. VNP faces many challenges including a decentralized management structure, disjointed conservation plan, and lack of a visitor management plan. The purpose of the CCC fellowship is to enhance VNP and stakeholder capacity to manage nature conservation collaboratively, enhance sustainable livelihoods among tour operators via tourism to the park and to enhance the visitor experience. Data have been gathered via an onsite survey among international visitors, two initial workshops with VNP stakeholders and a second home owner survey conducted in summer/fall 2012. The project links conservationists, tourism specialists, NGOs, INGOs (PAN Parks, WWF), local municipal governments, and universities (Kuresaare College) in a collaborative process for conservation and tourism development. This presentation will highlight key findings of the various phases of the project thus far as well as challenges posed due to ongoing institutional changes protected area agencies face in Estonia.

Reliable energy provision is an important factor of sustainable development and political stability in the world. Not only growth of the global economy, but also the population's quality of life depend on the uninterrupted and efficient functioning of the energy industry, since it is the latter that ensures each and everyone access to the primary benefits of civilization. During the past 2-3 years, the growth rates in demand on the energy market have exceeded all expectations, with China and other developing Asian countries taking the lead in this respect. In particular, the demand for oil increased in the PRC by 15.4% (whereby there has been a double-digit increase in this index for the second year in a row). 1 Questions of energy provision and, more broadly speaking, energy security are currently occupying the minds of politicians and scientists alike, as well as of the ordinary people. Everyone has come to understand that the world must be viewed as a single whole in this area, and this topic has become a regular feature in discussions of our planet's present and future. These concerns and searches for solutions can be seen at the global, regional, and even subregional levels. At the last G-8 summit, the Russian president raised the issue of energy supply, which became one of the central topics on the forum's agenda. Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbaev came forward with the idea of drawing up an Asian energy strategy. The Kazakhstan side has still not presented a developed vision of this conception, but the very call for a common Asian solution to the energy problem is of course not accidental and deserves attention. The fact that energy security has also been placed on the agenda of a multi-profile association like the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum also speaks in favor of this attitude. Specific efforts are being exerted at the subregional level to create a regulation mechanism. For example, in particular, the Declaration on East Asian Energy Security adopted at the January 2007 East Asia summit held on the Philippine island of Cebu and bringing together 16 countries of East and South Asia, as well as of the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, aroused great interest.

U osnovi stvaranja ujedinjene Evrope, odnosno širenja Evropske unije, nalaze se ekonomske, obrazovne i političke integracije. Ključni elementi ekonomskog jedinstva su zajedničko tržište i monetarna unija, dok se obrazovne integracije manifestuju kroz zajedničke institucije i programe za unapređenje stručnosti i mobilnosti studenata, nastavnika i istraživača. Kada je u pitanju političko ujedinjenje, težnja za stvaranjem unije evropskih država suprotstavljena je formiranju atlantskih, odnosno evro-američkih organizacija. Takođe, značajan je i konflikt između onih koji se zalažu za konstituisanje čvrste federacije i onih koji su za postojanje labavije unije evropskih država. Ekonomske, obrazovne i političke integracije su izraz pannacionalizma, čiji bi uspeh mogao da dovede do stvaranja evropske nacije zasnovane na građansko-teritorijalnom principu. ; Initial political steps towards unification of European nations on level terms, i.e. on non-hegemony terms, were made within the period between the two World Wars. These endeavour's culminated with The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was signed on 18 April 1951 in Paris by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg. The Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), signed in Rome on 25 March 1957 broadened the economic integrations, and finally the Maastricht Treaty signed on December 1992 envisaged the establishment of economical and monetary union. Economical unification was followed by integration processes in the field of education that were manifested in joint institutions and projects for improving the expertise and mobility of students, teachers and researchers. As far as the political integration of Europe is concerned divergent directions occurred after the World War II: the first, streaming towards the establishment of the union of European nations, while the second was reflected in founding of Atlantic, namely Euro-Atlantic organizations. Furthermore, there has been a constant struggle ever since between those advocating a tighter federation and those wishing a looser union of European states. Political integration is followed by attempts to create a fundamentally joint European identity based on mutual cultural heritage. Economic, educational, and political integrations within the framework of European Union are an expression of pan-national aspirations, which could if successful - result in establishment of a single European nation, founded on the civil-territorial principle.

