Suchergebnisse

In a case of first impression, the Constitutional Court of Hungary (CCH or Court) ruled on November 30, 2016 that, in exceptional cases, it is competent to consider whether Hungary's obligations to the European Union (EU) violate fundamental individual rights (including human dignity) or Hungarian sovereignty as protected by the Hungarian Constitution. The decision places Hungary squarely within the growing group of EU member states whose constitutional courts have decided that, despite the decisions of the European Court of Justice regarding the primacy of EU law, EU member states are not compelled to violate their domestic constitutional obligations in carrying out their shared EU commitments.

By increasing access to finance for out-of-reach households and families, microfinance continues to be an essential tool for improving livelihoods at the base of the pyramid. The last 20 years have seen remarkable growth in the microfinance sector. From its early stages in small-scale microenterprise lending, through its commercial expansion to offer savings and a broad array of financial services to low-income customers, to its entry into new markets and incorporation of technological innovations, microfinance is ensuring that an ever-greater number of households have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services. The microfinance industry is estimated at $60 to $100 billion globally, where several thousand microfinance organizations reach an estimated 200 million clients, most of whom were not previously served by the formal financial sector. However, 2.5 billion adults still lack access to formal financial services. Financial services for low-income people are an important factor when it comes to poverty reduction, as it enables them to build assets, increase incomes and reduce their vulnerability to economic stress. Moreover, microfinance continues to be an important tool when it comes to empowering women. IFC is the World Bank Group s main investor in microfinance, working with around 300 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and SME-focused financial institutions, which provide financial services in 91 countries. IFC is also one of the leading global investors in terms of volume. In fiscal year 2014, we committed $519 million in 43 projects with MFIs. Our cumulative investment portfolio in microfinance exceeded $3.5 billion, with outstanding commitments of $2.0 billion. In fiscal year 2014, IFC advisory services comprised $74.2 million, representing advisory assistance for 86 projects. This smart book, titled from small beginnings to great opportunities, presents practical lessons learned from the work that authors have been doing on microfinance projects over the last twenty years. From launching the Microfinance Enhancement Facility to help the industry stay afloat during the time of crisis, to working on a project to support microfinance clients to fulfill their housing dreams, these narratives are both engaging and insightful.

"Serial no. 113-3." ; Shipping list no.: 2013-0257-P. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Статья посвящена анализу взаимоотношений представителей коронной власти, а именно военных и гражданских губернаторов Оренбургской губернии с органами дворянского сословного управления края в 20-30-е гг. XIX в. Взаимоотношения коронной власти и выборных органов в губерниях Российской империи в первой половине XIX в. не были четко урегулированы законом и отличались противоречивостью. Это приводило к разногласиям и конфликтам. Механизмы их разрешения не были четко прописаны в законе, поэтому все спорные вопросы передавались на рассмотрение министра внутренних дел, Комитета министров, Сената. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of mutual relations of members of the royalty power, namely military and civil governors of Orenburg province, with the bodies of noble class self-government in the 20-30-ies of the XIX century. The author made an attempt to define the degree of independence of elective noble bodies and comes to the conclusion that relations between the royalty and elected bodies in the provinces of the Russian Empire in the first part of the XIX century were not regulated in a legislative way and were contradictory. It resulted in disagreements and conflicts. The mechanisms of their settlement were not included in the law distinctively so all conflicts were considered by the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Senate.

