Suchergebnisse

part Part I Ancient-Medieval -- chapter 1 Victor Alonso (2007), ' War, Peace, and International Law in Ancient Greece', in K.A. Raaflaub (ed.), War and Peace in the Ancient World, New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 206-25 -- chapter 2 Joachim von Elbe (1939), 'The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law', American Journal of International Law, 33, pp. 665-88 -- chapter 3 Bassam Tibi (1996), 'War and Peace in Islam', in T. Nardin (ed.), The Ethics of War and Peace, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 128-45 -- part Part II League of Nations Era -- chapter 4J.L. Brierly (1930-32), 'International Law and Resort to Armed Force', Cambridge Law Journal, 4, pp. 308-19 -- chapter 5 Arnold D. McNair (1936), 'Collective Security', British Yearbook of International Law, 17, pp. 150-64 -- part Part III United Nations Era -- chapter 6 Hans Kelsen (1948), 'Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations', American Journal of International Law, 42, pp. 783-96 -- chapter 7 Josef L. Kunz (1951), 'Bellum Justum and Bellum Legale', American Journal of International Law, 45, pp. 528-34 -- chapter 8 Thomas M. Franck (1970), 'Who Killed Art. 2(4)? Or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States', American Journal of International Law, 64, pp. 809-37 -- chapter 9 Louis Henkin (1971), 'The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated', American Journal of International Law, 65, pp. 544-48 -- chapter 10 Oscar Schachter (1986), 'In Defense of International Rules on the Use of Force', University of Chicago Law Review, 53, pp. 113-46 -- chapter 11 Jean Combacau (1986), 'The Exception of Self-Defence in U.N. Practice', in A. Cassese (ed.), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Boston, MA: M. Nijhoff, pp. 9-38 -- chapter 12 derek Bowett (1972), 'Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force', American Journal of International Law, 66, pp. 1-36 -- chapter 13 Roberto Barsotti (1986), 'Armed Reprisals', in A. Cassese (ed.), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Boston, MA: M. Nijhoff, pp. 79-110 -- part Part IV Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction and Information Warfare -- chapter 14 Abraham D. Sofaer (2003), 'On the Necessity of Pre-emption', European Journal of International Law, 14, pp. 209-26 -- chapter 15 Christopher Greenwood (2003), 'International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida, and Iraq', San Diego International Law Journal, 4, pp. 7-37 -- chapter 16 Christian J. Tams (2009), 'The Use of Force against Terrorists', European Journal of International Law, 20, pp. 359-97 -- chapter 17 Michael N. Schmitt (1998-99), 'Computer Network Attack and the Use of Force in International Law: Thoughts on a Normative Framework', Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 37, pp. 885-937 -- chapter 18 Christopher C. Joyner and Catherine Lotrionte (2001), 'Information Warfare as International Coercion: Elements of a Legal framework', European Journal of International Law, 12, pp. 825-65 -- part Part V Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect -- chapter 19 Jean-Pierre L. Fonteyne (1973-74), 'The Customary International Law Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention: Its Current Validity under the U.N. Charter', California Western International Law Journal, 4, pp. 203-70 -- chapter 20 Terry D. Gill (2004), 'Humanitarian Intervention: Legality, Justice and Legitimacy', Global Community, 4, pp. 51-75 -- chapter 21 Spencer Zifcak (2009), 'The Responsibility to Protect', in United Nations Reform: Heading North or South?, London: Routledge, pp. 105-27, 200 -- chapter 22 Carlo Focarelli (2008), 'The Responsibility to Protect Doctrine and Humanitarian Intervention: Too Many Ambiguities for a Working Doctrine', Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 13, pp. 191-213.

Freedom of Speech in International Law charts the minimum protections for speech enshrined in international human rights law. It not only addresses the problems facing free speech today but offers recommendations to give effect to the international-law obligation to protect freedom of expression.

"Die volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Automobilzulieferer in Deutschland liegt mit rund 990.000 Beschäftigten um den Faktor drei höher, als dies die bislang verfügbaren statistischen Zahlen ausweisen. Aufgrund des zunehmenden Globalisierungsdrucks, der auch viele kleine und mittlere Automobilzulieferer trifft, sind strategisch fundierte und zukunftsorientierte Entscheidungsprozesse über Produktionsstandorte außerordentlich wichtig. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag, welche typischen internationalen Produktions- und Standortstrategien deutsche Automobilzulieferer verfolgen, welche zentralen Entscheidungsfaktoren sie dabei heranziehen und wie besonders Erfolg versprechende Strategien aussehen. Zugleich wird herausgearbeitet, welche Defizite der Prozess der Standortentscheidungsfindung vielfach aufweist. Darauf aufbauend werden Methoden für strategisch fundierte und zukunftsorientierte Standortbewertungen bei Automobilzulieferfirmen skizziert. Sie sollen sowohl die Unternehmensführung wie auch Betriebsräte befähigen, Standortentscheidungen zu treffen bzw. nachvollziehen zu können, die mittel- bis langfristig tragfähige Lösungen versprechen." (Autorenreferat)