The rapid decline in mortality after the end of World War II, in combination with a much slower downward adjustment of fertility, resulted in an extraordinary acceleration of world population growth. In a contribution prepared for the 1959 Vienna conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Ansley J. Coale présented a concise and spirited exploration of the influence of mortality and fertility on the levels and patterns of growth and on the distribution of the population by age. Using the stable population model as his tool of exploration, Coale présents a comparative analysis of the implications of movements between stable states, making imaginative illustrative assumptions on changes over time and highlighting the often surprising and counterintuitive results of such calculations. The full text of this article, omitting summaries in English and French, is reproduced below from pp. 36–41 in Union Internationale pour I?étude scientifique de la population, Internationaler Bevölkerungskongress, Wien:Im Selbstverlag, 1959.Ansley Coale was one of the most prominent figures in demography in the second half of the twentieth century. He was born in 1917 and was educated at Princeton University. He spent his entire professional career at Princeton, as a member of the economics faculty and in association with the Office of Population Research, of which he was director from 1959 to 1975. In 1967/68 he was president of the Population Association of America, and from 1977 to 1981 he was president of IUSSP. His many scientific works include Population Growth and Economic Development in Low‐Income Countries (1958), coauthored with Edgar M. Hoover, a book that was highly influential in shaping the international population policy agenda from the 1960s on—lately receiving renewed attention as a predictor of the "demographic dividend" benefiting economies as a result of the transition to low fertility. He was initiator and leader of the Princeton project exploring the causes of the decline in marital fertility in Europe, culminating in the 1986 book, coedited with Susan C. Watkins, The Decline of Fertility in Europe. His most lasting contribution to population studies, however, was in the field of formal demography, as both teacher and scholar. His research in this area is exemplified by the 1972 book The Growth and Structure of Human Populations: A Mathematical Investigation, and in the application of demographic models to the estimation and analysis of population data. Ansley Coale died on 5 November 2002, at the age of 84.

Governments are placing great store in "the knowledge economy" as a key engine for economic and social development in a post-manufacturing world. One result is an acceptance for much increased expenditure on research and advanced teaching and there is much debate, at least in the UK, about how these matters should be organised. Since much of the research (excluding defence) and virtually all the graduate teaching will be undertaken in the universities it follows that one key question in the UK is just what proportion and number of the 100 UK universities should be truly "research-intensive"? The trend, although it can be exaggerated, is towards greater concentration and last year I estimated (Follett, 2002) that the faculty in about 12 of the universities will spend on average 50% of their working year on research and graduate teaching, and 50% on undergraduate teaching. In another 30 universities faculty will spend about 25% of their annual working year on research and 75% on undergraduate teaching. In the remaining 60 universities the time available for research will be much smaller. A second key question relates to the "research infrastructure" needed to support the researchers. It is my contention that access to world-class "research information resources" - at a reasonable cost - is a pre-requisite for any nation's research base. In parallel, of course, the actual means of providing those "research information resources" is changing rapidly and the existing provision through "local" research libraries in individual universities or research institutes, often set alongside other services from the "national" library, is under both financial and technological strain: · Electronic provision of delivering research information "direct to the desk-top" has inverted the means of delivery. This has been developed most strongly in the natural sciences but is likely to develop in all areas of research. · The generation of primary research data on a huge scale - from telescopes, particle physics machines and genomics - is leading to electronic grids and the associated metadata being established so as to process and deliver this material direct to the researcher. Similar opportunities exist for using these technologies in the humanities and the social sciences. · Overall growth in the volume of the world's research continues unabated and is likely to do so for the foreseeable future. · Costs of purchasing research information outstrip inflation (even at constant volume), partly because a true market does not exist.

