Suchergebnisse

In this work we study the grouping and the position in their respective groups of 192 world countries with regard to economic resources, education, health and service coverage. We aim at showing that different economic development levels do not always go together with similar social indicators. This is a descriptive correlational study with retrospective and transversal design.The variables indicating the differences are mother-child health condition, mortality rate regarding non-communicable diseases adjusted by age, Total Fertility Rate, adult literacy, women registration in secondary school, delivery assisted by qualified staff, sanitary fittings and drinkable water services, GNI per capita and central government expenditure on health per capita in US dollars.Five classes of countries are recognized. The first is made up of all North American and Western European countries and a few other industrialized countries in other areas. They present the best health, socio-demographic, coverage and economic indicators. The second class is mainly composed of most Eastern and Centro European countries and all the countries in Central Asia; they present the same socio-demographic and coverage indicators as the first class but not similar health or economic indicators. The third comprises countries with medium-low incomes, characterized by not very good health, education or coverage indicators. The forth class represents most Latin American, Caribbean and Arab countries with medium-high incomes and indicators similar to those in class two. Finally the fifth class is composed of poorly developed countries, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa with bad indicators.Argentina is placed in the fourth class with very good socioeconomic, health and service coverage indicators. ; Este trabajo estudia el agrupamiento, y la ubicación en sus grupos de 192 países en el mundo, en relación a sus recursos económicos, educación, salud, y cobertura de servicios. Se busca mostrar que diferentes niveles de desarrollo económico, no siempre se acompañan con similares indicadores sociales. Tiene un alcance, descriptivo y correlacional, el diseño es retrospectivo transversal.Las variables que marcan las diferencias son el estado de salud materno infantil, tasa de mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles, ajustada por edad, tasa de fecundidad total (TFT), alfabetización de adultos, matrícula de la mujer a escuela secundaria, parto atendido por personal cualificado, servicios de agua potable y saneamiento, ingreso nacional bruto (INB) por cápita y gasto del gobierno central en salud, por cápita en dólares.Se distinguen cinco clases de países, la primera clase está integrada por todos los países de América del Norte y Europa Occidental, y unos pocos industrializados de otras regiones; poseen los mejores indicadores de salud, sociodemográficos, cobertura y económicos; la segunda clase se halla integrada principalmente por la mayoría de los países de Europa Central y Oriental y todos los de Asia Central, poseen iguales indicadores socio demográficos y de cobertura que la primera clase, pero no ocurre lo mismo con los indicadores de salud y económicos, la tercera clase agrupa a países de ingreso medio bajo, se caracterizan por regulares indicadores de salud, educación y cobertura. La cuarta clase representa a la mayoría de los países de América Latina y El Caribe y a la mayoría de los países Árabes, con ingresos medio altos e indicadores similares a la clase 2; por último la quinta clase, corresponde a los países poco desarrollados, principalmente de África Sub Sahariana, con malos indicadores de toda clase.Argentina se encuentra posicionada en la cuarta clase, con muy buenos indicadores socioeconómicos, de salud y cobertura de servicios.

This paper is a synthesis of the thesis developed into the Master Programme in Public Administration at the Buenos Aires University about university postgraduate programmes in Public Health, that was presented schematically last year into the Convention of Public Health School at the Cordoba National University. That work treats all aspects of different instances of curriculum decision making on university postgraduate programmes in Public Health, in the context of health sector and higher education transformations from the eighties and nineties decades in Argentina.The incidence of these transformations in the design and development of curriculum for the programmes is described and analyzed in order to understanding the effective education of the students and the profile and competences for the performance of profession of graduates.The general characteristics of the educational institutions in which the programmes were dictated have been relieved as well as their objectives, bases and creation year, curriculum structure -hourly load and curricular activities-, teaching methodologies and modalities of monitoring, academic and professional formation of teaching staff and chiefs and degree studies of the students, as well as their previous and subsequent labor insertion after the postgrade studies, inside a labor field in deep transformation.In preliminary form it can be identified the following tendencies:- From the education for intervention in health services environment and politics to aid and prevention, to the education for the individual professional performance in the field of Management;- From the conditions and needs of Health, to the market demands as determinant of the offering in education for the professional field; and - From the diplomas or professional specialities, to the academic masters ; El trabajo que se presenta a continuación es una síntesis de la tesis desarrollada en la Maestría en Administración Pública de la Universidad de Buenos Aires sobre la formación universitaria de posgrado en Salud Pública, presentada esquemáticamente en las Jornadas de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba en 2005.En ella se aborda la determinación de diferentes instancias sobre el curriculum de la formación de posgrado en Salud Pública en el ámbito universitario, en el contexto de transformaciones del sector salud y de la educación superior en las décadas de los años ochenta y noventa.La incidencia de estas transformaciones en el diseño y desarrollo curricular de los programas se describe y analiza con el fin de comprender la formación efectiva de los alumnos y el perfil y competencias del egresado para el desempeño de la profesión.Se han relevado las características generales de las instituciones en las que se dictan los programas, los objetivos, la fundamentación y el año de creación, la estructura curricular, carga horaria y actividades curriculares-, las metodologías de enseñanza y modalidades de seguimiento, la formación académica y profesional de los docentes y directores y la formación de grado de los alumnos, así como su inserción laboral anterior y posterior al cursado del posgrado, dentro de un campo laboral en profunda transformación.En forma preliminar pueden identificarse las siguientes tendencias: - de la formación para la intervención en el ámbito de servicios de salud y de las políticas de asistencia y de prevención, a la formación para el desempeño profesional individual en el campo de la gerencia y la gestión.- de las necesidades de salud a las demandas del mercado de trabajo como determinantes de la oferta de formación de profesionales universitarios en el campo.- de los diplomas o especialidades profesionales a las maestrías académicas

