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Address before the Am. farm economic association, Laramie, Wyo., Aug. 17-20, 1949.

That poorer countries face higher risk of civil war is among the most robust findings in the literature on internal conflicts. However, we lack knowledge about whether a similar correlation exists on a more local level. Research into the local poverty–conflict nexus has largely relied on objective proxies of poverty that are only loosely related to the rationale for conflict. The results have been mixed, thus highlighting the need for more effective juxtaposition of theory and data. Using a subjective measure of poverty that determines whether individuals' basic needs are being met, this article presents new empirical evidence for existing propositions linking local poverty and conflict-based violence. The study analyzes georeferenced survey data from the pan-African Afrobarometer survey for 4008 subnational districts across 35 African states, producing results that show how areas with high levels of poverty are indeed more likely to experience conflict. However, the correlation is likely to be indirect. Interaction models demonstrate that poverty is more likely to exacerbate violence if an area's local institutions are weak or when impoverishment overlaps with group grievances against the government. Robustness tests, using coarsened exact matching and region-level fixed effects, provide considerable empirical support for a strong relationship between poverty and conflict at the local level.

Zakat is potential to reduce the poverty number in Indonesia. The professional and effective management is the main key to achieve this target. This article analyzes the effectiveness of zakat distribution in Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas), Pekanbaru City in accordance with the Law No. 23 of 2011. The article is based on the doctrinal legal research with sociological approach. The data is collected through interview, documentation, and observation by analyzing the data in inductive, deductive, and comparative ways. The result reveals that zakat management in Baznas Pekanbaru is not effective yet in its effort to improve mustahiq (zakat receivers) economy. Of all effective strategies to collect the funds are: 1) government total intervention in collecting and distributing the zakat funds, 2) socialization to the community to pay zakat via Baznas, 3) Improving Baznas' human resources and management, 4) Implementing the expansion concept in zakat obligation. Meanwhile, the effective strategy in zakat funds distribution is classifying mustahiq into two groups i.e. mustahiq jabariah and mustahiq khiyariah with different model approach.Zakat berpotensi besar menjadi sarana mengurangi angka kemiskinan di Indonesia. Pengelolaan yang professional dan efektif menjadi kunci utama mencapai tujuan ini. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas penyaluran zakat di Badan amil zakat nasional Pekanbaru menurut Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2011. Artikel ini berdasarkan penelitian hukum diktrinal dengan pendekatan sosiologis. Metode pengumpulan data adalah wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi dengan analisis data secara induktif, deduktif dan komparatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjukkan bahwa manajemen zakat di Baznas Pekanbaru belum efektif dalam upaya meningkatkan ekonomi mustahiq. Adapun strategi efektivitas penghimpunan dana yaitu; (1) intervensi pemerintah secara menyeluruh dalam penghimpunan dan penyaluran dana zakat, (2) sosialisasi kepada masyarakat agar berzakat melalui Baznas, (3) meningkatkan Sumberdaya ...

Chapter fifteen of the book Why Nations Fail by Acemoglu and Robinson titled Prosperity and Poverty is the last and summarizing chapter of the masterpiece. The work undertook an intellectual and rigorous journey to logically and coherently expose the causes of obvious inequality amongst nations of the world. The chapter has its central message that the extractive economic and political institutions are hypothetically the reason why some countries are poor; the study highlighted the features of extractive institutions to include: quick economic growth, inherent fighting, systematic disorder, and elite domination. The work is an attempt to comprehensively review and bring to bear an in-depth understanding of prosperity and poverty amongst nations of the world. It, therefore, states that to move into prosperity, poor nations have to create and develop a more inclusive economic and political institution. Thus; the review concluded that poor countries of the world need strong inclusive institutions to leapfrog into prosperity.

Infrastructure and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa analyzes the extent to which, how, and how fast the infrastructure needs of the poor have been met in Sub-Saharan Africa. Estache and Wodon explore the extent to which some key policies have hurt or helped progress in trying to speed the expansions of coverage so clearly needed in the region. They focus on electricity, water, sanitation, and other services at the core of the day-to-day needs of the population, examining the extent to which reforms of the last 15-20 years have managed to reduce the infrastructure gap. They anchor their analysis on the evidence available about the macroeconomic importance of infrastructure for the region, the policies that have been adopted to accelerate coverage, and a detailed assessment of the poverty dimensions of infrastructure.

Submitted to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Health and Welfare, Social Affairs, Seniors and the Status of Women