In this paper we use cross-national comparisons made possible by the LIS to examine America's experience in maintaining a low poverty rate. We compare the effectiveness of United States antipoverty policies to that of similar polices elsewhere in the industrialized world. If lessons can be learned from cross-national comparisons, there is much that can be learned about antipoverty policy by American voters and policymakers. The United States has one of the highest poverty rates of all the countries participating in the LIS, whether poverty is measured using comparable absolute or relative standards for determining who is poor. Although the high rate of relative poverty in the United States is no surprise, given the country's well-known tolerance of wide economic disparities, the lofty rate of absolute poverty is much more troubling. After Luxembourg, the United States has the highest average income in the industrialized world. Our analysis of absolute poverty rates provides poverty estimates for 11 industrialized countries. The United States ranks second highest among the 11 in per capita income, yet it ranks third highest in the percentage of its population with absolute incomes below the American poverty line. The per capita income of the United States is more than 30 percent higher than it is, on average, in the other ten countries of our survey. Yet the absolute poverty rate in the United States is 13.6 percent, while the average rate in the other ten countries is just 8.1 percent— 5.5 percentage points lower than the United States rate. Our paper suggests some reasons for this pattern. The paper is organized as follows. We begin by reviewing international concepts and measures of poverty as they relate to the main measures of income and poverty used in other chapters of this book. Next we present cross-national estimates of both absolute and relative poverty, concentrating on the latter measures. After examining the level and trend in these rates, we explore some of the factors that are correlated with national poverty rates and examine the antipoverty effectiveness of government programs aimed at reducing poverty. We conclude with a discussion of the relationship between policy differences and outcome differences among the several countries, and consider the implications of our analysis for antipoverty policy in the United States.

European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN) Newsletter Number 3 Code: NL94020 Size of File: Text: 61K Graphics: No Associated Graphics Files Contents: * The European Forest Institute (EFI) Forest resources, their use for different purposes, and the health of forests are studied in most European countries. However, the information gathered on the state of forests is rarely consistent, and comparisons between countries are difficult to make. * The International Foundation for Science (IFS) The International Foundation for Science, founded in 1972, is a non- governmental organization with a membership of 93 scientific academies and research councils in 79 countries, of which three-fourths are in developing countries and one-fourth in industrial countries. * Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen Department of Plant Taxonomy The research carried out by the Department of Plant Taxonomy is focused on classification, nomenclatur, description, relationships between higher plants and their phylogeny reconstruction. * Special Programme for Developing Countries (SPDC) SPDC was established by IUFRO in 1983 at the request of the international donor community following a declaration of the XVII IUFRO World Congress in Kyoto, Japan in 1981. The declaration aimed to increase international support for the development of forestry research in less developed countries. * UNESCO South-South Cooperation The Conference on "Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics", held from 13 to 19 June 1992 in Manaus, Brazil, was the first follow-up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and aimed at putting into action the recommendations of Agenda 21 adopted in Rio de Janeiro. * United Nations University The University, headquartered in Tokyo, has research and training centres and programmes throughout the world, both in developed and developing countries. * Research Cooperations - University of Mato Grosso - Veld Products Research * News - Trees and Urban Areas - Networking Data Bases on Tree Growth Potential - TVE - Television Trust for the Environment * Publications - P.J. Wood, J. Burley (eds.). 1991. A Tree for all Reasons - The Introduction and Evaluation of Multipurpose Trees for Agro- forestry. - Mitsuhiro Minowa, Satoshi Tsuyuki (eds.). 1992. Proceedings of the Symposium on Integrated Forest Management Information Systems, October 13 - 18, 1991, Tsukuba, Japan. - D.A. Taylor, K. G. MacDicken (eds.). 1991. Research on Multipurpose Tree Species in Asia - Proceedings of an interna- tional workshop held from 19 - 23 November 1990 in Los Baos, Philippines. - Julian Evans (ed.). 1992. Plantation Forestry in the Tropics, Second Edition. * Vacancy Announcements