Смыслообразующая цель статьи обоснование нового подхода к организации и развитию профессионально-педагогического образования сквозь призму взаимообусловленности методологии исследовательской и практической деятельности. Такая концептуальная установка позволяет задать основные векторы модернизации профессиональной школы. Современная социально-экономическая ситуация в стране актуализировала задачу подготовки рабочих кадров. В выступлениях политиков, экономистов, ученых звучит тревога по поводу дефицита квалифицированных рабочих. Основную причину этой острой проблемы они видят в катастрофическом состоянии системы начального и среднего профессионального образования. В меньшей мере выражается озабоченность по поводу сложившейся практики подготовки педагогических работников профессионального образования, которые и должны заниматься возрождением системы профобучения. В стране имеется огромный положительный опыт подготовки преподавателей профессионального обучения. Научно-методическим центром, занимающимся данным направлением, многие годы является Российский государственный профессионально-педагогический университет, осуществляющий свою деятельность под научным руководством академика Российской академии образования Г. М. Романцева. Рефлексия этой деятельности побудила авторов к анализу существующей и проектированию (построению) новой методологии профессионально-педагогического образования. Методы и методология исследования. Теоретической платформой работы стало фундаментальное положение А. М. Новикова об общности методологии научной (исследовательской) и практической деятельности. В качестве интегрирующего фактора выступили понятийное поле, концептуальные положения и модели профессиональной подготовки специалистов. Теоретическое ядро анализа обусловило логику исследования и его результаты. Дифференциация научной и образовательной методологии в зависимости от предмета познания позволила выделить основные научно-прикладные дисциплины профессионально-педагогического образования. Тематическим ядром, определившим творческий замысел статьи, стал инструментальный анализ методологии: целевые ориентации, принципы, подходы к организации и методы реализации научной и учебной деятельности. Как важные условия реорганизации профессионально-педагогического образования авторами обозначены формирование квалификационной структуры педагогов профессиональной подготовки и обеспечение опережающего характера образования. Научная новизна работы заключается в создании проекта дальнейшего развития профессионально-педагогического образования в постиндустриальном обществе. В качестве инструментального средства интеграции методологии рассматриваются педагогические инновации, преобразующие результаты научных исследований в образовательную практику. Практическая значимость предлагаемых преобразований состоит в возможности кардинальной перестройки системы подготовки педагогов профессиональной школы, нуждающейся в конструктивных переменах. В заключительной части статьи перечислены отдельные дискуссионные проблемы, которые могли бы стать предметом обсуждения на методологическом семинаре. ; The study is aimed at investigating a justification of the new approach to the problem of vocational education development through the prism of interdependence research methodology and practice. This conceptual setup allows determining the main directions for teacher training modernization of vocational schools. The authors note that the current socio-economic situation in our country has actualized the problem of personnel training. Politicians, economists and scientists' speeches are all about the shortage of skilled personnel. They see the main reason of this catastrophic situation in the present system of primary and secondary vocational education. At least they concern over the current practice of pedagogical personnel training of vocational education who are to restore the system of vocational education. Our country, Russia has a great positive experience in solving this problem. Scientific-methodological centre for vocational teacher education is the Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University under the scientific direction of Academician of the Russian Academy of Education, G. M. Romantsev. The reflection of scientific-theoretical bases of this education led the authors to the analysis and designing (formation) of existent and new professional and pedagogical methodology. Methods. The fundamental position of A. M. Novikov on the generality of the research (scientific) and practical activity methodology has become the theoretical platform of the present study. Conceptual field, conceptual statements and professional model are presented as the whole system (or integrating factor). The theoretical framework has determined the logic of the study and its results.

Mathias Eugen Mnyampala (1917-1969) was a Tanzanian writer, lawyer and poet who wrote in Kiswahili. His mother tongue is Cigogo. He learned to read and to write in Kiswahili at the age of fifteen in a local Roman Catholic Bible school. Since independence of Tanganyika in 1961, he put his poetic art at the service of the development of Kiswahili, the language of the new nation. The issue of the Tanzanian nation building is reflected in this particular destiny of a young pastor from Ugogo in the center of Tanzania becoming a master of Kiswahili poetry recognized by his peers as well as a national artist. Our main question concerns the formal metric structure and linguistic description of Mathias E. Mnyampala's poems. How to define them? What relationships do they have with the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries classical corpus of the Kiswahili poetry? Why is this particular type of poetry - considered formally and linguistically - which is being promoted at the national level and getting official recognition by successive political authorities in Tanzania? To achieve the political interpretation of formal and linguistic analysis of poetic texts, we first had to equip ourselves with tools that were missing regarding formal metric description. I attempted to analyze all the existing theories in metrics to arrive at a formal and reductionist synthesis. I then analyzed Mathias E. Mnyampala's poetic corpus on this basis. Metric forms and the language of the poems demonstrate ex materia creative processes linked to the metrics of the classical corpus that tell us something about the nation building in which they are called. The ex materia creation, neither classical nor modern, is a third way of poetic composition that my formal approach can describe. I will analyze that parallel to the nationalization of the meters of classical Kiswahili poetry, it comes to the africanization of the national culture. ; Mathias Eugen Mnyampala (1917-1969) est un écrivain, juriste et poète d'expression swahilie tanzanien. De langue maternelle cigogo, il apprend le kiswahili et l'écriture par les textes de la Bible à l'âge de quinze ans. A partir de l'indépendance du Tanganyika en 1961, il engage son art poétique au service du développement du kiswahili, la langue de la nouvelle nation. Dans cette destinée particulière d'un jeune pasteur de l'Ugogo du centre de la Tanzanie, qui devient un maître reconnu par ses pairs de la poésie d'expression swahilie et un artiste national, se reflète la problématique de la construction d'une nation tanzanienne. Notre question centrale concerne la structure métrique formelle et la langue des poèmes de Mathias E. Mnyampala. Comment les définir ? Quels rapports entretiennent-ils avec le corpus classique des XVIIIème et XIXème siècles de la poésie d'expression swahilie ? Pourquoi est-ce ce type particulier de poésie - décrit formellement et linguistiquement - qui fait l'objet d'une promotion à l'échelon national et de reconnaissances officielles par des autorités politiques successives de Tanzanie ? Pour aboutir à l'interprétation politique de l'analyse formelle et linguistique des textes poétiques, il nous a fallu d'abord nous doter d'outils de description formelle qui étaient manquants. Nous parcourons pour ce faire l'ensemble des théories métriques existantes afin d'arriver à une synthèse formelle et réductionniste. Nous analysons ensuite le corpus poétique de Mathias E. Mnyampala sur cette base. Les formes métriques et la langue des poèmes témoignent de processus créatifs ex materia liés à la métrique classique qui nous apprennent quelque chose au sujet de la construction nationale au service de laquelle ils sont appelés. La création ex materia, ni classique ni moderne, est une troisième voie de la composition poétique que notre approche formelle permet de décrire. Nous verrons qu'en parallèle d'une nationalisation des mètres classiques de la poésie d'expression swahilie, il est question d'une africanisation de la culture nationale.