Les relations entre la société civile et l'Etat dans le monde oscillent entre le pôle anglo-saxon où la société civile prédomine par rapport à un Etat qui doit justifier son rôle en permanence, et celui des Etats-Nations qui ont façonné le sentiment national dans des pays du continent européen. Cependant, au fil de l'histoire contemporaine des convergences se dessinent entre ces deux modèles, d'abord dans les relations entre les administrations et les administrés, ensuite lorsque la société civile participe à des politiques publiques sensibles, par exemple la protection de l'environnement. En premier lieu, la reconnaissance des droits de l'usager-client-citoyen a inspiré en réponse des dispositifs préventifs de contentieux mis en place par la plupart des administrations publiques : une codification des règles opposables, des simplifications, des informations ciblées et individualisées, l'institution de médiateurs. S'inscrivant dans cette orientation, Haïti a institué dans sa Constitution l'Office de Protection du Citoyen(OPC) après la chute de la dictature Duvalier. En second lieu, à la fin du XXème siècle et au début du XXIème siècle, la société civile a apporté sa valeur ajoutée à la mise en œuvre, ou à la critique, de politiques publiques dans des domaines spécifiques, par exemple l'aide au développement, la protection de l'environnement, le partenariat public-privé, des transitions politiques post-conflits. Haïti est également partie prenante de ce mouvement historique transnational. Cependant, l'insuffisance des ressources humaines et des moyens financiers dans l'un des pays les plus pauvres du monde périodiquement victime de catastrophes naturelles, a incité les responsables administratifs à aller au-delà, en associant la société civile haïtienne de l'élaboration du Programme de Modernisation de l'Etat PME-2023 à sa mise en œuvre alors que jusqu'à présent, la société civile était écartée des plans de réforme administrative qui se sont succédés en Haïti. Au-delà des procédures, au-delà des contributions ponctuelles à telle ou telle action ou politique publique, cette participation active de la société civile à la modernisation de l'État est une innovation en termes de méthode. La société civile exerce ainsi un droit de regard, juridiquement fondé par des arrêtés du Premier ministre, sur les activités des administrations, en particulier leurs fonctions d'accueil du public. Ce positionnement nouveau de la société civile incite à l'émulation entre services pour améliorer leurs prestations respectives. Les responsables haïtiens de la société civile et de la fonction publique sont disponibles pour échanger avec leurs homologues d'autres pays des retours d'expériences comparables.

This book examines the socio-political conflicts which have arisen since Hong Kong's return to China and confronts the fundamental problems in the design of the One Country, Two Systems (OCTS) Model. It considers not only the issue of democratization, but also the institutional fractures in the executive-dominant political system and the disconnection between the executive and the legislature. It describes the drastic changes which have affected social mobilization and political activism in Hong Kong, as well as the pattern of interaction between the government and civil society. Co-edited by Brian C.H. Fong and Lui Tai Lok, this edited volume brings together a team of cutting-edge researchers to examine the operation of the One Country, Two Systems (OCTS) Model in Hong Kong over the past 20 years. The discussion and analysis offered by the contributors will cast light on social and political tensions and conflicts that will continue to unfold in the coming years. This timely account, published on the 20th anniversary of the handover, will be a valuable read for students and scholars of Chinese and East Asian studies

This study aims to determine the school's efforts in building student democratic attitudes through OSIS at SMP Negeri 22 Semarang. The results showed that schools made an effort to provide an understanding of political education. The OSIS management has implemented the understanding of political education provided by the school and can be seen through its activities. The implementation of understanding political education in building democratic attitudes is still not optimal. The active participation of the OSIS management includes; (1) decision making, (2) implementation, (3) taking benefits, (4) evaluation, and (5) social attitudes. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the role of political education in building student democratic attitudes show that coaching seeks to build the awareness of the student council officials, motivation plays a role in problem-solving, and evaluation plays a role in knowing the shortcomings of the student council administrators.

Stellenausschreibung der Europa-Universität Flensburg. Deadline: 20. August 2023

Stellenausschreibung des Thünen-Instituts Braunschweig. Deadline: 20. Juli 2023

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 12 (1988) 13-24. doi:10.1016/0198-9715(88)90004-X ; 2016-03-04T18:47:27Z

We discuss the results of the study of carbon steel 20 boriding performed by the micro-arc chemical-thermal treatment of a mixture containing iron and boric acid. The study has been carried out in scientific laboratories of the EKSU named after S. Amanzholov. It is found out that boride diffusion coatings obtained by this method are characterized by high hardness of 3.5 GPa and have an extensive diffusion zone. The wide diffusion zone is a surface layer of steel in which the compounds of boron and iron are distributed so that a transition region is formed between the hardened region and the matrix. The material of the diffusion zone is a composite consisting of a plastic а-phase of iron and high strength iron borides. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of Fe3B compounds. It is found that the most optimal composition of the mixture contains iron and boric acid in a ratio of 1:3 (Fe-25% + H3BO3-75 %).
The use of the micro-arc surfacing method makes it possible to intensify the process of diffusion boriding in comparison with traditional methods. Also, it ensures that a hardened composite layer with a heterogeneous structure formed by the diffusion-crystallization mechanism is developed on a surface of steel products.