Discussions of Thayer's conception of judicial review, as this symposium amply demonstrates, tend to be normative. Professor Nick Zeppos's paper, which offers more of a positive analysis, is therefore a welcome addition. Zeppos's paper includes three especially valuable insights. First, he demonstrates the close parallel between Thayer's theory of judicial review and the Supreme Court's Chevron doctrine. The former would have the judiciary enforce clear constitutional commands but otherwise defer to legislative understandings of constitutional meaning; the latter would have courts enforce clear legislative commands but otherwise defer to administrative interpretations of statutes. Second, he offers evidence that in both the constitutional review context and the Chevron context, the Supreme Court does not in fact behave in a Thayerian fashion. The Court invokes its understanding of the Constitution to invalidate or modify legislative outcomes at a higher rate than Thayer's conception of judicial review would permit; the same holds for judicial modifications of administrative outcomes under Chevron. Third, Zeppos notes that the best-known positive model of the independent judiciary – that offered by Landes and Posner – asserts that courts in a pluralist democracy will behave in fact the way Thayer and Chevron say they should behave in theory: as faithful agents enforcing pluralist outcomes. If it turns out that the independent judiciary behaves differently, then this suggests the need for a different positive model of judicial behavior. Where Zeppos's paper falls short is in specifying a satisfactory alternative to the Landes-Posner model. The crux of the problem, I will argue, is that Zeppos, like Landes and Posner before him, overlooks the prisoner's dilemma aspects of the problem. The Landes-Posner theory specifies how the independent judiciary would behave in a world where individual pluralist actors (specifically, legislators) fully cooperate in demanding a standard of review that maximizes their collective wealth. They posit that this is the faithful agent standard. Zeppos, seeing that the independent judiciary does not in fact conform to the faithful agent model, seeks an alternative account of what kind of judicial behavior pluralist actors would demand in a world of complete cooperation among individual pluralist actors. He argues, in effect, that pluralist actors (focusing now on groups) are risk averse and hence will want courts to engage in moderate activism to provide insurance against the vagaries of the pluralist process.

This research challenges the cognitive view of consumers as goal-driven, rational, problem-solving, information processors. Consumers feeling states, or affective responses, are viewed as beneficial to consumers in that they provide information for the decision-making process. Two separate studies, based on two divergent perspectives, were conducted to investigate consumers feeling states. An experimental study investigated the relationships between affective responses and product evaluations. Specifically, the economic theory of information was extended to include "affective information" and a model was developed that hypothesized that affective responses to affective information would influence subsequent product evaluations. Two experiments were conducted to examine the model. One experiment tested this notion using a verbal communication method (i.e., a written product description) and the other experiment employed the use of a visual communication method (i.e., a video). In general, the results supported the influence of affective responses on expectations of perceived quality across both communication methods. Moreover, when affective components were added to models based on cognitive responses only, significantly more variance was explained. The second study focused on an in-depth examination of consumer shopping experiences, centering on the feelings consumers experience while shopping, as a result of shopping, and during consumption of the products purchased. Moreover, the meaning of these shopping experiences, to the consumer, was also investigated. Six existential-phenomenological, in-depth interviews were conducted to develop both the structure of each participants shopping experiences and an interpretation of their meaning to the participants. In general, it was found that shopping is a relationship between self, others, and the world (i.e., environments such as social and political); it is an expressive communication act that discloses self to others and at the same time reflects meaning about self back from objects and others. Concomitantly, the world acts to constrain this process. Shopping is an emotional experience that appears to be highly influenced by significant others. The penalties and rewards of shopping are defined as much by others as they are defined by self. Moreover, the process of shopping appears to contribute as much to the meaning of shopping as does the result of shopping (i.e., the product purchased). The response of others to purchase decisions attached meaning for the shopping process and for the products purchased. ; Ph. D.