В условиях перехода мирового сообщества к устойчивому развитию нарастание в России проблем экономического, экологического и социального характера требует поиска принципиально новых подходов к формированию национальной системы публичного управления процессами обеспечения качества жизни как наиболее значимого фактора в обеспечении национальной безопасности. Содержательный анализ существующих методологических и теоретических подходов к публичному управлению научных школ корпоратизма, неокорпоратизма, институционализма, неоинституционализма, общественного выбора, а так же когнитивного и сетевого подходов показал, что внимание ученых в основном сконцентрировано на частных аспектах публичного управления. Многообразие существующих подходов, решаемых ими задач, а так же специфика выбранного объекта исследования, в качестве которого выступает система публичного управления процессами обеспечения качества жизни в социально-экономических системах, требуют выработки методологического подхода на междисциплинарной основе к формированию принципиально новой по своему качественному содержанию национальной системы публичного управления. Предмет исследования – методологические и теоретические подходы к публичному управлению научных школ корпоратизма, неокорпоратизма, институционализма, неоинституционализма, общественного выбора, а так же когнитивного и сетевого подходов к публичному управлению. Цель исследования – развитие методологических подходов к формированию национальной системы публичного управления процессами обеспечения качества жизни. Исследование опирается на системный, субъектно-объектный, институциональный, эволюционный и другие методологические подходы, что обусловлено необходимостью рассмотрения публичного управления процессами обеспечения качества жизни в социально-экономических системах как сложного феномена и как единого целого. Результатом исследования является обоснование методологического подхода на междисциплинарной основе, интегрирующего в себе экономический, социологический, антропологический, экологический, биосфероцентрический и политико-правовой подходы на различных уровнях иерархии системы публичного управления, что определяется структурной сложностью (многоаспектностью, многоуровневостью) категории качества жизни. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы органами власти и управления всех уровней в процессе модернизации существующей системы публичного управления процессами обеспечения качества жизни, формировании ее принципов, стратегических целей и задач. ; In the conditions of transition of the world community to a sustainable development, the increase of problems of economic, ecological and social character in Russia demands finding essentially new approaches to formation of national system of public management of the processes of ensuring quality of life as the most significant factor in ensuring national security. The substantial analysis of the existing methodological and theoretical approaches to public management in the corporatism, neocorporatism, institutionalism, neoinstitutionalism, and public choicesciences schools and that of cognitive and network approaches showed that the attention of scientists is generally concentrated on private aspects of public management. The variety of the existing approaches and the tasks solved by them and as specifics of the chosen object of research (the system of public management as processes of ensuring quality of life in socio-economic systems) demands elaboration of a methodological approach to formation of an essentially new national system of public management on an interdisciplinary basis. The research bases on the system, subject and object, institutional, evolutionary and other methodological approaches, which is explained by the need of considering public management of processes of ensuring quality of life in the social and economic systems as a complex yet single phenomenon. The result of the research is the substantiationfor the methodological approach on the interdisciplinary basis, integrating in itself economic, sociological, anthropological, ecological, biosphere-centred and political and legal approaches at various levels of hierarchy of the system of public management, which is determined by the structural complexity of the category of quality of life. The received results can be used by authorities and management bodies of all levels in the course of modernization of the existing system of public management for processes of ensuring quality of life, for the formation of its principles, strategic objectives and tasks.

Background and Objective: A considerable amount of sulfur hexafluoride is applied to evaluate the performance of each laboratory hood according to ASHRAE–110-95 method. SF6 is extremely hostile to environment and expensive. In present work, the possibility of conducting this method of hood performance test with less volume of SF6 was investigated.Material and Methods: The performance of a laboratory hood was evaluated using ASHRAE110-95 standard method at three different ventilation capacity as well as three different volumetric flow rates of injected SF6 while a mannequin was located at the front of hood. Face velocity was measured 180 times using a thermal anemometer TA-2 model. Air flow was visualized through injecting low and high volume of smokes at 18 tests. Sulfur hexafluoride was injected at three different volumetric flow rates of 2, 3 and 4 lit/min. The occupational exposure of a hypothetic hood operator was determined 27 times through direct reading.Results: The average and standard deviation of face velocity at hood inlet were 0.42±0.04, 0.6±0.07, 0.7±0.11 m/s respectively, ranging from 0.36-1.1 m/s. the studied hood did not have an acceptable performance when tested with high volumes of smoke, but it did have an acceptable performance while it was tested with low volumes of smoke.Conclusion: The application of ASHRAE 110-95 hood performance test with smaller volume of tracer sulfur hexafluoride gas is not recommended.REFERENCES: 1. Esmaeilzadeh A, Golbabaee F, Shahtaheri S. Evaluation of laboratory fume-hoods performance in a petrochemical industry based on ASHRAE 110 Standard. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2008;6(3-4):111-7.2. Fk.T. Chemical Fume Hood Safety Protecting the Health of Laboratory Workers. eScholarship University of California. 2000:p.8.3. Karimi Zare A. Evaluation of laoratory hoods in Tehran Water and Waste water Co. Tehran: Islamic Azad university; 2000.4. Rydock JP. Tracer performance testing of installed fume hoods: One European perspective. Chemical Health and Safety. 2002;9(4):7-9.5. Ivany RE, First MW, Diberardinis LJ. A new method for quantitative, in-use testing of laboratory fume hoods. The American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1989;50(5):275-80.6. Hitchings DT. Laboratory fume hood and exhaust fan penthouse exposure risk analysis using the ANSI/ASHRAE 95 -110 and other tracer gas methods. Transactions-American Society of Heating Refrigerating aqnd Air Conditioning Engineers. 1997;863:72-103.7. Guffey EJ. Nitrous oxide as a substitute for sulfur hexafluoride in the ANSI/ASHRAE 110 Method of hood performance evaluation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2011:1-448. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. 2012 [2 dec]; Available from: www.oshagov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_268600html/Accessed.9. Jacobs PJ. Laboratory fume hood performance. 2009; p:20-50.10. Taylor S, Initiative TC. Fume Hood Study: Tufts University. 2044; p: 1-40.11. Roni v. Choosing less environmentally damaging gases for fume hood tracer gas testing. Alternative gases to meet. 2007; p: 2.12. Kalantari S. Ethylene as a Substitute for Sulfur Hexafluoride in the ASHRAE 95-110 Method of Hood Performance Evaluation. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science; 2013.13. Bell G, Sartor D, Mills E. The Berkeley hood: development and commercialization of an innovative high-performance laboratory fume hood Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. California2003.14. Dale T, Maupins K. Using the ASHRAE 110 Test as a TQM tool to improve laboratory fume hood performance. ASHRAE Transactions. 1997;14:851-62.15. Crawley LH. Application of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy to the measurement of atmospheric trace gases. 2008.16. Industrial Ventilation a manual of practice for designe 27th ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyginiests (ACGIH); Cincinnati: ACGIH; 2010.17. Ojima J. Tracer gas evaluations of push-pull ventilation system performance. Industrial health. 2009;47(1):94-6.

