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AbstractThe current article builds on complexity theory and offers a new perspective on EU actorness in external policies. It does so by looking at the EU as a complex adaptive system and by adding new instances to previous analyses on EU agency. More concretely, the article critically assesses the idea that the EU becomes a policy interpreter when external actors start to interact following new policy practices. This entails examining how external actors enable EU institutional learning, and, through this, new forms of EU actorness. The argument is illustrated by using the case of triangular cooperation as a recent policy practice helping the EU to fulfil its commitments to aid effectiveness.

Following two cases of the dismissal of Muslim women workers for wearing the Islamic veil at the workplace, the Court of Justice has analyzed the impact of anti-discrimination law on religious freedom and freedom of enterprise. In the present work, departing from the analysis of the Judgments of the Luxembourg Court examines the Court's position on some relevant issues of the theory of fundamental rights, especially the question about their horizontal effect.Received: 18 July 2017Accepted: 28 November 2017Published online: 27 December 2017

PAŃSTWO PRAWA W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ — CZY ISTNIEJE WSPÓLNA DEFINICJA?Tematem opracowania jest problematyka ochrony zasady państwa prawa w prawie Unii Europejskiej. Przedstawione zostały zarówno rozważania teoretyczne nad samym pojęciem zasady państwa prawa w Unii Europejskiej, jak i aktualne tendencje, by do tej zasady sięgać w związku z rozwojem sytuacji politycznej w niektórych państwach członkowskich UE.

While second-degree price discrimination is standard in commercial practice in many industries, consumer advocates and public interest groups have reacted with skepticism against tendencies to move away from flat rates and introduce greater tariff diversity. This paper provides an empirical analysis how the differentiation of broadband tariffs with respect to retail prices affects fixed broadband subscription using time-series data. The empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset of 10,200 retail broadband offers spanning the 2003–2011 period and including 23 EU member states. Results show that an increase in tariff diversity provides a significant impetus to broadband adoption, wherefore demands by some public interest groups to limit price discrimination in broadband markets should be viewed with some caution as reduced price discrimination may come at the cost of lower penetration rates.