According to the principle of will power or will dominance and the principle of freedom to contract which have been manifested in the article number ten of the civil code the will power of individuals dominates the regulations of closing a contract and its after effects and the freedom of will power here has gained the acceptance as a principle. By closing a contract by two free wills that contract becomes binding and according to the binding principle or provision in contracts the sides of a contract will be committed to carry out the terms and content which is inserted in a contract unless it becomes terminated with by the volition of the sides of the contract themselves or due to a legal cause. Since according to the principle of freedom to contract its sides can shun from closing any contract which is an obvious violation of law, due to the same reason they can also take into consideration any condition or term which isn't an obvious violation of law and according to the principle of binding ness of contracts the sides of them and their vicars are bound to execute the conditions which are stated in it. One of the conditions of contracts which can be considered is the condition of stipulation.In the present study in addition to scratch the surface on the subject of stipulation in contracts it is expected that the theoretical aspect of the essence of stipulation gets evident, the view point of Islamic jurisprudence and the legal proceedings become stated and the issue that stipulation is claimable under what conditions and in what manner. By carry out a comparative study we get aware of the views in several legal systems toward stipulation and also its position in the private international law and the latest changes in the domain of stipulation specifically ones which are presented at the international level.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICIES -- A. Fiscal Policy: Maintaining Strong Buffers -- B. Financial Sector: Enhancing Resilience Against Increasing Risks -- C. Structural Reforms: Preparing for Long-Term Challenges -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Economy and Inflation -- 2. Financial Sector Developments -- 3. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 4. External Sector Developments -- 5. Indicators of Fiscal Vulnerabilities -- 6. Labor Market Developments -- 7. Indicators of Infrastructure and Efficiency Gaps -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2015-24 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 -- 3. General Government Operations, 2015-24 -- 4. General Government Financial Balance Sheet, 2014-17 -- 5. Luxembourg: International Investment Position, 2013-181/ -- 6. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- 7. Luxembourg: Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA)-Baseline Scenario -- 8. Public DSA-Composition of Public Debt and Alternative Scenarios -- 9. Risk Assessment Matrix -- APPENDICES -- I. Implementation of BEPS Actions in Luxembourg -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Implementation Status FSAP Update 2017 Recommendations -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- BACKGROUND -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICIES -- A. Enhancing Growth and Resilience -- B. Building Fiscal Buffers -- C. Further Strengthening the Financial System -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Belize's Tourism Boom -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. External Sector Developments -- 3. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary and Financial Sector Developments -- 5. Debt Markets Developments -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Social and Economic Indicators, 2015-2022 -- 2a. Operations of the Central Government (In millions of Belize dollars) -- 2b. Operations of the Central Government (In percent of GDP -- unless otherwise indicated) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2015-22 (in millions of US dollars) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2015-22 (in percent of GDP) -- 4. Operations of the Banking System, 2015-22 -- 5. Baseline Medium-Term Outlook, 2015-22 -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of 2017 Article IV Consultation Recommendations -- II. External Stability Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- IV. Inter-Sectoral Balance Sheet Analysis -- V. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- VI. Growth Analysis and Data Sources -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- COLLABORATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICIES FOR SUSTAINED GROWTH -- A. Macroeconomic Policies -- B. Financial Sector and Macro-Financial Policies -- C. Structural Policies -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- Annex V. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recommendations -- BOX -- 1. Tax Reform Options -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Developments -- 2. Labor Market Developments -- 3. Recent Development in the Financial Sector -- 4. Recent Development in the Housing Sector -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2015-23 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2015-23 -- 3. International Investment Position, 2010-17 -- 4. GFSM 2001 Statement of General Government Operations, 2015-23 (Billons of DKK) -- 5. GFSM 2001 Statement of General Government Operations, 2015-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 6. Public Sector Balance Sheet, 2010-15 -- 7. Financial System Indicators, 2010-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Balance Assessment -- II. A Simple Model for Danish Wage Formation -- III. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Risk Assessment Matrix -- V. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recommendations -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND OUTLOOK -- A. Recent Developments -- B. Outlook and Risks -- POLICY DISCUSSION -- A. Structural Policies -- B. Fiscal Policy -- C. Financial Sector Policies -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Sectoral Balance Sheet Analysis -- 2. Reforming Health and Social Services -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Developments -- 2. External Sector Indicators -- 3. Fiscal Indicators -- 4. Sectoral Financial Assets and Liabilities -- 5. Financial Sector Indicators -- 6. Structural Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2012-21 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2012-21 -- 3. Net International Investment Position, 2006-15 -- 4. General Government Statement of Operations, 2012-21 -- 5. General Government Balance Sheet, 2006-13 -- 6. Financial Soundness Indicators for the Banking Sector, 2010-16 -- 7. Risk Assessment Matrix -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- III. FSAP 2016 Key Recommendations -- IV. Product Market Reforms, R& -- D Spending, and Firm-Level Productivity in Finland -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- TABLE OF COMMON INDICATORS REQUIRED FOR SURVEILLANCE -- PAST FUND STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION.

This text introduces the Special Issue on Multiplicity. It sets out the broad research programme of Multiplicity, considers some criticisms that have been made of this programme and then summarises the contributions to the Special Issue.