Настоящая статья подготовлена с учетом итогов работы экспертной рабочей группы «Оптимизация бюджетных расходов в сфере государственного управления» по проведению оценки эффективности расходов федерального бюджета и формирования предложений по их оптимизации в 2013 г., осуществленной РАНХиГС и НИУ ВШЭ совместно с Минфином России, Минэкономразвития России и иными заинтересованными федеральными органами исполнительной власти, а также с учетом анализа международного опыта в сфере оценки эффективности и результативности бюджетных расходов при проведении децентрализации государственных полномочий и функций. В статье рассматриваются вопросы влияния децентрализации на повышение эффективности и результативности бюджетных расходов, в том числе в контексте практики делегирования федеральных полномочий на уровень субъектов Российской Федерации. На основе анализа данных об исполнении федерального бюджета, а также данных отраслевой статистики показано, что практика передачи полномочий Российской Федерации субъектам Российской Федерации, сопровождаемая выделением субвенций на осуществление переданных полномочий, привела к избыточному (по сравнению с ростом расходов на государственное управление и ростом ВВП) росту расходов федерального бюджета на соответствующие сферы. Проведенный анализ свидетельствует о том, что по крайней мере в ряде случаев эффективность и результативность бюджетных расходов после передачи полномочий снизились при существенном росте расходов федерального бюджета на их обеспечение. Децентрализация полномочий путем их делегирования также привела к возникновению новых функций – контроля (надзора) за эффективностью исполнения субъектами Российской Федерации переданных полномочий и соответственно к росту общих административных издержек. На основе результатов исследования рекомендуется перейти от практики делегирования полномочий к практике их перераспределения между уровнями государственного управления с учетом более глубокой оценки эффективности и результативности децентрализации в каждой конкретной сфере. Кроме того, ввиду более низкой бюджетной эффективности осуществления контрольно-надзорных функций на региональном и местном уровнях (по сравнению с федеральным) не представляется целесообразной дальнейшая децентрализация полномочий в сфере государственного контроля (надзора). ; This article reflects some results of the work undertaken by the expert working group on optimization of public expenditures in the area of governance which contributed to the overall efforts on evaluating efficiency of the federal budget expenditures and forming recommendations on the optimization of such expenditures in 2013. This evaluation was conducted jointly by the Russian Academy for National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) and National Research University – Higher School of Economics (NRU-HSE) in cooperation with the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economic Development, and other federal authorities. The article is focused on the influence of decentralization policies on the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending both in a broad context and in one, based on the practice of delegating some federal powers to the constituent entities (regions) of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the federal budget execution data as well as some public sectors' statistics demonstrates that the practice of delegation of the Russian Federation's powers to the sub-national level which was accompanied by relevant budgetary transfers (subventions) has led to an excessive growth of the federal budget expenditure on the relevant areas (as compared to the GDP growth for the same period and the growth of the federal budget expenditures on the public administration as a whole). At the same time – at least in the selected cases – the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending, including performance outputs have decreased after the delegation of powers took place. Decentralization based on the delegation of powers has also resulted in new functions aimed at controlling the effectiveness of the delegated authorities' performance. As a result, total administrative costs have increased. Given these conclusions it is recommended to switch from the practice of delegating authority to the practice of reallocating certain powers among the levels of government with a parallel reallocation of the budget revenue sources. Such a reallocation should be based on a detailed profound review of the efficiency and effectiveness of decentralization in each particular sector, with both the options of further devolution and recentralization being considered.

