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THIS ARTICLE DEMONSTRATES HOW THE PERSONNEL POLICY INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE IN THE GERMAN CIVIL SERVICE WERE APPLIED AFTER TWO CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT - 1969 AND 1982. THE LOOPHOLES OF AN OTHERWISE CLOSED CAREER SYSTEM - EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT AND TEMPORARY RETIREMENT - WERE USED FOR THE SELECTIVE RECRUITMENT AND PURGING OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ELITE ELL ABOVE NORMAL USE FOR A GOVERNMENT HOLDING POWER FOR A LONG PERIOD. FURTHERMORE, TEMPORARY RETIREMENT IS QUANTITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT THAN NON-CAREER RECRUITMENT - ESPECIALLY SINCE NEW GOVERNMENTS CAN THEN DRAW EXPERTS FROM THEIR RESERVOIR OF LOYAL OFFICIALS IN LANDER AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.

This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).

In this article, a study of the budget process in Pennsylvania state government over the two fiscal years 1975-1976 and 1976-1977 is conducted in an effort to develop a hypothesis which accurately reflects the empirical events of the actual process during that period and which takes into account other recent empirical research findings. It is concluded that in state government budgeting there are two distinct styles of budgetary decision-making- distributive and redistributive. As long as the process remains in a distributive mode, rational-comprehensive approaches and techniques may have some success in influencing the final outcome; however, when the process turns from distributive to redistributive, rational-comprehensive analysis is replaced by traditional partisan-mutual-adjustment techniques.

Introduction by A. D. Lindsay. ; Bibliography: p. xvii-xviii. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Recon33.

In this study we look at everyday politics of electric bike mobility by exploring the social practices of e-bike users in order to understand the role of e-bikes in emerging low-carbon mobility system in China, asking 'where is the politics of the E2W in contemporary China?' We explore the underlying political tensions in electric two-wheeler mobility by examining family and informal e-bike journeys. We argue that 'civilizational' government perspective provides a new way of thinking about politics of mobility and system transition in China. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion