Suchergebnisse

274International criminal law — Genocide — Definition of genocide — Genocide Convention, 1948 — Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina — Commission of atrocities against civilian population — Whether amounting to genocide — Element of intention required for the commission of genocide — Distinction between principals and secondary partiesWar and armed conflict — Civilians — Atrocities committed against civilians in armed conflict — Genocide — Ethnic cleansing — Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina — Geneva Conventions, 1949 — Whether conferring jurisdiction on national courts over grave breaches not fulfilling the conditions of genocide — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Human rights — Treaties — Reservations — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 64 — Prohibition on reservations of a general character — Requirement that reservations contain brief statement of the law concerned — Interpretation of reservationsHuman rights — Freedom of expression — Interference with exercise of right must be prescribed by law and pursue a legitimate aim — States' margin of appreciation in determining whether interference is necessary in a democratic society and whether there is reasonable proportionality between means of interference employed and legitimate aim pursued — European Convention on Human Rights

223State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Underlying principles — Absolute theory of immunity — Foreign sovereign — Ownership of land in Malaysia — Writ issued against Queen in right of Canada in civil proceedings — Conditional appearance — Whether absolute immunity — Whether substituted service permissible — Effect of contractual undertaking as issue of immunity — Proper procedure for service of writ upon diplomats possessing immunity — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Diplomatic and Consular Privileges Ordinance 1957 — Diplomatic Privileges (Vienna Convention) Act 1966 — Civil Law Act 1956, Section 3 — The law of Malaysia

201States — Creation of States — Trust territories — United Nations trusteeship system — Trust territories of the Pacific Islands — Marshall Islands — Whether ceasing to be a trust territory — Whether a foreign State for purposes of United States law — Nature of relations between the United States and the Marshall IslandsInternational organizations — United Nations — Trusteeship system — Independence of part of trust territory — Whether requiring consent of United Nations Security Council — Relations between trust territory and administering authority — Marshall Islands — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign nationalization and confiscatory legislation — Partnerships — Effect of foreign legislation on assets situate in forum State — Situs of trade names and trade-marks — Effect on trade names and trade-marks — The law of Italy.Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign nationalization and confiscatory legislation — Partnerships — Effect of foreign legislation on property outside legislating State — Effect on trade-marks registered by expropriated owners in State of forum — Grounds for non-recognition of foreign legislation — Public policy — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States Action against foreign State concerning land occupied for purposes of diplomatic mission — Foreign State registered as owner in land register — Former owner's claim for rectification of register Whether claim subject to jurisdiction of courts of receiving State The law of Germany.Diplomatic premises — Immunity from jurisdiction — Foreign State registered in land register as owner of premises — Former owner's action for rectification of register — Whether courts of receiving State entitled to exercise jurisdiction over claim for rectification — The law of Germany.

Treaties — Operation of — Rights of individuals under — Identification of beneficiaries — Whether restricted to "nationals" — Meaning of " belonging to " a Party — Article 24 of Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1905 — The law of the Netherlands.Treaties — Special kinds of — Commercial treaties — Most-favoured-nation clause — Rights under Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether national of non-party may enjoy such rights under most-favoured-nation clause in later Treaty — Netherlands-United States Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, 1957 — The law of the Netherlands.

564Treaties — Operation of — Relation to municipal legislation — Treaty for unification of certain municipal rules — Right reserved by Contracting Parties to enact an exception provision deviating from provision in treaty in certain circumstances — Municipal legislation not in accordance with terms of relevant treaty provision — Whether municipal provision without effect and inapplicable — Application of municipal provision in the light of relevant treaty provision — Interpretation of treaty — Preparatory work — Brussels Convention of 1910 for Unification of Certain Rules of Law concerning Collisions at Sea, Article 7 — The law of the Netherlands.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Status of refugees — Convention on the Status of Refugees, July 28, 1951 — Status of "homeless aliens" within meaning of German Law of April 25, 1951 — Illegal entry of alien from Belgium into Germany — Establishment of residence in Germany — Conviction for criminal offences — Order for expulsion — Whether expulsion permissible on ground of illegal entry — Whether expulsion permissible on ground of entry from country where alien not liable to persecution — Interpretation of words "national security and public order" — The law of Germany.

Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as Affected by Changes of Sovereignty — Natives of Dependent Territories — The Philippines — Status as Affected by Philippine Independence Act — Wake Island — The Law of the United States of America.Naturalization — Requirement of Continuous Residence Therefor — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Whether "Residence in the United States".Composite and Dependent States and Territories — Trust Territories — Status of — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Residence in — Whether "Residence in the United States" for Purposes of Naturalization — The Law of the United States of America

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The <i>International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse</i> (ICASA) is a network of 28 centers from 16 countries initiated to investigate the link between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD). In this article, we present the mission, the results of finished studies, and the current and future research projects of ICASA. Methods: During the past 10 years, 3 cross-sectional studies were conducted: two International ADHD in Substance use disorders Prevalence (IASP-1 and IASP-2) studies, directed at the screening, diagnosis, and the prevalence of adult ADHD in treatment-seeking patients with SUD, and the Continuous performance test for ADHD in SUD Patients (CASP) study, testing a novel continuous performance test in SUD patients with and without adult ADHD. Recently, the prospective International Naturalistic Cohort Study of ADHD and Substance Use Disorders (INCAS) was initiated, directed at treatment provision and treatment outcome in SUD patients with adult ADHD. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The IASP studies have shown that approximately 1 in 6 adult treatment-seeking SUD patients also have ADHD. In addition, those SUD patients with adult ADHD compared to SUD patients without ADHD report more childhood trauma exposure, slower infant development, greater problems controlling their temperament, and lower educational attainment. Comorbid patients also reported more risk-taking behavior, and a higher rate of other psychiatric disorders compared to SUD patients without ADHD. Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of this patient group are possible even before abstinence has been achieved. The results of the CASP study are reported separately in this special issue. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The ICASA research to date has demonstrated a high prevalence of comorbid ADHD and SUD, associated with elevated rates of additional comorbidities and risk factors for adverse outcomes. More research is needed to find the best way to treat these patients, which is the main topic of the ongoing INCAS study.

This Essay identifies the denial of adequate and available food and the denials of adequate medicine and medical supplies in Sri Lanka as serious human rights violations. Additionally, the Author cites customary international law and international agreements to support his conclusion that the government's denial of these necessities in Sri Lanka constitute war crimes. The Author discusses the human rights violations with respect to: (1) the right to adequate food; (2) the right to adequate medicine and medical supplies; and (3) the right to freedom from arbitrary and inhumane detention and controls. The Author concludes by urging that the U.S. State Department Country Reports, and the international community generally, expose the denials of food, medicine, and medical supplies as serious violations of humanitarian law, and that countries treat food as neutral property during armed conflicts.

The Future of Local Government By Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve. The English and Welsh Boroughs: An Historical Outline By W. Barnard Faraday. Studies in Nationalised Industry Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration in Great Britain By Ian G. Sharp. Dezentralisation Der Grossstadtverwaltung By Walter Bauer. Town and Regional Planning in Ireland By John Miley and Frederick C. King.Civil Estimates 1951–52 D. N. Chester The Commonwealth in Asia By Sir Ivor Jennings. Der Bundesländer. Beiträge zur Neugliederung der Bundesrepublik Europe Between Democracy and Anarchy By Ferdinand A. Hermens.

Human rights — Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment — Applicant serving life sentence — Applicant suffering from mental illness — Applicant receiving pardon following terminal cancer diagnosis — Applicant complaining of violation of Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Respondent Government's preliminary objections — Whether lack of standing — Scope of case — Examination of applicant's complaints — Whether applicant's life sentence irreducible — Vinter judgment — Whether both a prospect of release and a possibility of review — Whether pardon on health grounds constituting prospect of release — Conditions of detention — Whether applicant's regime suited to his mental condition — Psychiatric provision — Rehabilitation — Whether alleged lack of treatment in effect depriving applicant of any prospect of release — Whether life sentence de facto irreducible — Whether violation of Article 3 of European ConventionTreaties — Interpretation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 3 — Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Applicant serving life sentence suffering from mental illness — Whether applicant's life sentence irreducible in violation of Article 3 — Vinter judgment — Whether both a prospect of release and a possibility of review — Whether pardon on health grounds constituting prospect of release — Whether conditions of detention violating Article 3 — Rehabilitation — Whether alleged lack of psychiatric treatment in effect depriving applicant of any prospect of release — Whether life sentence de facto irreducible — Whether violation of Article 3 of European ConventionRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation — Scope — Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 prohibiting torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Applicant serving life sentence suffering from mental illness — Whether applicant's life sentence irreducible in violation of Article 3 — Vinter judgment — Whether both a prospect of release and a possibility of review — Whether pardon on health grounds constituting prospect of release — Whether conditions of detention violating Article 3 — Rehabilitation — Whether alleged lack of psychiatric treatment in effect depriving applicant of any prospect of release — Whether life sentence de facto irreducible — Whether violation of Article 3 of European Convention