Activity-based models of transport demand are increasingly used by governments, engineering firms and consultants to predict the impact of various design and planning decisions on travel and consequently on noise emissions, energy consumption, accessibility and other performance indicators. In this context, non-discretionary activities, such as work and school, can be relatively easily explained by the traveller's sociodemographic characteristics and generalised travel costs. However, participation in, and scheduling of, discretionary and joint activities are not so easily redicted. Understanding the social network that lies on top of the spatial network could lead to better prediction of social activity schedules and better forecasts of travel patterns for joint activities. Existing models of activity-travel behaviour do not consider joint activities in detail, except within households to a limited extent. A recent attempt developed at ETH Zurich to incorporate social networks in a single-day optimisation scheduling model did not model joint activities as such, rather rewarding individuals for scheduling activities at the same location and at the same time as their friends. Realistic social networks were also not incorporated. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this rapidly expanding field by developing a simulation of activity and travel behaviour incorporating social processes and joint activities to investigate the effects on activity and travel behaviour over a simulated period of weeks. The model developed is intended as a proof-of-concept. In order to achieve this aim, an agent-based simulation was designed, implemented in Java, and calibrated and partly verified with real-world data. The model generates activities on a daily basis, including the time of day and duration of the activity. An interaction protocol has been developed to model the activity decision process. Data collected in Eindhoven on social and joint activities and social networks has been used for calibration and verification. Alongside the model development, several issues are addressed, such as exploring which parameters are useful and their effects, the data required for the validation of agent-based travel behaviour models, and whether the addition of social networks to models of this type makes adifference. Sensitivity testing was undertaken to explore the effects of parameters, which was applied to increasingly more complex versions of the model (starting from one day of outputs with no interactions between individuals and finishing with full interactions over many days). This showed that the model performed as expected when certain parameters were altered. Due to the components included in the model, scenarios of interest to policy makers (such as changes in population, land-use changes, and changes in institutional contexts) can be explored. Altering the structure of the in- put social networks and the interaction protocols showed that these inputs do have a difference on the outputs of the model. As a result, these elements of the model require data collection on the social network structure and the decision processes for each local instantiation. Two more "traditional" transport planning policy scenarios, an increase in free time and an increase in travel cost, showed that the model performs as expected for these scenarios. It is shown that the use of agent-based modelling is useful in permitting the incorporation of social networks. The social network can have a significant impact on model results and therefore the decisions made by planners and stakeholders. The model can be extended further in several different directions as new theories are developed and data sets are collected.

Master i produktdesign ; Municipal solid waste refers to waste in a solid form, produced in the daily day life of a society such as packaging, food scrapes, grass clippings, clothing, furniture, paper, electronics and so on. It is called municipal solid waste because it is in the responsibility of the local government and comes from our homes, schools, hospitals and businesses. It is produced 108 tons municipal solid waste in Iringa each day. Iringa district is located approximately 500km from Dar Es Salaam and 263km from Tanzania's capital Dodoma. Iringa Municipality (IMP) is headquarter of Iringa district, which has an assumed population of 166 237 people. Iringa Municipality have 169 waste collection points, 56 of them are served with skip buckets. Most household waste is disposed of in people's own back yard and unofficial dumpsites are mostly seen in poor areas with huge lack of served collection points. The skip buckets are transported to the land filling where the waste is compressed and occasionally burned. The 15 acres land filling is located 7 km outside of the city center, close to households in a highly populated area. It is one watchman in charge of the land filling, and he has no particular knowledge about waste management. 22-25 tons of solid waste is disposed of at the land filling each day, this is 20% of the waste produced. As much as 75-80 percent is organic waste, but the most revealing problem is all the disposable plastic bags that can be seen everywhere in the nature. Few options for recycling exist, and open dumping with open burning is the norm. The research has addressed some problems and challenges connected to the current situation that has been chosen as focus areas in this project. The most noticeable ones are: - harmful disposal of waste through burning and burying - lack of knowledge about waste management - poorly managed collection points and land filling - lack of existing systems for recycling - cost inefficient management To approach these areas, four concepts have been chosen for further development: - a new concept for the waste collection points with stations for separation of garbage. - the design of bags from recycled waste to substitute disposable plastic bags. - a ICT system with the intention to educate and inform about waste management and to ease the communication between the users, the workers and the management in the new service. - strategies on how the establishment of CBO' s can benefit the privatizing of the SWM and how they can contribute to solve the problems addressed in the current situation. The research question for the thesis is focused on the design process of the four concepts: "How can a design approach have effect in a project for solid waste management in Tanzania?" The process has been multi-disciplinary and the approach has been human centered with the aim of making a strategy for the privatizing of the solid waste business that does not exclude anyone in the society. The research tools have been supplemented with the use of some specific design tools. To answer the research question, the effect of those tools has been discussed in the conclusion. The motivation for this project have been to "improve the life of the 166 000 citizens of Iringa, and design a new system that can be adapted to other places in East-Africa

Some twenty years ago, the National Library Conference, held at Rome in 1979, called for the creation of a "national library service" (Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale, SBN). The Conference was urged by the Italian Library Association (AIB) as an occasion for reflecting on the lack of coordination between the central government and the regional governments engendered by the 1972 Presidential Decree which decentralised powers regarding libraries. The period which has passed is sufficiently long to draw up a critical balance sheet. In truth, after the enthusiasm and hopes of the initial years, the SBN was periodically the object of, generally negative, balance sheets, and the strong delusion led to the project being blamed for the shortcomings and negative elements which instead belonged to Italy's library services as a whole. The author appraises the project's problems in a constructive spirit. The paper first analyses the aims of the SBN project, the players, automation as a tool of cooperation and the project's decisional structures, and then examines the project's prospects. In some aspects, the SBN should return to its origins, to that nucleus of sound values which in 1979 induced the link between the nascent idea of a "national library service" to Italy's need to equip itself with an information access structure "for the lifelong education of its citizens". In short, it should revert to its initial focus on serving the citizen. The citizen rather than the user. The citizen who has the right to access all information and knowledge; the citizen who does not distinguish libraries according to their governing bodies or size, but who has the right to access the services of a national infrastructure from all corners of Italy. From this perspective, there is perhaps no longer any sense in speaking of the SBN as a national "library" network. The library profession should embrace the concept of "network for the access to knowledge and education", which includes not only the library services, but entails participation by all the players involved in the cognitive processes: libraries, information services of various types, publishers, schools, universities and training organizations. We should be aware that we have to manage a sort of "distributed database of knowledge". From this perspective, the SBN cannot merely be synonymous with library automation. It should be independent from any software package as the citizen has the right to access services of a national infrastructure independent of the library automation system chosen by the local authorities. The entire SBN technical documentation should be made available to allow all interested players, perhaps gradually and within a precise framework of rules, to develop software applications in a regime of competition. The local bodies would thus be able to choose the best quality product at market prices and following a regular call for tenders, with considerable savings as regards maintenance, assistance and management costs. In this context, the development of the software and definition of the services should take place within the framework of the functional standards and specifications defined by the library services. In accordance with this formulation, the national and local services envisaged within the ambit of the SBN should be more precisely defined. We should define the levels of participation in the services, including libraries or library systems interested in copy cataloguing and not only in shared cataloguing, as well as new ways of enriching the national catalogue. Furthermore, the question of the circulation of documents should be resolved, by eliminating the bureaucratic obstacles which have hampered it and adopting the relevant standards so as to allow ILL transactions with other systems.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revaloración del pensamiento dialéctico como aporte al desarrollo de la filosofía política. Esta revaloración se hace necesaria debido al fuerte olvido y ocultamiento que han llevado a cabo desde mediados del siglo XX las corrientes denominadas posestructuralistas con Althusser y Badiou a la cabeza. Al mismo tiempo, este ocultamiento de la dialéctica es recogido por numerosos autores de la corriente filosófica denominada posmodernismo, la cual ha tenido una gran influencia en círculos académicos en Europa, EE.UU y América Latina. El rechazo del posmodernismo al pensamiento dialéctico no se ha quedado en las elaboraciones teóricas de pensadores como Derrida o Deleuze, sino que también ha influenciado a pensadores marxistas que en los últimos años han realizado los aportes más controversiales como es el caso de Antonio Negri y el libro Imperio en coautoría con Michael Hardt. Siguiendo el mismo pensamiento teórico político que utilizan los autores de Imperio, pero no influenciado por el pensamiento posmoderno sino por la corriente teórica denomina "marxismo occidental" (desde Lukács a la Escuela de Frankfort) es que aquí planteamos esta revaloración. Esta corriente de pensamiento se aleja de la interpretación del marxismo como un materialismo mecanicista que prácticamente lo aleja de un pensamiento crítico y por el contrario rescata la vinculación del pensamiento de Marx con la filosofía. Es por eso que en este trabajo nos centraremos en la relación del pensamiento de Marx con la dialéctica hegeliana y discutiremos aquella supuesta negativa de aquel a valorar algún aspecto de Hegel como lo plantean las corrientes posmodernas que hacen de Marx un pensador de la "sospecha", pero alejándolo de toda vinculación con la filosofía política. Centrándonos en esta relación Hegel-Marx es que la vuelta a la dialéctica nos traerá como resultado la coherencia del núcleo del pensamiento político de Marx con su Filosofía Política. ABSTRACTThe main objective of this work is to present a revaluation of the dialectical thinking as an input to the development of the politic philosophy. This revaluation is necessary due to the oblivion and concealment that poststructuralist currents, leaded for Althusserand Badiou have made since XX mid-century. At the same time, this concealment of the dialectic has been taken for numerous authors of the post-modernism philosophy current, wich has had great influence in literary circles of Europe, USA and Latin America. The rejection of the post-modernism to the dialectical thinking has not stopped at teorical elaborations of notionlists like Derrida or Deleuze, but has influenced marxist notionlists that have realized, in the last years, the most controversial inputs, such as Antonio Negri with Michael Hardt in the book Imperio. Following the same political thinking used by the authors of Imperio, but not influenced by the post-moderm thinking, but from the philosophy current named "occidental marxsism" (from Lukács to the Frankfort school) here we present this revaluation. This current of thinking is away from the interpretation of the marxsism as a mechanistic materialism that practically moves it away from a critical thinking, but recovers the vinculation of the Marx thought with the philosophy. That reason makes us lead this work to the relation between the Marx thought and the Hegelian dialectical. Also, we are going to discuss that suposed negation that Marx made to valorate any aspect of Hegel as the post-modern currents present it, making Marx a notionlist of the "suspect", but moving him away from any political philosophy.

Die bevölkerungsstrukturellen Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels stellen sich höchst divergent auf kleinräumlicher innerstädtischer Ebene dar und bedingen extrem unterschiedliche Ausgangslagen für die Planung altersspezifischer Infrastruktureinrichtungen. Die sich wandelnden Rahmenbedingungen verleihen dem altersspezifischen Infrastrukturbereich einen enormen Bedeutungszuwachs für die soziale Integration und modifizieren die Leistungsansprüche. Ausgangslage und Leistungsanspruch variieren im Sozialraum, was abweichende quantitative und qualitative Bedarfe in Bezug auf die infrastrukturelle Ausrichtung, insbesondere von Einrichtungen der Kindertagesbetreuung, der schulischen Bildung sowie der stationären Altenpflege, nach sich zieht. Der demographische Wandel wird in seiner Ausprägung auf die Infrastrukturbedarfe noch verstärkt durch die unmittelbar und erheblich beeinflussenden Effekte des ökonomischen Wandels, die u.a. die Entwicklung von an Einkommen ausgerichteten Nachfrageprofilen begünstigen. Zentrales Anliegen der Arbeit ist, die durch den demographischen Wandel initiierten lokal und temporär deutlich unterschiedlichen quantitativen und qualitativen Nachfrageentwicklungen im Bereich der altersspezifischen Infrastruktur in kleinräumiger Auflösung nachzuweisen. Dabei wird untersucht, wie sich die demographischen Abläufe unmittelbar, also direkt in Bezug auf die Zahl und Struktur der Nutzer sowie mittelbar in Hinblick neuer gesellschaftlicher Ansprüche auf die Nachfrageentwicklung auswirken. Die Analyse wird als Fallstudie mittels eines Vergleiches der Prozesse in einem innerstädtischen und einem randstädtischen Berliner Bezirk durchgeführt. Mit der Wahl der Bezirke Mitte und Steglitz-Zehlendorf erfolgt bewusst die Gegenüberstellung äußerst unterschiedlicher Raumeinheiten hinsichtlich ihrer Lage im Stadtgebiet, der Flächennutzungs- und Bebauungsstruktur sowie der demographischen, sozialen und ethnischen Bevölkerungszusammensetzung. Die Untersuchung spiegelt so eine große Bandbreite möglicher Problemstellungen wider, so dass die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse deshalb vom Ansatz her durchaus auf andere Großstädte übertragbar sind. Abschließend werden konkrete Schlussfolgerungen für die praktische Entscheidungsebene von Planung und Politik deduziert. Von besonderer Relevanz sind diesbezüglich die Konsequenzen bei Anpassungsbedarf infolge deutlich unterschiedlicher quantitativer Nachfrageentwicklungen sowie der Umgang mit kleinräumlichen Bevölkerungsprognosen zwecks Einschätzung künftiger Dynamiken. Besonders dringlich erweist sich die Berücksichtigung der zunehmenden kleinräumigen Divergenz qualitativer Bedarfslagen in der einschlägigen Landesgesetzgebung. Hier legen die Untersuchungsergebnisse eine Präzisierung und Differenzierung vorhandener Maßgaben bzw. die Ergänzung bislang fehlender normativer Vorgaben nahe. ; The impacts of demographic change on population structure are reflected in a highly divergent manner on a small-scale inner city level, and thus require extremely different starting points for the planning of age-specific infrastructural facilities. Furthermore, concerning social integration, the changing framework conditions initiate an enormous increase in importance of age-specific infrastructural facilities, hereby modifying the entitlement to benefits. Circumstances and entitlement to benefits vary within the social environment. This leads to deviating quantitative and qualitative needs with regard to the infrastructural focus, in particular facilities for child day care, school education and inpatient geriatric care. The demographic change, as regards infrastructural needs, is furthermore intensified by the effects of economic change, which have an immediate and significant impact as they favour the development of demand profiles focused on income. The main aim of this study was to prove the clearly differing local and temporary quantitative and qualitative trends of demand in the field of age-specific infrastructure on a smale-scale inner city level, which have been initiated by demographic change. It is examined, how demographic processes influence trends of demand, directly in relation to number and structure of users and indirectly with regard to new social demands. The study follows a case-study design, comparing the processes in an inner-city and a suburban district of Berlin. The choice of the districts Mitte and Steglitz-Zehlendorf deliberately allows for the comparison of completely different areas with regard to their location in the urban sprawl, the structure of land-use and building as well as the demographic, social and ethnic composition of the population. In this manner, the investigation reflects a large spectrum of issues, so that the knowledge gained within the framework of this study can, from its basic approach, be transferred to other large cities. Finally, specific conclusions for the decision making in planning and politics are drawn. Of particulary relevance are the consequences regarding the need for adjustment due to clearly differing quantitative trends of demand as well as dealing with small-scale population forecasts in order to assess future trends. It is of particular importance to consider the increasing divergence of qualitative needs on a small-scale level in the corresponding legislation. The results of the study recommend that existing requirements be specified and differentiated, or rather normative legislation missing so far be completed.

A much debated issue within education in 2010 is; how children learn and what children should learn. Kress (2000) has argued that we need to educate children for instability and give them competences for the future rather than for yesterday. The question is what competences are needed in the future and how we are going to teach children of tomorrow. It is widely believed, also by policy makers, that technology can transform learning environments for both teachers and students. Over the past 10 years, the Danish government - like those in other countries - has been investing in interactive whiteboards (IWB) for schools. Besides investing in technology, teachers have been taught how to use technologies, more often that not without paying much attention to pedagogy. However, we see a tendency towards a change in focus, and gradually more attention is being paid to finding ways in which technology will transform the learning situation based on underlying learning principles such as dialogue, interaction and collaboration. Mercer et al (2010) describe what they call technical interactivity and dialogic interactivity and state that IWBs can change the interaction and participation patterns in the class depending on pedagogy. Mercer et al (2010) especially draw on Robin Alexander's (2008) ideas on dialogue inspired teaching. IWBs and a dialogue inspired learning approach can facilitate a space for co-construction of knowledge and meaning between the teacher and learners (Twiner et al., 2010; Mercer et al. 2010). However, such a learning design still requires a teacher to facilitate, manage and lead the participation and interaction patterns of the learners. In this paper, we present an empirical long term study of class room interaction in a setting where technology is introduced to enhance collaboration between peer learners. For one year, the authors have followed the development of a learning practice and a learning design based on use of interactive touch screens. Methodologically, this research is based on action research, dialogue design and ethnographic methods. More than 150 hours of video have been recorded, capturing children working together with various artefacts, materials and assignments. In this paper, we present a learning design where students aged 8-9 are at the centre of the learning activities. Hence the young learners are given the responsibility to facilitate and negotiate interaction and participation patterns, thereby guiding their own learning activities with reference to the materials designed by the teacher. It might seem that the students direct their learning solely with technology, but this is not the case – the teacher is very important in this setup. Not as a knowledge provider in a classical sense, rather in a new and fairly unexplored role, where most the teacher-student interaction takes its'point of departure in the physical and academic position of the learner. In this way, the children guide each other and are guided by the teacher, both in relation to collaborative and academic issues. In the paper, we bring forward perspectives on the creation of learning designs where students engage in dialogue and interaction in a shared workspace. Empirical studies show that children regulate their own learning processes and guide each other through activities in which they have shared objectives. Furthermore, this design requires active participation by the learners, thus giving each student a voice in class. Based on the empirical findings, it is further discussed how an interactive, learner centered approach can be supported by technology in teaching.

Brojne međunarodne znanstvene spoznaje ukazuju na razlike u obrazovnom postignuću ovisno o spolu učenika i obrazovanju njihovih roditelja. Veličine dobivenih razlika mogu ukazivati na razinu nejednakosti obrazovnih mogućnosti unutar pojedinog sustava obrazovanja te trebaju poslužiti kao osnova za istraživanje uzroka i posljedica istih i razvoj obrazovnih politika za njihovo smanjivanje. Tijekom posljednjih godina i u Hrvatskoj je provedeno nekoliko istraživanja u kojima je rezultat na vanjskom vrednovanju povezan sa spolom i socioekonomskim statusom učenika, međutim, još uvijek nema sustavnog i sveobuhvatnog istraživanja o učinku ovih varijabli na školski uspjeh u osnovnoškolskoj dobi. Cilj je ovog rada odrediti veličinu efekta spola učenika i obrazovnog statusa roditelja te njihove interakcije na školski uspjeh učenika iskazan općim uspjehom na kraju razreda i zaključnom ocjenom iz hrvatskog jezika. U radu se koriste populacijski podaci o školskom uspjehu 43 008 učenika četvrtih i 40 843 osmih razreda osnovnih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rezultati dvosmjernih analiza varijanci ukazuju na osrednji efekt spola, izraziti efekt obrazovanja roditelja i skroman interakcijski efekt na obje mjere obrazovnog postignuća za obje kohorte. Navedene veličine efekta su gotovo identične u obje točke osnovnoškolskog obrazovanja s iznimkom efekta spola koji je veći u slučaju starije kohorte. Analize jednostavnih efekata za interakcijski efekt spola učenika i obrazovanja roditelja ukazuju na stabilnost efekta spola unutar različitih kategorija obrazovanja roditelja, osim u slučaju najviše kategorije, gdje je taj efekt manji. Istraživački nacrt, dakako, ne omogućuje istraživanje ili zaključivanje o uzrocima i posljedicama međugrupnih razlika u obrazovnim postignućima, stoga spoznaje na cjelokupnim kohortama hrvatskih osnovnoškolaca prvenstveno mogu poslužiti kao početna osnova za istraživanje istih. (IN ENGLISH: Numerous international scientific research endeavours have demonstrated differences in educational attainment with respect to the gender of pupils and their parents' educational level. The magnitudes of these differences are indicative of the degree to which educational opportunities within a specific educational system are equal and should serve as a foundation for both the exploration of the causes and effects of these differences and the development of policies aimed at their reduction. Recently, several research efforts have been conducted in Croatia in which external assessment outcomes were related to pupils' gender and the socio-economic status of their families. However, to date there is no research analysing the relationship between these variables and educational attainment, as it is expressed through school grades. The aim of this paper is to determine the magnitude of the effect of pupils' gender and parents' educational level on the educational attainment, expressed through the overall final grade and the final grade in the Croatian language. In this paper, population data on the educational attainment of 43,008 4th grade pupils and 40,843 8th grade pupils was used. Results of two-way (2x5) analyses of variance indicate moderate effects of pupils' gender, large effects of parents' educational level and small effects of the interaction on both measures of educational attainment and in both cohorts of pupils. These effect sizes are stable in both cohorts with the exception of the effect of gender, which is higher in the older cohort. Analyses of the simple effects for the interaction of pupils' gender and parental educational level indicate stability of the effect of gender within different educational levels, except in the case of the highest educational level where these differences are smaller. Because the research design did not allow for further investigation into the causes and effects of these group differences, its results should serve primarily as a foundation for future research endeavours.)

Nė viena šiandienė biblioteka individualiai negali suteikti prieigos prie visų vartotojams reikalingų informacijos šaltinių. Prieigos problema nuolat aštrėja ir bibliotekoms tenka spręsti informacijos aprūpinimo bei paklausos suderinimo problemą. Vienas iš galimų sprendimo būdų – glaudesnis bibliotekų bendradarbiavimas, tenkinant vartotojų poreikius. Jau įprastomis bibliotekų bendradarbiavimo formomis tapo įvairūs bibliotekų tinklai, susivienijimai, konsorciumai, asociacijos. Viena iš glaudžiausio bibliotekų bendradarbiavimo formų – jungtinės bibliotekos. Straipsnyje keliama jungtinių bibliotekų kaip naujo reiškinio bibliotekininkystėje problema bei pristatomi vieno iš autorių atlikto jungtinių bibliotekų egzistavimo galimybių Lietuvoje tyrimo rezultatai. Straipsnyje daroma išvada, jog jungtinės bibliotekos – tai perspektyvi bibliotekų veiklos forma.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: mokslinė biblioteka, bibliotekų bendradarbiavimas, jungtinės bibliotekos, viešoji biblioteka, bibliotekų tapatybė.Joint Library – a New Model of Library Co-operation, a New Type of Library or a New Form of Future Libraries?Janina Pupelienė, Simona Baliutavičiūtė
SummaryToday, no one individual library can provide access to all information resources needed to their users. The problem of access is growing, and libraries have to accommodate information provision and demand. A possible solution of this problem is a close co- operation of libraries in order to satisfy users' needs. Various networks, unions, consortiums of libraries are the most common forms of such co-operation. The most radical form of today's library co-operation is establishment of joint-use libraries. Library co-operation and particular joint-use libraries are shown as very useful for individual libraries in the article. Authors of the article give attention to various sides of joint-use library practice. They present the latest publications (Hansson, 2010) where the library identity problem while joining different types of libraries have been described.The article presents joint use libraries as a new phenomenon in library science, together with the analysis of the possibilities of such libraries in Lithuania. Considering the existence some joint-use libraries (in all cases public and school libraries are merged) in Lithuania and not very enthusiastic comments on them by some Lithuanian library professionals, authors of the article intend to present this form of joint library activities more widely to stimulate Lithuanian library managers' interest to this innovative form.Authors believe that the current situation in Lithuania is favourable for adopting good experience of world libraries and organising joint-use libraries in the country.As a kind of a pilot research, library staff and users of two university and county libraries of Lithuanian cities – Klaipėda and Šiauliai – have been questioned in order to discover their opinion on this form of library. According to the results, library users are more enthusiastic about joint-use libraries in their cities than library staff.Both groups of respondents represented quite a similar understanding of the main benefits of joint libraries. As the most positive benefits, comfortable access to all kinds of needed information has been highlighted by 38% of questioned users and by 33% of library staff. Facilities and complexity of transformed library activities have been stressed as the main problematic areas of joint libraries for both librarians and users. A half (54%) of librarians stressed the need of additional skills in case of organising a joint library. The ability to adapt the different needs of users and provision of service for them has been mentioned as the main requirement for these new skills.The study has revealed a lack of information on joint libraries among the library staff and users of the analysed Lithuanian cities. Despite this lack, results of the research concerning the general opinion on joint-use libraries is close to the analysed publications in the world's media. The main conclusion of the article: Lithuanian library managers have to value joint-use libraries as an innovative and possible form for the future development of libraries in Lithuania.